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Martin KA, Riveros GA, Thornell TL, McClelland ZB, Freeman EL, Stinson JT. Thermomechanical Material Characterization of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol with 30% Carbon Fiber for Large-Format Additive Manufacturing of Polymer Structures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1913. [PMID: 39000768 PMCID: PMC11243919 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) is used to print large-scale polymer structures. Understanding the thermal and mechanical properties of polymers suitable for large-scale extrusion is needed for design and production capabilities. An in-house-built LFAM printer was used to print polyethylene terephthalate glycol with 30% carbon fiber (PETG CF30%) samples for thermomechanical characterization. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that the samples were 30% carbon fiber by weight. X-ray microscopy (XRM) and porosity studies find 25% voids/volume for undried material and 1.63% voids/volume for dry material. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) shows a glass transition temperature (Tg) of 66 °C, while dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) found Tg as 82 °C. The rheology indicated that PETG CF30% is a good printing material at 220-250 °C. Bending experiments show an average of 48.5 MPa for flexure strength, while tensile experiments found an average tensile strength of 25.0 MPa at room temperature. Comparison with 3D-printed PLA and PETG from the literature demonstrated that LFAM-printed PETG CF30% had a comparative high Young's modulus and had similar tensile strength. For design purposes, prints from LFAM should consider both material choice and print parameters, especially when considering large layer heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A Martin
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Guillermo A Riveros
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Travis L Thornell
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Zackery B McClelland
- Geotechnical and Structures Laboratory (GSL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Elton L Freeman
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - James T Stinson
- Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), 3909 Halls Ferry Rd., Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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2
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Machado ND, Mosquera JE, Cejudo-Bastante C, Goñi ML, Martini RE, Gañán NA, Mantell-Serrano C, Casas-Cardoso L. Supercritical Impregnation of PETG with Olea europaea Leaf Extract: Influence of Operational Parameters on Expansion Degree, Antioxidant and Mechanical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 38891513 PMCID: PMC11174583 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PETG (poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate)) is an amorphous copolymer, biocompatible, recyclable, and versatile. Nowadays, it is being actively researched for biomedical applications. However, proposals of PETG as a platform for the loading of bioactive compounds from natural extract are scarce, as well as the effect of the supercritical impregnation on this polymer. In this work, the supercritical impregnation of PETG filaments with Olea europaea leaf extract was investigated, evaluating the effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and depressurization rate (5-50 bar min-1) on the expansion degree, antioxidant activity, and mechanical properties of the resulting filaments. PETG expansion degree ranged from ~3 to 120%, with antioxidant loading ranging from 2.28 to 17.96 g per 100 g of polymer, corresponding to oxidation inhibition values of 7.65 and 66.55%, respectively. The temperature and the binary interaction between pressure and depressurization rate most affected these properties. The mechanical properties of PETG filaments depended greatly on process variables. Tensile strength values were similar or lower than the untreated filaments. Young's modulus and elongation at break values decreased below ~1000 MPa and ~10%, respectively, after the scCO2 treatment and impregnation. The extent of this decrease depended on the supercritical operational parameters. Therefore, filaments with higher antioxidant activity and different expansion degrees and mechanical properties were obtained by adjusting the supercritical processing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia D. Machado
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - José E. Mosquera
- Centre de Recherche de Royallieu, Laboratoire Transformations Intégrées de la Matière Renouvelable (TIMR), Ecole Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale (ESCOM), Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer CS 60319, 60203 Compiègne, France;
| | - Cristina Cejudo-Bastante
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - María L. Goñi
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Raquel E. Martini
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Nicolás A. Gañán
- Instituto de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería de Procesos y Química Aplicada (IPQA–UNC–CONICET), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina; (M.L.G.); (R.E.M.); (N.A.G.)
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (ICTA–FCEFyN–UNC), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, Córdoba X5016GCA, Argentina
| | - Casimiro Mantell-Serrano
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
| | - Lourdes Casas-Cardoso
- Chemical Engineering and Food Technology Department, Faculty of Science, Wine and Agrifood Research Institute (IVAGRO), University of Cadiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain; (C.C.-B.); (C.M.-S.); (L.C.-C.)
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3
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Szechyńska-Hebda M, Hebda M, Doğan-Sağlamtimur N, Lin WT. Let's Print an Ecology in 3D (and 4D). MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2194. [PMID: 38793260 PMCID: PMC11122764 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The concept of ecology, historically rooted in the economy of nature, currently needs to evolve to encompass the intricate web of interactions among humans and various organisms in the environment, which are influenced by anthropogenic forces. In this review, the definition of ecology has been adapted to address the dynamic interplay of energy, resources, and information shaping both natural and artificial ecosystems. Previously, 3D (and 4D) printing technologies have been presented as potential tools within this ecological framework, promising a new economy for nature. However, despite the considerable scientific discourse surrounding both ecology and 3D printing, there remains a significant gap in research exploring the interplay between these directions. Therefore, a holistic review of incorporating ecological principles into 3D printing practices is presented, emphasizing environmental sustainability, resource efficiency, and innovation. Furthermore, the 'unecological' aspects of 3D printing, disadvantages related to legal aspects, intellectual property, and legislation, as well as societal impacts, are underlined. These presented ideas collectively suggest a roadmap for future research and practice. This review calls for a more comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted impacts of 3D printing and the development of responsible practices aligned with ecological goals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Hebda
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland;
| | | | - Wei-Ting Lin
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Ilan University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Shennong Rd., I-Lan 260, Taiwan;
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Pisani W, Wedgeworth DN, Burroughs JF, Thornell TL, Newman JK, Shukla MK. Micromechanical Dilution of PLA/PETG-Glass/Iron Nanocomposites: A More Efficient Molecular Dynamics Approach. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14887-14898. [PMID: 38585113 PMCID: PMC10993258 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) (PETG) are popular thermoplastics used in additive manufacturing applications. The mechanical properties of PLA and PETG can be significantly improved by introducing fillers, such as glass and iron nanoparticles (NPs), into the polymer matrix. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the reactive INTERFACE force field were used to predict the mechanical responses of neat PLA/PETG and PLA-glass/iron and PETG-glass/iron nanocomposites with relatively high loadings of glass/iron NPs. We found that the iron and glass NPs significantly increased the elastic moduli of the PLA matrix, while the PETG matrix exhibited modest increases in elastic moduli. This difference in reinforcement ability may be due to the slightly greater attraction between the glass/iron NP and PLA matrix. The NASA Multiscale Analysis Tool was used to predict the mechanical response across a range of volume percent glass/iron filler by using only the neat and highly loaded MD predictions as input. This provides a faster and more efficient approach than creating multiple MD models per volume percent per polymer/filler combination. To validate the micromechanics predictions, experimental samples incorporating hollow glass microspheres (MS) and carbonyl iron particles (CIP) into PLA/PETG were developed and tested for elastic modulus. The CIP produced a larger reinforcement in elastic modulus than the MS, with similar increases in elastic modulus between PLA/CIP and PETG/CIP at 7.77 vol % CIP. The micromechanics-based mechanical predictions compare excellently with the experimental values, validating the integrated micromechanical/MD simulation-based approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
A. Pisani
- Oak
Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Dane N. Wedgeworth
- Geotechnical
and Structures Laboratory, US Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Jedadiah F. Burroughs
- Geotechnical
and Structures Laboratory, US Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Travis L. Thornell
- Geotechnical
and Structures Laboratory, US Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - J. Kent Newman
- Geotechnical
and Structures Laboratory, US Army Engineer
Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
| | - Manoj K. Shukla
- Environmental
Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and
Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180, United States
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5
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Ftoutou E, Allegue L, Marouani H, Hassine T, Fouad Y, Mrad H. Modeling of Effect of Infill Density Percentage on Rotating Bending Fatigue Behavior of Additive-Manufactured PLA Polymers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:471. [PMID: 38276410 PMCID: PMC10820292 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, 3D PLA-printed parts are widely used in many applications, essentially using the fused filament fabrication technique. While the influence of printing parameters on quasi-static mechanical characterization has been extensively considered within the literature, there are limited accounts of this effect on fatigue performance. The two main aims of this research are first to investigate the effects of the infill density percentage on the fatigue life of dog-bone samples under rotating bending cycling loads, and second to model the fatigue life using Wöhler and Basquin models. The experiments exhibit a high variability of results, especially for low cyclic loads. The S-N curves show that the number of cycles at failure increases with the increase in the infill density percentage and decreases with the increase in loads. Investigations allow the formulation of each constant model as a function of the infill density percentage. The new fatigue model formulations exhibit good agreement with the experimental data. As an outcome of this study, the fatigue model for 3D-printed parts may be expressed as a function of the infill density percentage using fewer tests in the future and for other polymers used in fused filament fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezzeddine Ftoutou
- Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (E.F.); (L.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Lamis Allegue
- Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (E.F.); (L.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Haykel Marouani
- Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (E.F.); (L.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Tarek Hassine
- Mechanical Engineering Laboratory, National Engineering School of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir 5019, Tunisia; (E.F.); (L.A.); (T.H.)
| | - Yasser Fouad
- Department of Applied Mechanical Engineering, College of Applied Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hatem Mrad
- School of Engineering, University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada;
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Abyzova E, Petrov I, Bril’ I, Cheshev D, Ivanov A, Khomenko M, Averkiev A, Fatkullin M, Kogolev D, Bolbasov E, Matkovic A, Chen JJ, Rodriguez RD, Sheremet E. Universal Approach to Integrating Reduced Graphene Oxide into Polymer Electronics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4622. [PMID: 38139874 PMCID: PMC10747855 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronics have sparked significant interest in the development of electrically conductive polymer-based composite materials. While efforts are being made to fabricate these composites through laser integration techniques, a versatile methodology applicable to a broad range of thermoplastic polymers remains elusive. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms driving the formation of such composites are not thoroughly understood. Addressing this knowledge gap, our research focuses on the core processes determining the integration of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with polymers to engineer coatings that are not only flexible and robust but also exhibit electrical conductivity. Notably, we have identified a particular range of laser power densities (between 0.8 and 1.83 kW/cm2), which enables obtaining graphene polymer composite coatings for a large set of thermoplastic polymers. These laser parameters are primarily defined by the thermal properties of the polymers as confirmed by thermal analysis as well as numerical simulations. Scanning electron microscopy with elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that conductivity can be achieved by two mechanisms-rGO integration and polymer carbonization. Additionally, high-speed videos allowed us to capture the graphene oxide (GO) modification and melt pool formation during laser processing. The cross-sectional analysis of the laser-processed samples showed that the convective flows are present in the polymer substrate explaining the observed behavior. Moreover, the practical application of our research is exemplified through the successful assembly of a conductive wristband for wearable devices. Our study not only fills a critical knowledge gap but also offers a tangible illustration of the potential impact of laser-induced rGO-polymer integration in materials science and engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Abyzova
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Petrov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Ilya Bril’
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Cheshev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Alexey Ivanov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Khomenko
- ILIT RAS−Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 140700 Shatura, Russia
| | - Andrey Averkiev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Maxim Fatkullin
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Dmitry Kogolev
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniy Bolbasov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Jin-Ju Chen
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China;
| | - Raul D. Rodriguez
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
| | - Evgeniya Sheremet
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia (I.B.); (D.K.)
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Hozdić E, Hozdić E. Comparative Analysis of the Influence of Mineral Engine Oil on the Mechanical Parameters of FDM 3D-Printed PLA, PLA+CF, PETG, and PETG+CF Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6342. [PMID: 37763618 PMCID: PMC10534872 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Polymer materials and composites play a pivotal role in modern industry, prized for their durability, light weight, and resistance to corrosion. This study delves into the effects of mineral engine oil exposure on the mechanical parameters of 3D-printed materials created through fused deposition modeling (FDM). The research scrutinizes prototype materials under diverse environmental conditions, with a particular focus on the tensile parameters. The primary aim is to analyze and compare how mineral engine oil affects the mechanical parameters of four commonly used FDM 3D-printed materials: PLA, PLA+CF composites, PETG, and PETG+CF composites. In the case of the PLA specimens, the tensile strength decreased by approximately 36%, which, considering the 30% infill, remained acceptable. Simultaneously, the nominal strain at the point of breaking increased by 60.92% after 7 days and 47.49% after 30 days, indicating enhanced ductility. Interestingly, the PLA's Young's modulus remained unaffected by the oil. The 3D-printed PLA+CF materials exposed to 30 days of mineral engine oil displayed a substantial Young's modulus increase of over 49.93%. The PETG specimens exhibited intriguing behavior, with a tensile strength decrease of 16.66% after 7 days and 16.85% after 30 days, together with a notable increase in the nominal strain at breaking by 21.34% for 7 days and 14.51% for 30 days, signifying enhanced ductility. In PETG material specimens, the Young's modulus increased by 55.08% after 7 days and 66.27% after 30 days. The PETG+CF samples initially exhibited increases in tensile strength (1.78%) and nominal strain at breaking (6.08%) after 7 days, but later experienced an 11.75% reduction in the tensile strength after 30 days. This research underscores the critical role of material selection in oil-exposed environments and suggests avenues for future exploration, encompassing microstructural analysis, the long-term impact of oil exposure, and broader considerations related to environmental and oil-specific factors. It contributes to a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions between polymer materials and mineral engine oil, offering valuable insights that can enhance industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Hozdić
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Novo Mesto, Na Loko 2, 8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia
| | - Emine Hozdić
- Kranj School Centre, Kidričeva Cesta 55, 4000 Kranj, Slovenia;
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8
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Šimunović L, Blagec T, Meštrović S. Resistance of PETG Materials on Thermocycling and Brushing. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11050135. [PMID: 37232786 DOI: 10.3390/dj11050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to assess the impact of thermocycling and brushing on the surface roughness and mass of PETG material-the most commonly used for orthodontic retainers. A total of 96 specimens were exposed to thermocycling and brushing with three different kinds of toothbrushes depending on the number and thickness of the bristles. Surface roughness and mass were evaluated three times: initially, after thermocycling, and after brushing. In all four brands, both thermocycling and brushing increased surface roughness significantly (p < 0.001), with Biolon having the lowest and Track A having the highest. In terms of brushing, only Biolon samples showed statistically significant increased roughness after brushing with all three types of brushes, in comparison to Erkodur A1, where differences were not statistically significant. Thermocycling increased the mass of all samples, but a statistically significant difference was found only in Biolon (p = 0.0203), while after brushing, decreased mass was found in all specimens, statistically significant only in Essix C+ (CS 1560: p = 0.016). PETG material showed instability when exposed to external influences- thermocycling produced an increase in roughness and mass, and brushing mostly caused an increase in roughness and decrease in mass. Erkodur A1 demonstrated the greatest stability, whereas Biolon demonstrated the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Šimunović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tadeja Blagec
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Senka Meštrović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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9
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Sedlak J, Joska Z, Jansky J, Zouhar J, Kolomy S, Slany M, Svasta A, Jirousek J. Analysis of the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Plastic Samples Subjected to Selected Degradation Effects. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3268. [PMID: 37110105 PMCID: PMC10146359 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) method is an additive technology that is used for the creation of prototypes within Rapid Prototyping (RP) as well as for the creation of final components in piece or small-series production. The possibility of using FFF technology in the creation of final products requires knowledge of the properties of the material and, at the same time, how these properties change due to degradation effects. In this study, the mechanical properties of the selected materials (PLA, PETG, ABS, and ASA) were tested in their non-degenerate state and after exposure of the samples to the selected degradation factors. For the analysis, which was carried out by the tensile test and the Shore D hardness test, samples of normalized shape were prepared. The effects of UV radiation, high temperature environments, high humidity environments, temperature cycles, and exposure to weather conditions were monitored. The parameters obtained from the tests (tensile strength and Shore D hardness) were statistically evaluated, and the influence of degradation factors on the properties of individual materials was assessed. The results showed that even between individual manufacturers of the same filament there are differences, both in the mechanical properties and in the behavior of the material after exposure to degradation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Sedlak
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.)
| | - Zdenek Joska
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defense in Brno, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Jansky
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defense in Brno, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.)
| | - Stepan Kolomy
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.)
| | - Martin Slany
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.)
| | - Adam Svasta
- Department of Combat and Special Vehicles, Faculty of Military Technology, University of Defense in Brno, 662 10 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jirousek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic; (J.S.)
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10
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Polycaprolactone with Glass Beads for 3D Printing Filaments. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, 3D printing is experiencing a great boom. The demand for new materials for 3D printing is also related to its expansion. This paper deals with manufacturing innovative polymer composite filaments suitable for the Fused Filament Fabrication method in 3D printing. As a filler, common and uncostly glass beads were used and mixed with biocompatible and biodegradable poly (ε-caprolactone), as a polymer matrix. This material was characterized via several physical-chemical methods. The Youngs modulus was increasing by about 30% with 20% loading of glass beads, and simultaneously, brittleness and elongations were decreased. The glass beads do not affect the shore hardness of filaments. The rheological measurement confirmed the material stability in a range of temperatures 75–120 °C. The presented work aimed to prepare lightweight biocompatible, cheap material with appropriate mechanical properties, lower printing temperature, and good printing processing. We can assess that the goal was fully met, and these filaments could be used for a wide range of applications.
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Three-Dimensional-Printed Fabrication of POFs Using Different Filaments and Their Characterization for Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030640. [PMID: 36771940 PMCID: PMC9921055 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the development and sensor applications of 3D-printed polymer optical fibers (POFs) using commercially available filaments. The well-known intensity variation sensor was developed using this fiber for temperature and curvature sensing, where the results indicate a linear response in the curvature analysis, with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.97 and sensitivity of 4.407 × 10-4 mW/∘, whereas the temperature response was fitted to an R2 of 0.956 with a sensitivity of 5.718 × 10-3 mW/∘C. Then, the POF was used in the development of a modal interferometer by splicing the POF in-between two single-mode fibers (SMFs), which result in a single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) configuration. The such interferometer was tested for temperature and axial strain responses, where the temperature response presented a linear trend R2 of around 0.98 with a sensitivity of -78.8 pm/∘C. The negative value of the sensitivity is related to the negative thermo-optic coefficient commonly obtained in POFs. Furthermore, the strain response of the SMS interferometer showed a high sensitivity (9.5 pm/μϵ) with a quadratic behavior in which the R2 of around 0.99 was obtained. Therefore, the proposed approach is a low-cost, environmentally friendly and straightforward method for the production of highly sensitive optical fiber sensors.
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Ronca A, Abbate V, Redaelli DF, Storm FA, Cesaro G, De Capitani C, Sorrentino A, Colombo G, Fraschini P, Ambrosio L. A Comparative Study for Material Selection in 3D Printing of Scoliosis Back Brace. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5724. [PMID: 36013868 PMCID: PMC9413111 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, many research studies have focused on the application of 3D printing in the production of orthopaedic back braces. Several advantages, such as the ability to customise complex shapes, improved therapeutic effect and reduced production costs place this technology at the forefront in the ongoing evolution of the orthopaedic sector. In this work, four different materials, two of them poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and two of them poly(ethylene terephthalate glycol) (PETG), were characterised from a thermal, mechanical, rheological and morphological point of view. Our aim was to understand the effects of the material properties on the quality and functionality of a 3D-printed device. The specimens were cut from 3D-printed hemi-cylinders in two different orientation angles. Our results show that PETG-based samples have the best mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and elongation at break. The PLA-based samples demonstrated typical brittle behaviour, with elongation at break one order of magnitude lower. Impact tests demonstrated that the PETG-based samples had better properties in terms of energy absorption. Moreover, 3D-printed PETG samples demonstrated a better surface finishing with a more homogenous fibre-fibre interface. In summary, we demonstrate that the right choice of material and printing conditions are fundamental to satisfy the quality and functionality required for a scoliosis back brace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ronca
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Valentina Abbate
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Davide Felice Redaelli
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Systems and Technologies for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA) National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Fabio Alexander Storm
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Giacomo Cesaro
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cristina De Capitani
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Sorrentino
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Previati 1/C, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - Giorgio Colombo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via G. La Masa, 1, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Fraschini
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Via Don Luigi Monza 20, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Luigi Ambrosio
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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Patra NR, Negi YS. Thermal, structural, and rheological modifications in recycled polyethylene terephthalate for a sustainable alternative source for additive manufacturing. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ram Patra
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand India
| | - Yuvraj Singh Negi
- Department of Polymer and Process Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand India
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Effects of Fiber Orientation on the Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Fiber-Filled Polymer Systems in Large Format Polymer Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082764. [PMID: 35454459 PMCID: PMC9031978 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Large format polymer extrusion-based additive manufacturing has been studied recently due to its capacity for high throughput, customizable bead size and geometry, and ability to manufacture large parts. Samples from three fiber-filled amorphous thermoplastic materials 3D printed using a Masterprint 3X machine from Ingersoll Machine Tools were studied, along with their neat counterparts. Characterization techniques included thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA). TGA results showed that the fillers decreased the degradation temperature for most of the materials investigated, with a 30 °C decrease for polycarbonate (PC) and a 12 °C decrease for polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). For all the materials used, heat capacity increases with increasing temperature. Moreover, results show that a highly conductive filler increases the heat capacity. In contrast, a material with a lower conductivity decreases the heat capacity indicated in the 15.2% and 2.54% increase for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and PC and a 27.68% decrease for PETG. The TMA data show that the printed bead exhibits directional properties consistent with an orthotropic material. Smaller strains and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were measured along the bead direction and across the bead compared to the through bead thickness showing that fillers are predominantly oriented in the bead direction, which is consistent with the literature. CTE values through bead thickness and neat material are similar in magnitude, which corresponds to the CTE of the matrix material. The experimental results serve to characterize the effect of fiber filler on the part thermal strains in three principal directions and two-part locations during the extrusion and bead deposition of large-format polymer extrusion-based additive manufacturing technologies.
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Gomes TEP, Cadete MS, Dias-de-Oliveira J, Neto V. Controlling the properties of parts 3D printed from recycled thermoplastics: a review of current practices. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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16
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Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-Printing Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234132. [PMID: 34883635 PMCID: PMC8659210 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In outdoor environments, the action of the Sun through its ultraviolet radiation has a degrading effect on most materials, with polymers being among those affected. In the past few years, 3D printing has seen an increased usage in fabricating parts for functional applications, including parts destined for outdoor use. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-B on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from the commonly used polymers polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate–glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a dry 24 h UV-B exposure aging treatment and were then tested against a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both the tensile and compressive strengths were determined, as well as changes in material creep characteristics. After irradiation, PLA and PETG parts saw significant decreases in both tensile strength (PLA: −5.3%; PETG: −36%) and compression strength (PLA: −6.3%; PETG: −38.3%). Part stiffness did not change significantly following the UV-B exposure and creep behavior was closely connected to the decrease in mechanical properties. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographic analysis was carried out to better understand the failure mechanism and material structural changes in tensile loaded, accelerated aged parts.
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Kovalcik A, Smilek J, Machovsky M, Kalina M, Enev V, Dugova H, Cernekova N, Kovacova M, Spitalsky Z. Properties and structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) filaments for fused deposition modelling. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:880-889. [PMID: 33961880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is a process of additive manufacturing allowing creating of highly precise complex three-dimensional objects for a large range of applications. The principle of FDM is an extrusion of the molten filament and gradual deposition of layers and their solidification. Potential applications in pharmaceutical and medical fields require the development of biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastics for the processing of filaments. In this work, the potential of production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) filaments for FDM was investigated in respect to its thermal stability. Copolymer P(3HB-co-4HB) was biosynthesised by Cupriavidus malaysiensis. Rheological and mechanical properties of the copolymer were modified by the addition of plasticizers or blending with poly(lactic acid). Thermal stability of mixtures was studied employing thermogravimetric analysis and rheological analyses by monitoring the time-dependent changes in the complex viscosity of melt samples. The plasticization of P(3HB-co-4HB) slightly hindered its thermal degradation but the best stabilization effect was found in case of the copolymer blended with poly(lactic acid). Overall, rheological, thermal and mechanical properties demonstrated that the plasticized P(3HB-co-4HB) is a potential candidate of biodegradable polymer for FDM processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Kovalcik
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Smilek
- Department of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Machovsky
- Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Trida Tomase Bati 5678, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Kalina
- Department of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Enev
- Department of Physical and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Dugova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nicole Cernekova
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Kovacova
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenko Spitalsky
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava 45, Slovak Republic
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Zhu C, Li T, Mohideen MM, Hu P, Gupta R, Ramakrishna S, Liu Y. Realization of Circular Economy of 3D Printed Plastics: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13050744. [PMID: 33673625 PMCID: PMC7957743 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
3D printing technology is a versatile technology. The waste of 3D printed plastic products is a matter of concern because of its impact on the circular economy. In this paper, we discuss the current status and problems of 3D printing, different methods of 3D printing, and applications of 3D printing. This paper focuses on the recycling and degradation of different 3D printing materials. The degradation, although it can be done without pollution, has restrictions on the type of material and time. Degradation using ionic liquids can yield pure monomers but is only applicable to esters. The reprocessing recycling methods can re-utilize the excellent properties of 3D printed materials many times but are limited by the number of repetitions of 3D printed materials. Although each has its drawbacks, the great potential of the recycling of 3D printed waste plastics is successfully demonstrated with examples. Various recycling approaches provide the additional possibility of utilizing 3D printing waste to achieve more efficient circular application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihan Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Tianya Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Mohamedazeem M. Mohideen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Ramesh Gupta
- School of Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development, Nagaland University, Medziphema 797106, India;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore 11576, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; (C.Z.); (T.L.); (M.M.M.)
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (Y.L.)
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Preparation and Properties of Poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate)/Polyglycolic Acid (PETG/PGA) Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030452. [PMID: 33572491 PMCID: PMC7866821 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglycolic acid (PGA) is used as a reinforcing component to enhance the mechanical properties of poly(ethylene glycol-co-cyclohexane-1,4-dimethanol terephthalate) (PETG). The tensile performance, micromorphology, crystallinity, heat resistance, and melt mass flow rates (MFRs) of PETG/PGA blends with varying PGA contents were studied. Both the tensile yield strength and tensile modulus of the PETG/PGA blends increased gradually with an increase in the PGA content from 0 to 35 wt%. The tensile yield strength of the PETG/PGA (65/35) blend increased by 8.7% (44.38 to 48.24 MPa), and the tensile modulus increased by 40.2% (1076 to 1509 MPa). However, its tensile ductility decreased drastically, owing to the poor interfacial compatibility of PETG/PGA and the oversized PGA domains. A multiple epoxy chain extender (ADR) was introduced into the PETG/PGA (65/35) blend to improve its interfacial compatibility and rheological properties. The tensile performance, micromorphology, rheological properties, crystallinity, and heat resistance of PETG/PGA (65/35) blends with varying ADR contents were studied. The strong chain extension effect of ADR along with its reactive compatibilization improved the rheological properties and tensile ductility. By carefully controlling the ADR concentration, the performance of PETG/PGA blends can be regulated for different applications.
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In-hospital professional production of patient-specific 3D-printed devices for hand and wrist rehabilitation. HAND SURGERY & REHABILITATION 2020; 40:126-133. [PMID: 33309787 DOI: 10.1016/j.hansur.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The reported use of 3D printing in hand and wrist rehabilitation has been mostly limited to feasibility studies and case series so far. Some of the reasons are the lack of purpose-built scanning applications, complicated digital design software, and lengthy and error-prone printing processes. We propose a multidisciplinary workflow for in-hospital mass production of patient-specific 3D-printed devices for hand and wrist rehabilitation.
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