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Bouissane L, Bailly C. Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy, a valuable Mediterranean shrub containing bioactive withanolides. Steroids 2024; 207:109439. [PMID: 38740121 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The bushy plant Withania frutescens (L.) Pauquy is well distributed in the West-Mediterranean area, notably in the south of Spain, Algeria and Morocco where is it is used traditionally for the treatment of various human diseases, including diabetes. Unlike the two major species W. somnifera and W. coagulans extensively studied, the genomically close species W. frutescens has been much less investigated. Nevertheless, this shrub species displays a comparable phytochemical profile and marked antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, at the origin of reported pharmacological effects and its traditional uses. Here we have analyzed the diversity of biological effects reported with leaves and root extracts of W. frutescens. Hydroalcoholic extracts prepared from the aerial parts of the plant have revealed antihyperglycemic and cell-protective activities along with antimicrobial and anticorrosive effects. The extracts contained diverse polyphenolic compounds and a few alkaloids (calystegines) but most of the observed effects have been attributed to the presence of withanolides which are modified C28 ergostane-type steroids. Our analysis focused in part on specific withanolides found in W. frutescens, in particular an unusual 3-O-sulfated withanolide considered as a potential pro-drug of the major active compound withaferin A (WA) and a lead compound for the development of a potential drug candidate. The mechanism of action of this sulfated WA analogue is discussed. Altogether, our unprecedented extensive analysis of W. frutescens highlighted the pharmacological potential of this atypical medicinal plant. By analogy with the major cultivated Withania species, the market potential of little-known plant is underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal 23000, Morocco.
| | - Christian Bailly
- OncoWitan, Scientific Consulting Office, Wasquehal, F-59290 Lille, France; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lille, Rue Du Professeur Laguesse, BP-83, F-59006 Lille, France.
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Bourhia M, Alyousef AA, Doumane G, Saghrouchni H, Giesy JP, Ouahmane L, Gueddari FE, Al-Sheikh YA, Aboul-Soud MAM. Volatile Constituents in Essential Oil from Leaves of Withania adpressa Coss. Ex Exhibit Potent Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties against Clinically-Relevant Pathogens. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062839. [PMID: 36985810 PMCID: PMC10056193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania adpressa Coss. ex is a plant used in traditional medications. Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of the essential oil from leaves of Withania adpressa Coss ex. (EOW) were investigated. EOW was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus, and its volatile compounds were characterized by GC-MS. Antioxidant potency was determined using DPPH, FRAP, and TAC assays. Antibacterial effects were determined vs. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia; while its antifungal efficacy was determined vs. Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporum using the disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration bioassays. A chromatographic analysis showed that EOW contained eight phytochemical compounds constituting 99.14% of the total mass of oil. Caryophyllene (24.74%), Longifolene (21.37%), δ-Cadinene (19.08%), and Carene (14.86%) were predominant compounds in EOW. The concentrations required to inhibit 50% of free radical (IC50) values of antioxidant activities of EOW were 0.031 ± 0.006 mg/mL (DPPH), 0.011 ± 0.003 mg/mL (FRAP), and 846.25 ± 1.07 mg AAE/g (TAC). Inhibition zone diameters of EOW vs. bacteria were 18.11 ± 0.5 mm (E. coli), 17.10 ± 0.42 mm (S. aureus), 12.13 ± 0.31 mm (K. pneumoniae), and 11.09 ± 0.47 mm (S. pneumoniae), while MIC values were 51 ± 3, 47 ± 5, 46 ± 3 and 31 ± 1 µg/mL, respectively. Inhibition zone diameters of EOW vs. fungi were 31.32 ± 1.32, 29.00 ± 1.5, 27.63 ± 2.10, and 24.51 ± s1.07 mm for A. flavus, C. albicans, F. oxysporum, and A. niger, respectively. MIC values were 8.41 ± 0.40, 28.04 ± 0.26, 9.05 ± 0.76, and 22.26 ± 0.55 µg/mL, respectively. Importantly, the highest dose of EOW (1 mg/mL) showed negligible (~5%) cytotoxicity against MCF-12, a normal human epithelial cell line derived from the mammary gland, thus underscoring its wide safety and selectivity against tested microbes. To sum it up, EOW has exhibited promising antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, which suggests potential to abrogate antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Bourhia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ibn Zohr University, Laayoune 70000, Morocco
| | - Abdullah A Alyousef
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghizlane Doumane
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, BP 242, Kenitra 14000, Morocco
| | - Hamza Saghrouchni
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Çukurova University, 1380 Adana, Turkey
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Integrative Biology, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Lahcen Ouahmane
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Agro-Sciences and Environment (BioMAgE), Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, Morocco
| | - Fatiha El Gueddari
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Nutrition, and Environment, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Hassan II, Casablanca 20000, Morocco
| | - Yazeed A Al-Sheikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mourad A M Aboul-Soud
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
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Salamatullah AM. Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of polyphenolics from Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. against selected drug-resistant bacterial strains. OPEN CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2022-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Withania adpressa (Coss.) Batt. (W. adpressa) is a wild medicinal plant in the family Solanaceae, which is used as an alternative medicine. The present study aims to investigate the chemical composition, antioxidant, and antibacterial potentials of polyphenol-rich fraction from the leaves of W. adpressa. Polyphenol-rich fraction was characterized by use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant potency was determined by use of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. Antibacterial activity was assessed against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria by use of disc diffusion and microdilution assays. Chromatographic analysis by HPLC showed four compounds in the polyphenol-rich fraction including 1-O-Caffeoyl glucose, Luteolin-7-diglucuronide, Apigenin-O-pentoside, and Quercetin-3-O-glucuronide. Polyphenol-rich fraction exhibited important antioxidant activity as assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays, with IC50 and EC50 values of 14.27 ± 0.43 and 39.48 ± 0.81 µg/mL, respectively, while butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Quercetin exhibited IC50 values of 28.92 ± 0.24 and 22.48 ± 0.54 µg/mL. Results of TAC showed that the polyphenol-rich fraction scored 781.74 ± 2.83 µg AAE/mg. Polyphenol-rich fraction showed an important antibacterial effect vs gram-positive and gram-negative strains recording inhibition zone diameters varying from 19.5 to 29.2 mm, while antibiotics were almost ineffective toward all strains except for E. coli. It can be concluded that W. adpressa polyphenol-rich fraction possesses promising phenols with strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties, which may help fight pathogenic bacteria and free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Mohammed Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University , 11 P.O. Box 2460 , Riyadh 11451 , Saudi Arabia
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Alzahrani AJ. Promising Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potencies of Chemically-Profiled Extract from Withania aristata (Aiton) Pauquy against Clinically-Pathogenic Microbial Strains. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113614. [PMID: 35684550 PMCID: PMC9181977 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Withania aristata (Aiton) Pauquy, a medicinal plant endemic to North African Sahara, is widely employed in traditional herbal pharmacotherapy. In the present study, the chemical composition, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal potencies of extract from the roots of Withania aristata (Aiton) Pauquy (RWA) against drug-resistant microbes were investigated. Briefly, RWA was obtained by maceration with hydro-ethanol and its compounds were identified by use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity of RWA was determined by use of ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The evaluation of the antimicrobial potential of RWA was performed against drug-resistant pathogenic microbial strains of clinical importance by use of the disc diffusion agar and microdilution assays. Seven compounds were identified in RWA according to HPLC analysis, including cichoric acid, caffeic acid, apigenin, epicatechin, luteolin, quercetin, and p-catechic acid. RWA had excellent antioxidant potency with calculated values of 14.0 ± 0.8 µg/mL (DPPH), 0.37 ± 0.08 mg/mL (FRAP), 760 ± 10 mg AAE/g (TAC), and 81.4% (β-carotene). RWA demonstrated good antibacterial potential against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 15.24 ± 1.31 to 19.51 ± 0.74 mm, while all antibiotics used as drug references were infective, except for Oxacillin against S. aureus. Results of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay against bacteria showed that RWA had MIC values ranging from 2.13 to 4.83 mg/mL compared to drug references, which had values ranging from 0.031 ± 0.003 to 0.064 ± 0.009 mg/mL. Similarly, respectable antifungal potency was recorded against the fungal strains with inhibition zone diameters ranging from 25.65 ± 1.14 to 29.00 ± 1.51 mm compared to Fluconazole, used as a drug reference, which had values ranging from 31.69 ± 1.92 to 37.74 ± 1.34 mg/mL. Results of MIC assays against fungi showed that RWA had MIC values ranging from 2.84 ± 0.61 to 5.71 ± 0.54 mg/mL compared to drug references, which had values ranging from 2.52 ± 0.03 to 3.21 ± 0.04 mg/mL. According to these outcomes, RWA is considered a promising source of chemical compounds with potent biological properties that can be beneficial as natural antioxidants and formulate a valuable weapon in the fight against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhusain J. Alzahrani
- Almostakbal Medical Laboratories, Riyadh 36341, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafar Al-Batin 31991, Saudi Arabia
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Amin E, Abdel-Bakky MS, Darwish MA, Mohammed HA, Chigurupati S, Qureshi KA, Hassan MHA. The Glycemic Control Potential of Some Amaranthaceae Plants, with Particular Reference to In Vivo Antidiabetic Potential of Agathophora alopecuroides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030973. [PMID: 35164238 PMCID: PMC8839903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products continue to provide inspiring moieties for the treatment of various diseases. In this regard, investigation of wild plants, which have not been previously explored, is a promising strategy for reaching medicinally useful drugs. The present study aims to investigate the antidiabetic potential of nine Amaranthaceae plants: Agathophora alopecuroides, Anabasis lachnantha, Atriplex leucoclada, Cornulaca aucheri, Halothamnus bottae, Halothamnus iraqensis, Salicornia persia, Salsola arabica, and Salsola villosa, growing in the Qassim area, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The antidiabetic activity of the hydroalcoholic extracts was assessed using in vitro testing of α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory effects. Among the nine tested extracts, A. alopecuroides extract (AAE) displayed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase enzyme with IC50 117.9 µg/mL noting better activity than Acarbose (IC50 191.4 µg/mL). Furthermore, AAE displayed the highest α- amylase inhibitory activity among the nine tested extracts, with IC50 90.9 µg/mL. Based upon in vitro testing results, the antidiabetic activity of the two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg) of AAE was studied in normoglycemic and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. The effects of the extract on body weight, food and water intakes, random blood glucose level (RBGL), fasting blood glucose level (FBGL), insulin, total cholesterol, and triglycerides levels were investigated. Results indicated that oral administration of the two doses of AAE showed a significant dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) in the body weight and serum insulin level, as well as a significant decrease in food and water intake, RBGL, FBGL, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, in STZ-induced diabetic mice, compared with the diabetic control group. Meanwhile, no significant differences of both extract doses were observed in normoglycemic mice when compared with normal control animals. This study revealed a promising antidiabetic activity of the wild plant A. alopecuroides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Amin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamed Sadek Abdel-Bakky
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Assem Darwish
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 11787, Egypt;
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (S.C.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt
| | - Sridevi Chigurupati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (H.A.M.); (S.C.)
| | - Kamal Ahmad Qureshi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unaizah 51911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marwa H. A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt;
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Elwekeel A, El Amir D, Mohamed EIA, Amin E, Hassan MHA, Zaki MA. Characterization of Possible α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Trigonella stellata Extract Using LC-MS and In Silico Molecular Docking. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020208. [PMID: 35050096 PMCID: PMC8780848 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current study accentuates the significance of performing the multiplex approach of LC-HRESIMS, biological activity, and docking studies in drug discovery, taking into consideration a review of the literature. In this regard, the investigation of antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Trigonella stellata collected from the Egyptian desert revealed a significant antioxidant capacity using DPPH with IC50 = 656.9 µg/mL and a moderate cytotoxicity against HepG2, MCF7, and CACO2, with IC50 values of 53.3, 48.3, and 55.8 µg/mL, respectively. The evaluation of total phenolic and flavonoid contents resulted in 32.8 mg GAE/g calculated as gallic acid equivalent and 5.6 mg RE/g calculated as rutin equivalent, respectively. Chemical profiling of T. stellata extract, using LC-HRESIMS analysis, revealed the presence of 15 metabolites, among which eleven compounds were detected for the first time in this species. Interestingly, in vitro testing of the antidiabetic activity of the alcoholic extract noted an α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity (IC50 = 559.4 µg/mL) better than that of the standard Acarbose (IC50 = 799.9 µg/mL), in addition to a moderate inhibition of the α-amylase enzyme (IC50 = 0.77 µg/mL) compared to Acarbose (IC50 = 0.21 µg/mL). α-Glucosidase inhibition was also virtualized by binding interactions through the molecular docking study, presenting a high binding activity of six flavonoid glycosides, as well as the diterpenoid compound graecumoside A and the alkaloid fenugreekine. Taken together, the conglomeration of LC-HRESIMS, antidiabetic activity, and molecular docking studies shed light on T. stellata as a promising antidiabetic herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlam Elwekeel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Dalia El Amir
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Enas I. A. Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Elham Amin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa H. A. Hassan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Mohamed A. Zaki
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; (A.E.); (D.E.A.); (E.I.A.M.); (E.A.)
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El Moussaoui A, Kadiri M, Bourhia M, Agour A, Salamatullah AM, Alzahrani A, Alyahya HK, Albadr NA, Chedadi M, Sfaira M, Bari A. Promising Antioxidant and Anticorrosion Activities of Mild Steel in 1.0 M Hydrochloric Acid Solution by Withania frutescens L. Essential Oil. Front Chem 2021; 9:739273. [PMID: 34708022 PMCID: PMC8543687 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.739273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the anticorrosive and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Withania frutescens L. In the present study, the extraction of Withania frutescens L. essential oil (Wf-EO) was conducted using hydrodistillation before being characterized by gas chromatographic analysis (GC/MS) and flame ionization detector (GC/FID). Four bioassays were used for antioxidant testing including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and β-carotene bleaching. The inhibiting effect of Wf-EO on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl was conducted by using polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques. The yield of Wf-EO was 0.46% including 175 compounds identified by GC-MS. The oil was mostly constituted of camphor (37.86%), followed by thujone (26.47%), carvacrol (6.84%), eucalyptol (3.18%), and linalool (2.20%). The anti-free radical activity of Wf-EO was 34.41 ± 0.91 μg/ml (DPPH), 9.67 ± 0.15 mg/ml (FRAP), 3.78 ± 0.41 mg AAE/g (TAC), and 89.94 ± 1.44% (β-carotene). The Wf-EO showed potent antioxidant activity in all bioassays used for testing. The anticorrosion activity, polarization curves as well as EIS diagrams indicated that the Wf-EO exhibited anticorrosive properties and reacted as a suitable corrosion inhibitor in an acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelfattah El Moussaoui
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrifood, and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
| | - Mariya Kadiri
- Laboratory of Engineering, Modeling and Systems Analysis (LIMAS), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Bourhia
- Laboratory of Chemistry-Biochemistry, Environment, Nutrition, and Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Abdelkrim Agour
- Laboratory of Natural Substances, Pharmacology, Environment, Modeling, Health and Quality of Life, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
| | - Ahmad Mohammad Salamatullah
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhakeem Alzahrani
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Khalil Alyahya
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawal A Albadr
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Chedadi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrifood, and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
| | - Mouhcine Sfaira
- Laboratory of Engineering, Modeling and Systems Analysis (LIMAS), Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
| | - Amina Bari
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Agrifood, and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University (USMBA), Fez, Morocco
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