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Janmohammadi M, Nazemi Z, Salehi AOM, Seyfoori A, John JV, Nourbakhsh MS, Akbari M. Cellulose-based composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and localized drug delivery. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:137-163. [PMID: 35663339 PMCID: PMC9142858 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural bone constitutes a complex and organized structure of organic and inorganic components with limited ability to regenerate and restore injured tissues, especially in large bone defects. To improve the reconstruction of the damaged bones, tissue engineering has been introduced as a promising alternative approach to the conventional therapeutic methods including surgical interventions using allograft and autograft implants. Bioengineered composite scaffolds consisting of multifunctional biomaterials in combination with the cells and bioactive therapeutic agents have great promise for bone repair and regeneration. Cellulose and its derivatives are renewable and biodegradable natural polymers that have shown promising potential in bone tissue engineering applications. Cellulose-based scaffolds possess numerous advantages attributed to their excellent properties of non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, availability through renewable resources, and the low cost of preparation and processing. Furthermore, cellulose and its derivatives have been extensively used for delivering growth factors and antibiotics directly to the site of the impaired bone tissue to promote tissue repair. This review focuses on the various classifications of cellulose-based composite scaffolds utilized in localized bone drug delivery systems and bone regeneration, including cellulose-organic composites, cellulose-inorganic composites, cellulose-organic/inorganic composites. We will also highlight the physicochemical, mechanical, and biological properties of the different cellulose-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications. Cellulose and its derivatives are renewable and biodegradable natural polymers that with great potential for bone tissue engineering. Cellulose-based materials can be used various therapeutics directly to the bone to achieve bone regeneration. Bioinks made of cellulose-based materials hold great promise to develop patient specific solutions for bone repair using 3D printing. Challenges associated with inaccuracies in existing preclinical models, sterilization regulatory barriers still need to be addressed before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Janmohammadi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, P.O.Box: 19111-35131, Iran
| | - Zahra Nazemi
- Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, Semnan University, Semnan, P.O.Box: 19111-35131, Iran
| | | | - Amir Seyfoori
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Johnson V. John
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovations, Los Angeles, CA, 90050, USA
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh
- Faculty of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Semnan University, Semnan, P.O.Box: 19111-35131, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in Micro Engineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovations, Los Angeles, CA, 90050, USA
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
- Corresponding author. Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovations, Los Angeles, CA, 90050, USA.
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Dobaj Štiglic A, Kargl R, Beaumont M, Strauss C, Makuc D, Egger D, Plavec J, Rojas OJ, Stana Kleinschek K, Mohan T. Influence of Charge and Heat on the Mechanical Properties of Scaffolds from Ionic Complexation of Chitosan and Carboxymethyl Cellulose. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3618-3632. [PMID: 34264634 PMCID: PMC8396805 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most abundant, multifunctional biological polymers, polysaccharides are considered promising materials to prepare tissue engineering scaffolds. When properly designed, wetted porous scaffolds can have biomechanics similar to living tissue and provide suitable fluid transport, both of which are key features for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. They can further mimic the components and function of glycosaminoglycans found in the extracellular matrix of tissues. In this study, we investigate scaffolds formed by charge complexation between anionic carboxymethyl cellulose and cationic protonated chitosan under well-controlled conditions. Freeze-drying and dehydrothermal heat treatment were then used to obtain porous materials with exceptional, unprecendent mechanical properties and dimensional long-term stability in cell growth media. We investigated how complexation conditions, charge ratio, and heat treatment significantly influence the resulting fluid uptake and biomechanics. Surprisingly, materials with high compressive strength, high elastic modulus, and significant shape recovery are obtained under certain conditions. We address this mostly to a balanced charge ratio and the formation of covalent amide bonds between the polymers without the use of additional cross-linkers. The scaffolds promoted clustered cell adhesion and showed no cytotoxic effects as assessed by cell viability assay and live/dead staining with human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. We suggest that similar scaffolds or biomaterials comprising other polysaccharides have a large potential for cartilage tissue engineering and that elucidating the reason for the observed peculiar biomechanics can stimulate further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Dobaj Štiglic
- Laboratory
for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Rupert Kargl
- Laboratory
for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical
Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute
of Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 00076, Finland
| | - Christine Strauss
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damjan Makuc
- Slovenian
NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dominik Egger
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janez Plavec
- Slovenian
NMR Center, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- EN→FIST
Center of Excellence, Trg OF 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, Espoo 00076, Finland
- Departments
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science,
Bioproducts Institute, University of British
Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karin Stana Kleinschek
- Institute
of Automation, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroska cesta 46, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tamilselvan Mohan
- Institute
of Chemistry and Technology of Biobased System (IBioSys), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Mallakpour S, Tukhani M, Hussain CM. Recent advancements in 3D bioprinting technology of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogels: Utilization in tissue engineering. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 292:102415. [PMID: 33892215 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
3D printing technology has grown exponentially since its introduction due to its ability to print complex structures quickly and simply. The ink used in 3D printers is one of the most discussed areas and a variety of hydrogel-based inks were developed. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is derived from cellulose, which is a natural, biocompatible, biodegradable, and wildly abounded biopolymer. CMC is a very qualified candidate in the preparation of hydrogels because it has good solubility in water with multiple carboxyl groups. Various physical and chemical cross-linking methods and mechanisms have been used by researchers to prepare CMC-based hydrogels. Bioprinting is a powerful technology for tissue engineering applications that have been able to design and simulate different tissue and organs with digital control. Among many advantages, which were reported for bioprinting, its high throughput, as well as precise control of scaffolding and cells, is very valuable. Considering all these tips and capabilities, in this study, the methods of preparation and improvement of CMC-based hydrogels, applied 3D printer, and the latest inks designed using this biopolymer in terms of combination, features, and performance in tissue engineering are reported.
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