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Kurnia D, Lestari S, Mayanti T, Gartika M, Nurdin D. Anti-Infection of Oral Microorganisms from Herbal Medicine of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2531-2553. [PMID: 38952486 PMCID: PMC11215520 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s453375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The WHO Global Status Report on Oral Health 2022 reveals that oral diseases caused by infection with oral pathogenic microorganisms affect nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide. Oral health problems are caused by the presence of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Various strategies have been implemented to overcome this problem. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but they have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Therefore, it is important to look for safe anti-infective alternatives. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies suggest that Red Betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) could be a potential source of oral anti-infectives. This review aims to discuss the pathogenesis mechanism of several microorganisms that play an important role in causing health problems, the mechanism of action of synthetic oral anti-infective drugs in inhibiting microbial growth in the oral cavity, and the potential of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) as an herbal oral anti-infective drug. This study emphasises the importance of researching natural components as an alternative treatment for oral infections that is more effective and can meet global needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikdik Kurnia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Seftiana Lestari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Tri Mayanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, Indonesia
| | - Meirina Gartika
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Denny Nurdin
- Departement of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Jirillo E, Palmirotta R, Colella M, Santacroce L. A Bird's-Eye View of the Pathophysiologic Role of the Human Urobiota in Health and Disease: Can We Modulate It? PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:52-67. [PMID: 38390942 PMCID: PMC10885084 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
For a long time, urine has been considered sterile in physiological conditions, thanks to the particular structure of the urinary tract and the production of uromodulin or Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) by it. More recently, thanks to the development and use of new technologies, i.e., next-generation sequencing and expanded urine culture, the identification of a microbial community in the urine, the so-called urobiota, became possible. Major phyla detected in the urine are represented by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. Particularly, the female urobiota is largely represented by Lactobacillus spp., which are very active against urinary pathogenic Escherichia (E.) coli (UPEC) strains via the generation of lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Gut dysbiosis accounts for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), so-called gut-bladder axis syndrome with the formation of intracellular bacterial communities in the course of acute cystitis. However, other chronic urinary tract infections are caused by bacterial strains of intestinal derivation. Monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections account for the outcome of acute and chronic UTIs, even including prostatitis and chronic pelvic pain. E. coli isolates have been shown to be more invasive and resistant to antibiotics. Probiotics, fecal microbial transplantation, phage therapy, antimicrobial peptides, and immune-mediated therapies, even including vaccines for the treatment of UTIs, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
- Doctoral School, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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Santacroce L, Topi S, Charitos IA, Lovero R, Luperto P, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E. Current Views about the Inflammatory Damage Triggered by Bacterial Superantigens and Experimental Attempts to Neutralize Superantigen-Mediated Toxic Effects with Natural and Biological Products. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2024; 31:18-31. [PMID: 38251046 PMCID: PMC10801599 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology31010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Superantigens, i.e., staphylococcal enterotoxins and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, interact with T cells in a different manner in comparison to conventional antigens. In fact, they activate a larger contingent of T lymphocytes, binding outside the peptide-binding groove of the major histocompatibility complex class II. Involvement of many T cells by superantigens leads to a massive release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma. Such a storm of mediators has been shown to account for tissue damage, multiorgan failure and shock. Besides conventional drugs and biotherapeutics, experiments with natural and biological products have been undertaken to attenuate the toxic effects exerted by superantigens. In this review, emphasis will be placed on polyphenols, probiotics, beta-glucans and antimicrobial peptides. In fact, these substances share a common functional denominator, since they skew the immune response toward an anti-inflammatory profile, thus mitigating the cytokine wave evoked by superantigens. However, clinical applications of these products are still scarce, and more trials are needed to validate their usefulness in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Skender Topi
- Department of Clinical Disciplines, University ‘Alexander Xhuvani’ of Elbasan, 3001 Elbasan, Albania
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Division of Pneumology and Respiratory Rehabilitation, Maugeri Clinical Scientific Research Institutes (IRCCS) of Pavia—Scientific Institute of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Lovero
- Clinical Pathology Unit, AOU Policlinico Consorziale di Bari-Ospedale Giovanni XXIII, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Section of Microbiology and Virology, Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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Santacroce L, Colella M, Charitos IA, Di Domenico M, Palmirotta R, Jirillo E. Microbial and Host Metabolites at the Backstage of Fever: Current Knowledge about the Co-Ordinate Action of Receptors and Molecules Underlying Pathophysiology and Clinical Implications. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030461. [PMID: 36984901 PMCID: PMC10056708 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fever represents an elevation of body temperature, that exerts a protective effect against pathogens. Innate immune cells and neurons are implicated in the regulation of body temperature. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns, i.e., lipopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria and peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid from Gram-positive bacteria are exogenous pyrogens, that bind to Toll-like receptors on immune and non-immune cells. The subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6 and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha] and their passage through the brain trigger the febrile response. In fact, neurons of the pre-optic area produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), that, in turn, bind to the PGE2 receptors; thus, generating fever. Apart from classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e., aspirin and acetaminophen, various botanicals are currently used as antipyretic agents and, therefore, their mechanisms of action will be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Santacroce
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marica Colella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- CEDICLO-Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Marina Di Domenico
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Palmirotta
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, Section of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', 70124 Bari, Italy
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Marinković J, Nikolić B, Marković T, Petrović B, Pašalić S, Lal M, Marković D. Essential oils as adjuvants in endodontic therapy: myth or reality? Future Microbiol 2022; 17:1487-1499. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance endodontics, the search for new antibacterials that can improve infected tooth root canal treatment is ongoing. As potent antibacterial and antibiofilm agents, essential oils (EOs) have been suggested as novel endodontic materials. Several studies indicate that EO-based irrigants and medicaments show promising reductive potential against the most important intracanal pathogen, Enterococcus faecalis, and notably contribute to intracanal biofilm eradication. In terms of additional benefits that EO-based endodontic materials can provide, their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential are also important, but they have only scarcely been explored in research. Investigations into the benefits of EO-based endodontic materials together with their biocompatibility are needed. The results presented in this review strongly encourage further research on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Marinković
- University of Belgrade,‘VINČA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Nikolić
- University of Belgrade, Student Square 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Marković
- Institute for Medicinal Plant Research ‘Dr Josif Pančić’, Tadeuša Košćuška 1, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Božana Petrović
- University of Belgrade,‘VINČA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Pašalić
- University of Belgrade,‘VINČA’ Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mohan Lal
- Agrotechnology, Technology & Rural Development Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, Assam, India
| | - Dejan Marković
- University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Dr Subotića 8, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Man A, Mare AD, Mares M, Ruta F, Pribac M, Maier AC, Cighir A, Ciurea CN. Antifungal and anti-virulence activity of six essential oils against important Candida species - a preliminary study. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:737-753. [PMID: 35531749 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Opportunistic infections with Candida species are becoming more problematic, considering their increasing virulence and resistance to antifungal drugs. AIM To assess the antifungal and anti-virulence activity of basil, cinnamon, clove, melaleuca, oregano and thyme essential oils (EOs) on five Candida species (C. albicans, C. auris, C. krusei C. parapsilosis and C. guillermondii). METHODS The MIC, growth rate, antibiofilm activity, regulation of gene expression (ALS3, SAP2, HSP70) and germ-tube formation were evaluated by specific methods. RESULTS Most EOs inhibited Candida species growth and reduced the expression of some virulence factors. Cinnamon and clove EO showed the most significant inhibitory effects. CONCLUSIONS The tested EOs are promising agents for facilitating the management of some Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Anca-Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Mihai Mares
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Sciences of Iași, Iași, 700490, Romania
| | - Florina Ruta
- Department of Community Nutrition & Food Safety, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Mirela Pribac
- Nutrition & Holistic Health, Holomed, Târgu Mureș, 540272, Romania
| | - Adrian-Cornel Maier
- Department of Urology, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galați, Galați, 800008, Romania
| | - Anca Cighir
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania.,Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
| | - Cristina-Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania.,Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, & Technology of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, 540142, Romania
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Studies Regarding the Antibacterial Effect of Plant Extracts Obtained from Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12052751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to develop an experimental endodontic irrigant solution based on plant extracts obtained from Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. that largely replenish the properties of the usual antiseptics used in dentistry. Background: This study investigated the phytochemical contents of plant extracts obtained from Epilobium parviflorum Schreb. and their potential antibacterial activity. Methods: Identification and quantification of biologically active compounds were made by UV field photo spectrometry, adapting the Folin-Ciocalteu test method. Antibacterial activity was tested on pathological bacterial cultures collected from tooth with endodontic infections using a modified Kirby-Bauer diffuse metric method. Results: Polyphenols and flavonoids were present in all plant extracts; the hydroalcoholic extract had the highest amount of polyphenols—17.44 pyrogallol equivalent (Eq Pir)/mL and flavonoids—3.13 quercetin equivalent (Eq Qr)/mL. Plant extracts had antibacterial activity among the tested bacterial species with the following inhibition diameter: White Staphylococcus (16.5 mm), Streptococcus mitis (25 mm), Streptococcus sanguis (27 mm), Enterococcus faecalis (10 mm). Conclusions: All plant extracts contain polyphenols and flavonoids; the antibacterial activity was in direct ratio with the amount of the bioactive compounds.
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Radioimaging in the Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effect of the Vegetable Extract Obtained from Epilobium Parviflorum Schreb. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12030998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
For years, apical microleakage has been considered the main factor in endodontic failure therapy. Sealing abilities and antibacterial properties of root canal sealers and intracanal medicaments between appointments have been recognized as important factors for the success of endodontic treatment. Background: Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease around the apex of a tooth root. The microorganisms reach the pulp by dentinal tubules especially when there is an open cavity after a coronal fracture and the pulp is in contact with the septic oral environment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of healing by recording periapical index (PAI), after two appointment endodontic procedure with commercial or experimental intracanal medicament. Methods: A total of 40 patients with primary chronic apical periodontitis requiring root canal treatment were assigned randomly into four groups according to the teeth medicated with dehydrated plant extract, calcium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide mixed with chlorhexidine (CHX) gel 2%, Walkhoff paste and obturated on a second visit, 7 days later. Patients were recalled at intervals of 3, 6, and 12 months to evaluate the treated teeth both clinically and radiographically for periapical healing. A 5-score scale PAI was used to evaluate stages of the periapical healing on a periapical radiography using a Kodak Dental imaging software provided by the radio-imagistic center. Results: Radiological evaluation revealed that the experimental intracanal medicament had a cumulative positive healing capacity by reducing the PAI as well as all resorbable pastes used in endodontic conventional therapy. Conclusions: The results suggest that the vegetable dry extract obtained from Epilobium parviflorum Schreb can be used as an inter-appointment medication among with the root canal filling for the positive effect on apical healing quantified by reducing the PAI.
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Bottalico L, Charitos IA, Potenza MA, Montagnani M, Santacroce L. The war against bacteria, from the past to present and beyond. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:681-706. [PMID: 34874223 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2013809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The human defense against microorganisms dates back to the ancient civilizations, with attempts to use substances from vegetal, animal, or inorganic origin to fight infections. Today, the emerging threat of multidrug-resistant bacteria highlights the consequences of antibiotics inappropriate use, and the urgent need for novel effective molecules. METHODS AND MATERIALS We extensively researched on more recent data within PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, Elsevier's EMBASE, Cochrane Review for the modern pharmacology in between 1987 - 2021. The historical evolution included a detailed analysis of past studies on the significance of medical applications in the ancient therapeutic field. AREAS COVERED We examined the history of antibiotics development and discovery, the most relevant biochemical aspects of their mode of action, and the biomolecular mechanisms conferring bacterial resistance to antibiotics. EXPERT OPINION The list of pathogens showing low sensitivity or full resistance to most currently available antibiotics is growing worldwide. Long after the 'golden age' of antibiotic discovery, the most novel molecules should be carefully reserved to treat serious bacterial infections of susceptible bacteria. A correct diagnostic and therapeutic procedure can slow down the spreading of nosocomial and community infections sustained by multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrezia Bottalico
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Ioannis Alexandros Charitos
- Interdepartmental Research Center for Pre-Latin, Latin and Oriental Rights and Culture Studies (Cediclo), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Emergency/Urgent Department, National Poisoning Center, Riuniti University Hospital of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Potenza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Monica Montagnani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology - Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Policlinico University Hospital of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Santacroce
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, Microbiology and Virology Unit, School of Medicine,University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
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