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Weigelt A, Schöffl I, Rottermann K, Wällisch W, Müller SK, Dittrich S, Hübner MJ. Sports despite masks: no negative effects of FFP2 face masks on cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in children. Eur J Pediatr 2024; 183:639-648. [PMID: 37950791 PMCID: PMC10912408 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Face masks were recognized as one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in adults. These benefits were extended to children and adolescents. However, the fear of negative consequences from wearing a face mask during physical exercise led to cancellations of physical education lessons. This further decreased the amount of physical activity available to children and adolescents during the pandemic. However, there is little published data on the potential adverse effects of wearing the most effective and partially mandatory FFP2/N95 face masks during PE or physical activity (PA) in this age. Even though the pandemic has been declared as passed by the WHO, the rise of a new pandemic and thus the use of face masks for limiting its spread is inevitable, so we need to be better prepared for alternative options to lockdown and limitation of PA in such a scenario. Twenty healthy children aged 8-10 years performed two identical cardiopulmonary exercise tests as an incremental step test on a treadmill within an interval of 2 weeks, one time without wearing a protective mask and one time wearing an FFP2 mask. The cardiopulmonary exercise parameter and especially the end-expiratory gas exchange for oxygen and carbon dioxide (petO2 and petCO2) were documented for each step, at rest and 1 min after reaching physical exhaustion. Twelve boys (mean age 8.5 ± 1.4 years) and 8 girls (mean age 8.8 ± 1.4 years) showed no adverse events until maximal exertion. The mean parameters measured at peak exercise did not differ significantly between both examinations (mean peak VO2 = 42.7 ± 9.5 vs 47.8 ± 12.9 ml/min/kg, p = 0.097, mean O2pulse 7.84 ± 1.9 ml/min vs. 6.89 ± 1.8, p = 0.064, mean VE/VCO2slope 33.4 ± 5.9 vs. 34.0 ± 5.3, p = 0.689). The only significant difference was the respiratory exchange rate (RER, 1.01 ± 0.08 vs 0.95 ± 0.08, p = 0.004). The measured respiratory gases (end-tidal O2 and CO2) decreased and respectively increased significantly in almost every step when wearing an FFP2 mask. However, these levels were well below hypercapnia and above hypoxia. CONCLUSION In this study, no significant differences in the cardiorespiratory function at peak exercise could be discerned when wearing an FFP2/N95 face mask. While the end-tidal values for CO2 increased significantly and the end-tidal values for O2 decreased significantly, these values did never reach levels of hypercapnia or hypoxia. Furthermore, the children terminated the exercise at a lower RER and heart rate (HR) suggesting a subconscious awareness of the higher strain. Since the detrimental effects of limiting sports during the pandemic are well documented, stopping PE lessons altogether because of the minor physiological effects of wearing these masks instead of simply stopping pushing children to perform at their best seems premature and should be reconsidered in the future. WHAT IS KNOWN • Wearing a face mask has an influence on psychological, social, and physiological functions in adults. • Because of the observed effects of wearing face masks in adults, physical activity in children was limited during the pandemic. WHAT IS NEW • Wearing an FFP2/N95 mask during physical activity did not lead to hypercapnia or hypoxia in children in this study. • Even though end-tidal CO2 values were significantly higher and end-tidal O2 values significantly lower when wearing an FFP2/N95 face mask, no pathological values were reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Weigelt
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Schöffl
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, LS13HE Leeds, UK
| | - Kathrin Rottermann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wällisch
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarina Katrin Müller
- Department of Otholaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Waldstraße 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sven Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Jens Hübner
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestrasse 15, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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Elbanna RHM, Grase MO, Elabd SOA, Abd El-Monaem HAEM. Effect of wearing surgical mask during controlled aerobic training on functional capacity and perceived stress in inactive men: a randomized trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22892. [PMID: 38129643 PMCID: PMC10739829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The study aims to assess the impact of wearing a surgical mask during training on inactive men's functional capacity and perceived stress. Seventy non-smoker males with body mass index of 25-30 kg/m2 and moderate-intensity activity of fewer than 150 min/week were allocated randomly into two equal groups. The surgical mask group performed a controlled endurance exercise while wearing a surgical mask of three protection layers. The mask-less group performed a controlled endurance exercise without wearing any mask. Functional capacity and Perceived Stress were evaluated before and after the intervention. A significant improvement was observed within groups post-intervention in favor of the mask group regarding the Time Up and Go test (P < 0.05), with a 15.1% percentage improvement. Post-intervention, there was a significant change in the perceived stress score for the mask and mask-less groups (P < 0.05). The improvement in PSS was in favor of mask-less group participants as they changed from being categorized as moderate to mild stress on the PSS, with a 27.1% percentage improvement. Exercising while wearing a surgical mask Positive impacts functional capacity and negatively impacts Perceived Stress in inactive adults. An additional study evaluating the physiological effects of masks on continuous exercise is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Hesham Mohamed Elbanna
- Department of Cardiovascular/Respiratory Disorders and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mariam Omran Grase
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif Osama Abdelsalam Elabd
- Department of Physical Therapy for Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, May University, Cairo, Egypt
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Effects of High-Intensity Exercise on Physiological Indicators of Recovery Period by Wearing Face Masks of Elite Athletes. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11020268. [PMID: 36673636 PMCID: PMC9858813 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes need to maintain the necessary physical conditioning for sports performance while wearing face masks to reduce the risk of virus transmission during training and competition during the COVID-19 situation. The quantitative and physiological effects of face masks on exercise capacity needs to be reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate elite athletes to quantify, in detail, the effect of a KF94 face mask on changes in lactic acid during recovery after high-intensity aerobic exercise. Thirteen elite soft tennis athletes were recruited. A crossover design was used to examine the effects of using a disposable KF94 face mask compared with not masking during exercise. The participants completed a shuttle run test experiment two times during a 3-day period, including 5−10 min of warmup according to their personal preferences. The lactic acid concentration at 20 min of recovery after maximum exercise was 5.98 ± 1.53 mM/L without a mask and 7.61 ± 1.85 mM/L with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). The maximum laps of shuttle run tests were 101.5 ± 22.5 laps without a mask and 94.2 ± 20.2 laps with a KF94 mask (p < 0.001). Intense exercise after wearing quarantine masks reduces the maximum aerobic exercise ability and decreases the ability to recover lactic acid.
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Wang IL, Su Y, Yao S, Jiang YH, Li HY, Lai CY. Effect of wearing medical protective masks on treadmill running performance in the postpandemic era: a randomised trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:6. [PMID: 36631910 PMCID: PMC9832620 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the postpandemic era, wearing protective masks in public places will still be an important means of blocking popular viruses in the future. The purpose of this study was to explore whether sports performance was affected by mask wearing and exercise duration during 15-min treadmill running at a speed of 75% maximal aerobic speed. METHODS Thirty-six males were randomly divided into mask and nonmask groups. The kinematic and kinetic data were obtained at four time points (RN0-1 min, RN5-6 min, RN9-10 min, and RN14-15 min) during running. Two-way mixed ANOVA was applied to examine the effects between groups and times with Bonferroni post hoc comparison and independent samples t-test. RESULTS The results showed that there was no difference between mask and nonmask group during running (p > 0.05). As running time increased, hip joint ROM, hip joint flexion/extension max, and ankle joint plantarflexion max angles increased; knee joint flexion min and ankle joint dorsiflexion max angles decreased; average peak vertical ground reaction forces (PVGRF) increased after 9 min-running (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Wearing a medical protective mask does not affect the joint angle and touchdown PVGRF of lower extremities during treadmill running while affected by running time and changed after 9 min-treadmill running. Future studies will examine the effects of wearing masks during the pandemic on muscle activation and blood biochemical values during exercise. TRIAL REGISTRATION NO ChiCTR2000040535 (date of registration on December 1, 2020). Prospectively registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Lin Wang
- grid.462271.40000 0001 2185 8047College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435000 Hubei China
| | - Yu Su
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Shun Yao
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Yu-Hong Jiang
- Graduate Institute, Jilin Sport University, Changchun, 130022 Jilin China
| | - Hao-Yu Li
- grid.462271.40000 0001 2185 8047Graduate Institute, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, 435000 Hubei China
| | - Chien-Ying Lai
- grid.411508.90000 0004 0572 9415Orthopedic Department, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447 Taiwan
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Zheng C, Poon ETC, Wan K, Dai Z, Wong SHS. Effects of Wearing a Mask During Exercise on Physiological and Psychological Outcomes in Healthy Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:125-150. [PMID: 36001290 PMCID: PMC9400006 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01746-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wearing face masks in public is an effective strategy for preventing the spread of viruses; however, it may negatively affect exercise responses. Therefore, this review aimed to explore the effects of wearing different types of face masks during exercise on various physiological and psychological outcomes in healthy individuals. METHODS A literature search was conducted using relevant electronic databases, including Medline, PubMed, Embase, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials on April 05, 2022. Studies examining the effect of mask wearing (surgical mask, cloth mask, and FFP2/N95 respirator) during exercise on various physiological and psychological parameters in apparently healthy individuals were included. For meta-analysis, a random effects model was used. Mean difference (MD) or standardized MD (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to analyze the total effect and the effect in subgroups classified based on face mask and exercise types. The quality of included studies was examined using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. RESULTS Forty-five studies with 1264 participants (708 men) were included in the systematic review. Face masks had significant effects on gas exchange when worn during exercise; this included differences in oxygen uptake (SMD - 0.66, 95% CI - 0.87 to - 0.45), end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (MD - 3.79 mmHg, 95% CI - 5.46 to - 2.12), carbon dioxide production (SMD - 0.77, 95% CI - 1.15 to - 0.39), and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (MD 2.93 mmHg, 95% CI 2.01-3.86). While oxygen saturation (MD - 0.48%, 95% CI - 0.71 to - 0.26) decreased slightly, heart rate was not affected. Mask wearing led to higher degrees of rating of perceived exertion, dyspnea, fatigue, and thermal sensation. Moreover, a small effect on exercise performance was observed in individuals wearing FFP2/N95 respirators (SMD - 0.42, 95% CI - 0.76 to - 0.08) and total effect (SMD - 0.23, 95% CI - 0.41 to - 0.04). CONCLUSION Wearing face masks during exercise modestly affected both physiological and psychological parameters, including gas exchange, pulmonary function, and subjective discomfort in healthy individuals, although the overall effect on exercise performance appeared to be small. This review provides updated information on optimizing exercise recommendations for the public during the COVID-19 pandemic. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER This study was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO) database (registration number: CRD42021287278).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zheng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eric Tsz-Chun Poon
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kewen Wan
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zihan Dai
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Stephen Heung-Sang Wong
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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The Influence of Surgical Mask on Heart Rate, Muscle Saturation of Oxygen, and Hemoglobin during Whole-Body Vibration Exercise. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:3958554. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/3958554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background. Whole-body vibration (WBV) is a safe and effective exercise system that affects muscle oxygen through several physiological processes, although its effects on different protocols are still unclear. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 pandemic has generated various health problems and controversy or confusion on its possible adverse consequences and impact on performance when wearing a mask during the practice of physical exercise. Aim. To analyze the acute effects of WBV exercise in muscle oxygen variables during different intervention phases with or without a surgical mask and compare protocols that differ in the order of vibration frequencies. Methods. Forty-seven healthy students participated in WBV training. They were randomly assigned to use or not use a mask between the three intervention groups: group A (8, 12.6, and 20 Hz), group B (12.6, 20, and 8 Hz), and group C (20, 8, and 12.6 Hz). Besides the 3 WBV moments, the intervention had a baseline moment, two rest time and a recovery moment. During the whole intervention, the heart rate (HR), muscle oxygen saturation (SatO2), oxyhemoglobin (O2Hb), and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) were registered. Results. There were no significant differences between the mask use and not use groups. Significant differences were found between the variables during the seven intervention moments and between intervention groups (A, B, or C). Conclusion. HR, SatO2, and Hb were not influenced by the use of a surgical mask, but they reacted differently through the different moments and were sensitive to vibration frequencies and respective order.
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Glänzel MH, Barbosa IM, Machado E, Prusch SK, Barbosa AR, Lemos LFC, Schuch FB, Lanferdini FJ. Facial mask acute effects on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses during exercise: A meta-analytical review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:994454. [PMID: 36406998 PMCID: PMC9667098 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.994454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Face masks are widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic as one of the protective measures against the viral infection risk. Some evidence suggests that face mask prolonged use can be uncomfortable, and discomfort can be exacerbated during exercise. However, the acute responses of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses is still a topic of debate. Purpose: To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the acute effects of mask-wearing during exercise on affective/psychological and exercise performance responses in healthy adults of different/diverse training status. Methods: This review (CRD42021249569) was performed according to Cochrane's recommendations, with searches performed in electronic (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, SportDiscus, and PsychInfo) and pre-print databases (MedRxiv, SportRxiv, PsyArXiv, and Preprint.Org). Syntheses of included studies' data were performed, and the RoB-2 tool was used to assess the studies' methodological quality. Assessed outcomes were affective/psychological (discomfort, stress and affective responses, fatigue, anxiety, dyspnea, and perceived exertion) and exercise performance time-to-exhaustion (TTE), maximal power output (POMAX), and muscle force production] parameters. Available data were pooled through meta-analyses. Results: Initially 4,587 studies were identified, 36 clinical trials (all crossover designs) were included. A total of 749 (39% women) healthy adults were evaluated across all studies. The face mask types found were clothing (CM), surgical (SM), FFP2/N95, and exhalation valved FFP2/N95, while the most common exercises were treadmill and cycle ergometer incremental tests, beyond outdoor running, resistance exercises and functional tests. Mask-wearing during exercise lead to increased overall discomfort (SMD: 0.87; 95% CI 0.25-1.5; p = 0.01; I2 = 0%), dyspnea (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI 0.09-0.71; p = 0.01; I2 = 68%), and perceived exertion (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI 0.18-0.58; p < 0.001; I2 = 46%); decreases on the TTE (SMD: -0.29; 95% CI -0.10 to -0.48; p < 0.001; I2 = 0%); without effects on POMAX and walking/running distance traveled (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Face mask wearing during exercise increases discomfort (large effect), dyspnea (moderate effect), and perceived exertion (small effect), and reduces the TTE (small effect), without effects on cycle ergometer POMAX and distance traveled in walking and running functional tests. However, some aspects may be dependent on the face mask type, such as dyspnea and perceived exertion. Systematic Review Registration: [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021249569], identifier [CRD42021249569].
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Henrique Glänzel
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marcelo Henrique Glänzel, ; Fábio Juner Lanferdini,
| | - Igor Martins Barbosa
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Esthevan Machado
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Research Group, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Klippel Prusch
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Fernando Cuozzo Lemos
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,Graduate Program in Gerontology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio Juner Lanferdini
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil,*Correspondence: Marcelo Henrique Glänzel, ; Fábio Juner Lanferdini,
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Conners RT, Whitehead PN, Skarp T, Waller B, Richard M, Bain C, Monks M, Faghy MA. Acute Effects of Facial Coverings on Anaerobic Exercise Performance in College-Aged Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10500. [PMID: 36078215 PMCID: PMC9517774 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of facial coverings has been amplified during the COVID-19 pandemic as a means to minimize the spread of disease. However, facial coverings may impede ventilation during high-intensity activity, leading to a reduction in cardiopulmonary exercise capacity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the acute impact of different facial coverings on exercise performance in college-aged individuals during a 300-yard shuttle. It was hypothesized that the lowest heart rate (HR), completion time (CT), and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) would occur with no mask. Furthermore, it was hypothesized the SHEMA97 mask would have lower HR, CT, and RPE compared to surgical and fabric masks. Results showed the use of the fabric mask resulted in significantly higher HR compared to no mask (p = 0.006). The SHEMA97 mask resulted in faster CT and lower RPE compared to both the fabric and surgical masks (p < 0.001). All mask conditions yielded significantly higher levels of perceived discomfort than wearing no mask (p < 0.05). While the use of facial coverings can help prevent the spread of disease, their use during exercise may pose limitations to performance; however, the ability of the SHEMA97 to provide minimal changes to CT and RPE provides a promising option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. Conners
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Paul N. Whitehead
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Thomas Skarp
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Briana Waller
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Mark Richard
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Carrington Bain
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Megan Monks
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA
| | - Mark A. Faghy
- School of Human Sciences, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
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Sortwell A, Ramirez-Campillo R, Knijnik J, Forte P, Marinho D, Ferraz R, Trimble K. Commentary: Face masks in physical education classes during the COVID-19 delta variant wave: a call for awareness. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2021. [PMCID: PMC8622107 DOI: 10.1007/s12662-021-00785-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sortwell
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Santiago, Chile
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Knijnik
- Centre for Educational Research, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Pedro Forte
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Daniel Marinho
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Kevin Trimble
- Faculty of Education and Arts, Australian Catholic University, Sydney, Australia
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