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Pagonis DN, Matsoukas I, Kaltsas G, Pilatis A. A Flow Sensing Device Formed Exclusively by Employing Additive Manufacturing for On-Site Fabrication Aboard a Ship. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8481. [PMID: 37896574 PMCID: PMC10611284 DOI: 10.3390/s23208481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This work concerns the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel air-flow sensor employing exclusively additive manufacturing that can be fabricated on-site, aboard a ship, or in a similarly remote area, without relying on external manufacturing facilities. The developed device's principle of operation is based on vortex shedding; its novelty focuses on employing solely additive manufacturing technology, for the manufacturing-in a single process step-of all the sensor's main elements. In more detail, the required flow-shaping housing, the appropriate piezoresistive sensing element, and the electrical interconnection pads are all constructed in a single process step, through standard Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D technology. Direct communication to the necessary readout circuitry can be easily achieved through standard soldering utilizing the integrated contact pads of the sensor. The prototype was preliminary characterized, validating its proper functionality. Key features of the proposed device are low cost, fast on-site manufacturing of the entire measuring device, robustness, and simplicity, suggesting numerous potential applications in the shipbuilding industry and other industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios-Nikolaos Pagonis
- Naval Architecture Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (A.P.)
- microSENSES Laboratory, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Matsoukas
- Naval Architecture Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Grigoris Kaltsas
- microSENSES Laboratory, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece;
| | - Aggelos Pilatis
- Naval Architecture Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece; (I.M.); (A.P.)
- microSENSES Laboratory, Electrical & Electronic Engineering Department, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece;
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2
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Smocot S, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Guo S, Cao C. Printed flexible mechanical sensors. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17134-17156. [PMID: 36385388 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04015h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexible mechanical sensors (e.g., strain, pressure, and force) fabricated primarily by printing technologies have emerged and evolved promptly in the past several years. 2D and 3D printing approaches enabled rapid prototyping of various flexible mechanical sensors that have demonstrated their unique applications in fields including robotics, human-machine interfaces, and biomedicine. Research efforts have primarily been focused on experimenting with different materials, device configurations, and sensing mechanisms to achieve better sensing performance. While great progress has been made, this field is still in its infancy where most research is exploratory; and even the performance standards and long-term objective/vision of these sensors are not clear. In this review, the state-of-the-art of three types of printed flexible mechanical sensors will be discussed and analyzed in terms of their fabrication methods, types of sensing materials and mechanisms, and challenges for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Smocot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Zixin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Lingzhi Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Shu Guo
- School of Vehicle and Energy, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China.
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Pepłowski A, Budny F, Jarczewska M, Lepak-Kuc S, Dybowska-Sarapuk Ł, Baraniecki D, Walter P, Malinowska E, Jakubowska M. Self-Assembling Graphene Layers for Electrochemical Sensors Printed in a Single Screen-Printing Process. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8836. [PMID: 36433435 PMCID: PMC9692624 DOI: 10.3390/s22228836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article reports findings on screen-printed electrodes employed in microfluidic diagnostic devices. The research described includes developing a series of graphene- and other carbon form-based printing pastes compared to their rheological parameters, such as viscosity in static and shear-thinning conditions, yield stress, and shear rate required for thinning. In addition, the morphology, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical properties of the electrodes, printed with the examined pastes, were investigated. Correlation analysis was performed between all measured parameters for six electrode materials, yielding highly significant (p-value between 0.002 and 0.017) correlations between electron transfer resistance (Ret), redox peak separation, and static viscosity and thinning shear-rate threshold. The observed more electrochemically accessible surface was explained according to the fluid mechanics of heterophase suspensions. Under changing shear stress, the agglomeration enhanced by the graphene nanoplatelets' interparticle affinity led to phase separation. Less viscous pastes were thinned to a lesser degree, allowing non-permanent clusters to de-agglomerate. Thus, the breaking of temporary agglomerates yielded an unblocked electrode surface. Since the mechanism of phase ordering through agglomeration and de-agglomeration is affected by the pastes' rheology and stress during the printing process and requires no further treatment, it can be appropriately labeled as a self-assembling electrode material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Pepłowski
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Budny
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 A. Boboli, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Jarczewska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandra Lepak-Kuc
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 A. Boboli, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łucja Dybowska-Sarapuk
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 A. Boboli, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Baraniecki
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 A. Boboli, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Walter
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malinowska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
- Division of Medical Diagnostics, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jakubowska
- Printed Electronics, Textronics & Assembly Lab, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 19 Poleczki, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 8 A. Boboli, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
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Qi X, Lim S. A Screen-Printed Metal Hybrid Composite for Wireless Wind Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:972. [PMID: 35335785 PMCID: PMC8951960 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wind sensing has become a key component in various fields with the growing trend of assessing air conditions for energy conversion. In this study, we demonstrated a wireless screen-printable flexible strain sensor system based on Ag/MWCNT composite for wind sensing. To achieve high printability with the metal hybrid composite for the fabrication of a screen-printed flexible sensor, we systematically investigated the rheological properties, resulting in the high shear thinning and thixotropic behavior of the composite. After confirming the suitability for screen printing, we investigated the performance of the printed strain sensor, obtaining a gauge factor (G.F.) of 2.08 with 90% sensitivity and high durability after 6000 bending cycles. In addition, the sensor showed 98% temperature sensitivity during a wind sensing test due to the intrinsic properties of the metal hybrid composite. In an application based on an IoT system, we verified that the response of the wireless sensor corresponded with that of a wired sensor, indicating the expansion of low-cost, mass-produced screen-printed wind sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sooman Lim
- Department of Flexible and Printable Electronics, LANL-JBNU Engineering Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
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Gao Y, Feng J, Liu F, Liu Z. Effects of Organic Vehicle on the Rheological and Screen-Printing Characteristics of Silver Paste for LTCC Thick Film Electrodes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15051953. [PMID: 35269183 PMCID: PMC8911606 DOI: 10.3390/ma15051953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Silver paste is widely used for low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) electrodes. In this work, a kind of LTCC silver paste for fine-line screen-printing was developed by considering the effect of the organic vehicle on rheological behavior and screen-printing properties. A step-by-step volatilization mode was applied to screen the mixed organic solvent of α-terpineol, 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethyl acetate (BCA) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). The α-terpineol:BCA:DBP ratio of 5:2:3 is selected by considering the volatility, viscosity, and pseudoplasticity of the organic vehicle. Both viscosity and pseudoplasticity of shear-thinning increase with the increase of ethyl cellulose (EC) organic binder content. Three interval thixotropy test (3ITT) was conducted to discuss the thixotropy of silver paste. The minimum printing line width of 13.27 µm is obtained using silver paste with 10 wt% EC, confirming that the homemade paste has good printability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Gao
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Center of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Feng
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Z.L.)
| | - Feng Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
| | - Zhifu Liu
- CAS Key Lab of Inorganic Functional Materials and Devices, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; (Y.G.); (F.L.)
- Center of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (Z.L.)
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CNT/Graphite/SBS Conductive Fibers for Strain Sensing in Wearable Telerehabilitation Devices. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22030800. [PMID: 35161545 PMCID: PMC8839551 DOI: 10.3390/s22030800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth of personal electronics with concurrent research into telerehabilitation solutions discovers opportunities to redefine the future of orthopedic rehabilitation. After joint injury or operation, convalescence includes free active range of movement exercises, such as joints bending and straightening under medical supervision. Flexion detection through wearable textile sensors provides numerous potential benefits such as: (1) reduced cost; (2) continuous monitoring; (3) remote telerehabilitation; (4) gamification; and (5) detection of risk-inducing activities in daily routine. To address this issue, novel piezoresistive multi-walled carbon nanotubes/graphite/styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymer (CNT/Gr/SBS) fiber was developed. The extrusion process allowed adjustable diameter fiber production, while being a scalable, industrially adapted method of manufacturing textile electronics. Composite fibers were highly stretchable, withstanding strains up to 285%, and exhibited exceptional piezoresistive parameters with a gauge factor of 91.64 for 0–100% strain range and 2955 for the full scope. Considering the composite’s flexibility and sensitivity during a series of cyclic loading, it was concluded that developed Gr/CNT/SBS fibers were suitable for application in wearable piezoresistive sensors for telerehabilitation application.
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Soe HM, Abd Manaf A, Matsuda A, Jaafar M. Performance of a silver nanoparticles-based polydimethylsiloxane composite strain sensor produced using different fabrication methods. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A: PHYSICAL 2021; 329:112793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2021.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Screen Printing Carbon Nanotubes Textiles Antennas for Smart Wearables. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21144934. [PMID: 34300678 PMCID: PMC8309715 DOI: 10.3390/s21144934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles have become a dynamic research field in recent decades, attracting attention to smart wearables to develop and integrate electronic devices onto clothing. Combining traditional screen-printing techniques with novel nanocarbon-based inks offers seamless integration of flexible and conformal antenna patterns onto fabric substrates with a minimum weight penalty and haptic disruption. In this study, two different fabric-based antenna designs called PICA and LOOP were fabricated through a scalable screen-printing process by tuning the conductive ink formulations accompanied by cellulose nanocrystals. The printing process was controlled and monitored by revealing the relationship between the textiles' nature and conducting nano-ink. The fabric prototypes were tested in dynamic environments mimicking complex real-life situations, such as being in proximity to a human body, and being affected by wrinkling, bending, and fabric care such as washing or ironing. Both computational and experimental on-and-off-body antenna gain results acknowledged the potential of tunable material systems complimenting traditional printing techniques for smart sensing technology as a plausible pathway for future wearables.
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Costa Angeli MA, Ciocca M, Petti L, Lugli P. Advances in printing technologies for soft robotics devices applications. Soft Robot 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ache.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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