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Torres A, Nougarou F, Domingue F. Predicting pedalling metrics based on lower limb joint kinematics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38934223 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2371044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to predict the index of effectiveness (IE) and positive impulse proportion (PIP) to assess the cyclist's pedalling technique from lower limb kinematic variables. Several wrapped feature selection techniques were applied to select the best predictors. To predict IE and PIP two multiple linear regressions (MLR) composed of 11 predictors (R² = 0.81 ± 0.12, R² = 0.81 ± 0.05) and two artificial neural networks (ANN) composed of 21 and 28 predictors (R² = 0.95 ± 0.01, R² = 0.92 ± 0.02) were developed. The ANN predicts with accuracy, and the MLR shows the influence of each predictor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Torres
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - François Nougarou
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Domingue
- Département de génie électrique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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2
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Morbey S, Tronslien M, Kong K, Chapman DW, Netto K. Using Inertial Measurement Units to Examine Selected Joint Kinematics in a Road Cycling Sprint: A Series of Single Cases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3453. [PMID: 38894244 PMCID: PMC11174742 DOI: 10.3390/s24113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Sprinting plays a significant role in determining the results of road cycling races worldwide. However, currently, there is a lack of systematic research into the kinematics of sprint cycling, especially in an outdoor, environmentally valid setting. This study aimed to describe selected joint kinematics during a cycling sprint outdoors. Three participants were recorded sprinting over 60 meters in both standing and seated sprinting positions on an outdoor course with a baseline condition of seated cycling at 20 km/h. The participants were recorded using array-based inertial measurement units to collect joint excursions of the upper and lower limbs including the trunk. A high-rate GPS unit was used to record velocity during each recorded condition. Kinematic data were analyzed in a similar fashion to running gait, where multiple pedal strokes were identified, delineated, and averaged to form a representative (average ± SD) waveform. Participants maintained stable kinematics in most joints studied during the baseline condition, but variations in ranges of movement were recorded during seated and standing sprinting. Discernable patterns started to emerge for several kinematic profiles during standing sprinting. Alternate sprinting strategies emerged between participants and bilateral asymmetries were also recorded in the individuals tested. This approach to studying road cycling holds substantial potential for researchers wishing to explore this sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Netto
- Curtin School of Allied Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia; (S.M.); (M.T.); (K.K.); (D.W.C.)
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3
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França MED, Amorim MDS, Sinhorim L, Santos GM, do Nascimento IB. Myofascial release strategies and technique recommendations for athletic performance: A systematic review. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2023; 36:30-37. [PMID: 37949575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2023.04.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the effects of instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization (IASTM) and foam roller self-myofascial release (FRSMR) strategies and verify their results in athletic performance. METHOD Systematic review conducted in four databases from 2017. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of two forms of soft tissue mobilization on athletes' performance. The risk of bias was analyzed using the Cochrane Handbook scale. RESULTS Ten studies were included for qualitative analysis. IASTM increased range of motion, knee joint kinetic force, peak torque, and angular velocity in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. The technique increases isometric strength and isokinetic power in vertical jumping. FRSMR was relevant in counter movement jumping between the pre- and post-intervention conditions, mainly by increasing strength in the initial jumping phase. CONCLUSIONS IASTM should be used in sports preparation to improve muscle response and explosive force production. FRSMR increases flexibility as it tends to restore tissue elasticity, but it does not improve aerobic activity. The suggested time for strategy intervention is at least 90 s per muscle group.
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Ho PJ, Yi CP, Lin YJ, Chung WD, Chou PH, Yang SC. Torque Measurement and Control for Electric-Assisted Bike Considering Different External Load Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4657. [PMID: 37430571 DOI: 10.3390/s23104657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel torque measurement and control technique for cycling-assisted electric bikes (E-bikes) considering various external load conditions. For assisted E-bikes, the electromagnetic torque from the permanent magnet (PM) motor can be controlled to reduce the pedaling torque generated by the human rider. However, the overall cycling torque is affected by external loads, including the cyclist's weight, wind resistance, rolling resistance, and the road slope. With knowledge of these external loads, the motor torque can be adaptively controlled for these riding conditions. In this paper, key E-bike riding parameters are analyzed to find a suitable assisted motor torque. Four different motor torque control methods are proposed to improve the E-bike's dynamic response with minimal variation in acceleration. It is concluded that the wheel acceleration is important to determine the E-bike's synergetic torque performance. A comprehensive E-bike simulation environment is developed with MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate these adaptive torque control methods. In this paper, an integrated E-bike sensor hardware system is built to verify the proposed adaptive torque control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Jui Ho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Pei Yi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Lin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Der Chung
- Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huan Chou
- Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chin Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
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5
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Conceição A, Milheiro V, Parraca JA, Rocha F, Espada MC, Santos FJ, Louro H. The Effect of Handlebar Height and Bicycle Frame Length on Muscular Activity during Cycling: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116590. [PMID: 35682173 PMCID: PMC9180202 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The cycling literature is filled with reports of electromyography (EMG) analyses for a better understanding of muscle function during cycling. This research is not just limited to performance, as the cyclist’s goal may be rehabilitation, recreation, or competition, so a bicycle that meets the rider’s needs is essential for a more efficient muscular activity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the contribution of the activity of each of the following muscles: TD (trapezius descending), LD (latissimus dorsi), GM (gluteus maximus), and AD (anterior deltoid) in response to different bicycle-rider systems (handlebar height; bicycle frame length) and intensities in a bicycle equipped with a potentiometer. Surface EMG signals from muscles on the right side of the body were measured. A general linear model test was used to analyze the differences between muscle activation in the test conditions. Effect sizes were calculated using a partial Eta2 (η2). The level of significance was set at 0.05. Muscle activation of different muscles differs, depending on the cycling condition (Pillai’s trace = 2.487; F (36.69) = 9.300; p < 0.001. η2 = 0.958), mostly during low intensities. In high intensities, one specific pattern emerges, with a greater contribution of GM and TD and weaker participation of LD and AD, enhancing the cycling power output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Conceição
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-265-710-800
| | - Vítor Milheiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
| | - José A. Parraca
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7000-654 Évora, Portugal;
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Universidade de Évora, 7000-654 Évora, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rocha
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
| | - Mário C. Espada
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (F.J.S.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Fernando J. Santos
- Polytechnic Institute of Setúbal, School of Education, 2914-504 Setúbal, Portugal; (M.C.E.); (F.J.S.)
- Life Quality Research Centre, Complexo Andaluz, Apartado, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Hugo Louro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sport Sciences School of Rio Maior, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal; (V.M.); (F.R.); (H.L.)
- Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development (CIDESD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Jamka M, Piotrowska-Brudnicka SE, Karolkiewicz J, Skrypnik D, Bogdański P, Cielecka-Piontek J, Sultanova G, Walkowiak J, Mądry E. The Effect of Endurance and Endurance-Strength Training on Bone Health and Body Composition in Centrally Obese Women-A Randomised Pilot Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:821. [PMID: 35627958 PMCID: PMC9140472 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus exercise programme to reduce body weight and improve body composition simultaneously preventing bone loss or stimulating osteogenesis. This pilot study compared the effect of endurance and endurance-strength training on body composition and bone metabolism in centrally obese women. Recruited subjects were randomly assigned to three-month endurance (n = 22) or endurance-strength training (n = 22). Body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) were assessed before and after the intervention and markers of bone formation and resorption were measured. Both training significantly decreased fat mass; however, endurance-strength training had a more favourable effect on lean mass for the gynoid area (p = 0.0211) and legs (p = 0.0381). Endurance training significantly decreased total body BMC and BMD (p = 0.0440 and p = 0.0300), whereas endurance-strength training only reduced BMD (p = 0.0063). Changes in densitometric parameters did not differ between the groups but endurance training increased osteocalcin levels (p = 0.04845), while endurance-strength training increased tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b concentrations (p = 0.00145). In conclusion, both training programmes were effective in the reduction of fat mass simultaneously negatively affecting bone health. However, endurance-strength training seemed to be more effective in increasing lean mass. The study protocol was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov database under the number NCT03444207, date of registration: 23 February 2018 (retrospective registration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jamka
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Sylwia E. Piotrowska-Brudnicka
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego Str. 6, 61-781 Poznań, Poland;
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics and Physiotherapy in Motor System Disorders, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Grunwaldzka Str. 2, 50-355 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Karolkiewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, Królowej Jadwigi Str. 27/39, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Damian Skrypnik
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 82, 60-569 Poznań, Poland; (D.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 82, 60-569 Poznań, Poland; (D.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Gulnara Sultanova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Maresyev Str. 68, Aktobe 030019, Kazakhstan;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland; (M.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego Str. 6, 61-781 Poznań, Poland;
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May S, Locke S, Kingsley M. Gastrocnemius Muscle Architecture in Elite Basketballers and Cyclists: A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:768846. [PMID: 34950871 PMCID: PMC8688802 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.768846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric and concentric actions produce distinct mechanical stimuli and result in different adaptations in skeletal muscle architecture. Cycling predominantly involves concentric activity of the gastrocnemius muscles, while playing basketball requires both concentric and eccentric actions to support running, jumping, and landing. The aim of this study was to examine differences in the architecture of gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) between elite basketballers and cyclists. A trained sonographer obtained three B-mode ultrasound images from GM and GL muscles in 44 athletes (25 basketballers and 19 cyclists; 24 ± 5 years of age). The images were digitized and average fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (θ), and muscle thickness were calculated from three images per muscle. The ratio of FL to tibial length (FL/TL) and muscle thickness to tibial length (MT/TL) was also calculated to account for the potential scaling effect of stature. In males, no significant differences were identified between the athletic groups in all parameters in the GM, but a significant difference existed in muscle thickness in the GL. In basketballers, GL was 2.5 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.7-4.3 mm, p = 0.011) on the left side and 2.6 mm thicker (95% CI: 0.6-5.7 mm, p = 0.012) on the right side; however, these differences were not significant when stature was accounted for (MT/TL). In females, significant differences existed in the GM for all parameters including FL/TL and MT/TL. Female cyclists had longer FL in both limbs (MD: 11.2 and 11.3 mm), narrower θ (MD: 2.1 and 1.8°), and thicker muscles (MD: 2.1 and 2.5 mm). For the GL, female cyclists had significantly longer FL (MD: 5.2 and 5.8 mm) and narrower θ (MD: 1.7 and 2.3°) in both limbs; no differences were observed in absolute muscle thickness or MT/TL ratio. Differences in gastrocnemius muscle architecture were observed between female cyclists and basketballers, but not between males. These findings suggest that participation in sport-specific training might influence gastrocnemius muscle architecture in elite female athletes; however, it remains unclear as to whether gastrocnemius architecture is systematically influenced by the different modes of muscle activation between these respective sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha May
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Simon Locke
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia.,Department of Exercise Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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8
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Schaer A, Helander O, Buffa F, Müller A, Schneider K, Maurenbrecher H, Becsek B, Chatzipirpiridis G, Ergeneman O, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Schaffert N. Integrated Pedal System for Data Driven Rehabilitation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238115. [PMID: 34884118 PMCID: PMC8662464 DOI: 10.3390/s21238115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a system capable of providing visual feedback for ergometer training, allowing detailed analysis and gamification. The presented solution can easily upgrade any existing ergometer device. The system consists of a set of pedals with embedded sensors, readout electronics and wireless communication modules and a tablet device for interaction with the users, which can be mounted on any ergometer, transforming it into a full analytical assessment tool with interactive training capabilities. The methods to capture the forces and moments applied to the pedal, as well as the pedal's angular position, were validated using reference sensors and high-speed video capture systems. The mean-absolute error (MAE) for load is found to be 18.82 N, 25.35 N, 0.153 Nm for Fx, Fz and Mx respectively and the MAE for the pedal angle is 13.2°. A fully gamified experience of ergometer training has been demonstrated with the presented system to enhance the rehabilitation experience with audio visual feedback, based on measured cycling parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Schaer
- Magnes AG, Selnaustrasse 5, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (B.B.); (G.C.); (O.E.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Oskar Helander
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
| | - Francesco Buffa
- Magnes AG, Selnaustrasse 5, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (B.B.); (G.C.); (O.E.)
| | - Alexis Müller
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
| | - Henrik Maurenbrecher
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
| | - Barna Becsek
- Magnes AG, Selnaustrasse 5, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (B.B.); (G.C.); (O.E.)
| | | | - Olgac Ergeneman
- Magnes AG, Selnaustrasse 5, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland; (F.B.); (B.B.); (G.C.); (O.E.)
| | - Salvador Pané
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Bradley J. Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Tannenstrasse 3, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; (O.H.); (A.M.); (K.S.); (H.M.); (B.J.N.)
| | - Nina Schaffert
- Institute für Bewegungswissenschaft, University Hamburg, Turmweg 2, 20148 Hamburg, Germany;
- BeSB Sound Engineering Berlin, Nalepastraße 18, 12459 Berlin, Germany
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Hernández-Díaz D, Villar-Ribera R, Serra-Parareda F, Weyler-Pérez R, Sánchez-Romero M, Rojas-Sola JI, Julián F. Technical and Environmental Viability of a Road Bicycle Pedal Part Made of a Fully Bio-Based Composite Material. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061399. [PMID: 33805742 PMCID: PMC8001936 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glass fibre is the most widely used material for reinforcing thermoplastic matrices presently and its use continues to grow. A significant disadvantage of glass fibre, however, is its impact on the environment, in particular, due to the fact that glass fibre-reinforced composite materials are difficult to recycle. Polyamide 6 is an engineering plastic frequently used as a matrix for high-mechanical performance composites. Producing polyamide monomer requires the use of a large amount of energy and can also pose harmful environmental impacts. Consequently, glass fibre-reinforced Polyamide 6 composites cannot be considered environmentally friendly. In this work, we assessed the performance of a road cycling pedal body consisting of a composite of natural Polyamide 11 reinforced with lignocellulosic fibres from stone-ground wood, as an alternative to the conventional glass fibre-reinforced Polyamide 6 composite (the most common material used for recreational purposes). We developed a 3D model of a pedal with a geometry based on a combination of two existing commercial choices and used it to perform three finite-element tests in order to assess its strength under highly demanding static and cyclic conditions. A supplementary life cycle analysis of the pedal was also performed to determine the ecological impact. Based on the results of the simulation tests, the pedal is considered to be mechanically viable and has a significantly lower environmental impact than fully synthetic composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández-Díaz
- Serra Húnter Programme, Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.H.-D.); (R.V.-R.)
| | - Ricardo Villar-Ribera
- Department of Engineering Graphics and Design, Campus Manresa, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08242 Manresa, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.H.-D.); (R.V.-R.)
| | | | - Rafael Weyler-Pérez
- Department of Strenght Materials and Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.W.-P.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - Montserrat Sánchez-Romero
- Department of Strenght Materials and Structural Engineering, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Spain; (R.W.-P.); (M.S.-R.)
| | - José Ignacio Rojas-Sola
- Department of Engineering Graphics, Design and Projects, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Fernando Julián
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Department of Organization, Business, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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The Medial-Lateral Pedal Force Component Correlates with Q-Angle during Steady-State Cycling at Different Workloads and Cadences. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leg movement during cycling is constrained to the pedal/crank path and predominantly occurs in a sagittal plane. Medial-lateral force (FML) applied to the pedals is considered as a waste and does not contribute to the pedaling. The aim of this study was to examine the changes in FML across different cadences and workloads, and to examine the correlation with lateral knee movement (Q-angle). Twenty-two cyclists completed six trials at three workloads (2, 2.5 and 3 W/kg) and three cadences (75, 85, 95 rpm). Forces were recorded from the force pedal mounted to the left side. Absolute and normalized (to the peak total force) FML were compared across conditions and cross-correlation with Q-angle was calculated. Absolute FML was significantly different across cadences and workloads (p < 0.05) with higher absolute FML at higher cadence. There was no significant difference in normalized FML across the three cadences. There was a significant decrease in normalized FML (~10 N) at higher workloads. Statistically significant correlations were found between the FML and Q-angle (R = 0.70–0.77). The results demonstrate the link between the FML and Q-angle in healthy pain-free cyclists during stationary cycling. It has also been observed that smaller normalized magnitude of the FML is present when the force effectiveness is increased.
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11
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Lanferdini FJ, Vaz MA. Influence of muscle fatigue on the pedaling kinetic and kinematics in different cycling protocols: a scoping review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CIÊNCIAS DO ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/rbce.43.e008621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to review the literature on the effects of muscle fatigue generated by different cycling protocols, on the kinetics and kinematics of the crank cycle. Twenty-two studies were included in the review. The establishment of the fatigue processes caused an increase in the resulting and effective forces (all tests), together with the pedaling efficiency (incremental and constant tests). In addition, fatigue caused joint changes in the lower limbs (increased range of motion in the ankle and reduced contribution to total torque) in different cycling tests. Therefore, these pedaling strategies may be related to the maintenance of muscle work to postpone the cyclists’ exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio J. Lanferdini
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Marco A. Vaz
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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