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Plastras S, Tsoumatidis D, Skoutas DN, Rouskas A, Kormentzas G, Skianis C. Non-Terrestrial Networks for Energy-Efficient Connectivity of Remote IoT Devices in the 6G Era: A Survey. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1227. [PMID: 38400391 PMCID: PMC10891744 DOI: 10.3390/s24041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining popularity and market share, driven by its ability to connect devices and systems that were previously siloed, enabling new applications and services in a cost-efficient manner. Thus, the IoT fuels societal transformation and enables groundbreaking innovations like autonomous transport, robotic assistance, and remote healthcare solutions. However, when considering the Internet of Remote Things (IoRT), which refers to the expansion of IoT in remote and geographically isolated areas where neither terrestrial nor cellular networks are available, internet connectivity becomes a challenging issue. Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) are increasingly gaining popularity as a solution to provide connectivity in remote areas due to the growing integration of satellites and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with cellular networks. In this survey, we provide the technological framework for NTNs and Remote IoT, followed by a classification of the most recent scientific research on NTN-based IoRT systems. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research in IoRT and identify emerging research areas with high potential. In conclusion, we present and discuss 3GPP's roadmap for NTN standardization, which aims to establish an energy-efficient IoRT environment in the 6G era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Plastras
- Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Samos, Greece; (D.T.); (D.N.S.); (G.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Dimitrios Tsoumatidis
- Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Samos, Greece; (D.T.); (D.N.S.); (G.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Skoutas
- Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Samos, Greece; (D.T.); (D.N.S.); (G.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Angelos Rouskas
- Department of Digital Systems, University of Piraeus, 18532 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Georgios Kormentzas
- Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Samos, Greece; (D.T.); (D.N.S.); (G.K.); (C.S.)
| | - Charalabos Skianis
- Department of Information and Communication Systems Engineering, University of the Aegean, 83200 Samos, Greece; (D.T.); (D.N.S.); (G.K.); (C.S.)
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2
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Nagella SR, Ha CS. Structural Designs of Transparent Polyimide Films with Low Dielectric Properties and Low Water Absorption: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2090. [PMID: 37513100 PMCID: PMC10386762 DOI: 10.3390/nano13142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of communication networks (5G and 6G) that rely on high-speed devices requiring fast and high-quality intra- and inter-terminal signal transmission media has led to a steady increase in the need for high-performance, low-dielectric-constant (Dk) (<2.5) materials. Consequently, low-dielectric polymeric materials, particularly polyimides (PIs), are very attractive materials that are capable of meeting the requirements of high-performance terminal devices that transmit broadband high-frequency signals. However, such a PI needs to be properly designed with appropriate properties, including a low Dk, low dielectric loss (Df), and low water absorptivity. PI materials are broadly used in various fields owing to their superior property/processibility combinations. This review summarizes the structural designs of PIs with low Dk and Df values, low water-absorbing capacity, and high optical transparency intended for communication applications. Furthermore, we characterize structure-property relationships for various PI types and finally propose structural modifications required to obtain useful values of the abovementioned parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagangi Reddy Nagella
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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3
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Nasralla MM, Khattak SBA, Ur Rehman I, Iqbal M. Exploring the Role of 6G Technology in Enhancing Quality of Experience for m-Health Multimedia Applications: A Comprehensive Survey. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5882. [PMID: 37447735 PMCID: PMC10347022 DOI: 10.3390/s23135882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Mobile-health (m-health) is described as the application of medical sensors and mobile computing to the healthcare provision. While 5G networks can support a variety of m-health services, applications such as telesurgery, holographic communications, and augmented/virtual reality are already emphasizing their limitations. These limitations apply to both the Quality of Service (QoS) and the Quality of Experience (QoE). However, 6G mobile networks are predicted to proliferate over the next decade in order to solve these limitations, enabling high QoS and QoE. Currently, academia and industry are concentrating their efforts on the 6G network, which is expected to be the next major game-changer in the telecom industry and will significantly impact all other related verticals. The exponential growth of m-health multimedia traffic (e.g., audio, video, and images) creates additional challenges for service providers in delivering a suitable QoE to their customers. As QoS is insufficient to represent the expectations of m-health end-users, the QoE of the services is critical. In recent years, QoE has attracted considerable attention and has established itself as a critical component of network service and operation evaluation. This article aims to provide the first thorough survey on a promising research subject that exists at the intersection of two well-established domains, i.e., QoE and m-health, and is driven by the continuing efforts to define 6G. This survey, in particular, creates a link between these two seemingly distinct domains by identifying and discussing the role of 6G in m-health applications from a QoE viewpoint. We start by exploring the vital role of QoE in m-health multimedia transmission. Moreover, we examine how m-health and QoE have evolved over the cellular network's generations and then shed light on several critical 6G technologies that are projected to enable future m-health services and improve QoE, including reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, extended radio communications, terahertz communications, enormous ultra-reliable and low-latency communications, and blockchain. In contrast to earlier survey papers on the subject, we present an in-depth assessment of the functions of 6G in a variety of anticipated m-health applications via QoE. Multiple 6G-enabled m-health multimedia applications are reviewed, and various use cases are illustrated to demonstrate how 6G-enabled m-health applications are transforming human life. Finally, we discuss some of the intriguing research challenges associated with burgeoning multimedia m-health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa M. Nasralla
- Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Communications and Networks, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Sohaib Bin Altaf Khattak
- Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Communications and Networks, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.A.K.); (M.I.)
| | - Ikram Ur Rehman
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London W5 5RF, UK;
| | - Muddesar Iqbal
- Smart Systems Engineering Laboratory, Department of Communications and Networks, College of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia; (S.B.A.K.); (M.I.)
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Eledlebi K, Alzubaidi AA, Yeob Yeun C, Damiani E, Mateu V, Al-Hammadi Y. Simulation Analysis and Comparison of New Hybrid TLI-µTESLA and Variant TESLA Protocols Using SHA-2 and SHA-3 Hash Functions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9063. [PMID: 36501765 PMCID: PMC9737460 DOI: 10.3390/s22239063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of 5G and 6G networks has enhanced the ability of massive IoT devices to provide real-time monitoring and interaction with the surrounding environment. Despite recent advances, the necessary security services, such as immediate and continuous authentication, high scalability, and cybersecurity handling of IoT cannot be achieved in a single broadcast authentication protocol. This paper presents a new hybrid protocol called Hybrid Two-level µ-timed-efficient stream loss-tolerant authentication (Hybrid TLI-µTESLA) protocol, which maximizes the benefits of the previous TESLA protocol variants, including scalability support and immediate authentication of Multilevel-µTESLA protocol and continuous authentication with minimal computation overhead of enhanced Inf-TESLA protocol. The inclusion of three different keychains and checking criteria of the packets in the Hybrid TLI-µTESLA protocol enabled resistance against Masquerading, Modification, Man-in-the-Middle, Brute-force, and DoS attacks. A solution for the authentication problem in the first and last packets of the high-level and low-level keychains of the Multilevel-µTESLA protocol was also proposed. The simulation analysis was performed using Java, where we compared the Hybrid TLI-µTESLA protocol with other variants for time complexity and computation overhead at the sender and receiver sides. We also conducted a comparative analysis between two hash functions, SHA-2 and SHA-3, and assessed the feasibility of the proposed protocol in the forthcoming 6G technology. The results demonstrated the superiority of the proposed protocol over other variants in terms of immediate and continuous authentication, scalability, cybersecurity, lifetime, network performance, and compatibility with 5G and 6G IoT generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Eledlebi
- Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Adel Alzubaidi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Chan Yeob Yeun
- Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ernesto Damiani
- Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Victor Mateu
- Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 9639, United Arab Emirates
- Cryptography and Graphs Group, Universitat de Lleida, 25001 Lleida, Spain
| | - Yousof Al-Hammadi
- Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 127788, United Arab Emirates
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Guruswamy S, Pojić M, Subramanian J, Mastilović J, Sarang S, Subbanagounder A, Stojanović G, Jeoti V. Toward Better Food Security Using Concepts from Industry 5.0. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8377. [PMID: 36366073 PMCID: PMC9653780 DOI: 10.3390/s22218377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the world population has increased the food demand as well as the need for assurance of food quality, safety, and sustainability. However, food security can easily be compromised by not only natural hazards but also changes in food preferences, political conflicts, and food frauds. In order to contribute to building a more sustainable food system-digitally visible and processes measurable-within this review, we summarized currently available evidence for various information and communication technologies (ICTs) that can be utilized to support collaborative actions, prevent fraudulent activities, and remotely perform real-time monitoring, which has become essential, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Internet of Everything, 6G, blockchain, artificial intelligence, and digital twin are gaining significant attention in recent years in anticipation of leveraging the creativity of human experts in collaboration with efficient, intelligent, and accurate machines, but with limited consideration in the food supply chain. Therefore, this paper provided a thorough review of the food system by showing how various ICT tools can help sense and quantify the food system and highlighting the key enhancements that Industry 5.0 technologies can bring. The vulnerability of the food system can be effectively mitigated with the utilization of various ICTs depending on not only the nature and severity of crisis but also the specificity of the food supply chain. There are numerous ways of implementing these technologies, and they are continuously evolving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Guruswamy
- KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Milica Pojić
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Jasna Mastilović
- BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Sohail Sarang
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Arumugam Subbanagounder
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode 638052, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Goran Stojanović
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Varun Jeoti
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Evolution of Wireless Communication to 6G: Potential Applications and Research Directions. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fifth-generation mobile network (5G), as the fundamental enabler of Industry 4.0, has facilitated digital transformation and smart manufacturing through AI and cloud computing (CC). However, B5G is viewed as a turning point that will fundamentally transform existing global trends in wireless communication practices as well as in the lives of masses. B5G foresees a world where physical–digital confluence takes place. This study intends to see the world beyond 5G with the transition to 6G assuming the lead as future wireless communication technology. However, despite several developments, the dream of an era without latency, unprecedented speed internet, and extraterrestrial communication has yet to become a reality. This article explores main impediments and challenges that the 5G–6G transition may face in achieving these greater ideals. This article furnishes the vision for 6G, facilitating technology infrastructures, challenges, and research leads towards the ultimate achievement of “technology for humanity” objective and better service to underprivileged people.
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Pattnaik SK, Samal SR, Bandopadhaya S, Swain K, Choudhury S, Das JK, Mihovska A, Poulkov V. Future Wireless Communication Technology towards 6G IoT: An Application-Based Analysis of IoT in Real-Time Location Monitoring of Employees Inside Underground Mines by Using BLE. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3438. [PMID: 35591138 PMCID: PMC9103828 DOI: 10.3390/s22093438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the IoT has emerged as the most promising technology in the key evolution of industry 4.0/industry 5.0, smart home automation (SHA), smart cities, energy savings and many other areas of wireless communication. There is a massively growing number of static and mobile IoT devices with a diversified range of speed and bandwidth, along with a growing demand for high data rates, which makes the network denser and more complicated. In this context, the next-generation communication technology, i.e., sixth generation (6G), is trying to build up the base to meet the imperative need of future network deployment. This article adopts the vision for 6G IoT systems and proposes an IoT-based real-time location monitoring system using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for underground communication applications. An application-based analysis of industrial positioning systems is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Kumar Pattnaik
- School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (S.K.P.); (J.K.D.)
| | - Soumya Ranjan Samal
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Silicon Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | | | - Kaliprasanna Swain
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancements, Bhubaneswar 752054, India;
| | - Subhashree Choudhury
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar 751030, India;
| | - Jitendra Kumar Das
- School of Electronics Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, India; (S.K.P.); (J.K.D.)
| | - Albena Mihovska
- Department of Business Development & Technologies, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark;
| | - Vladimir Poulkov
- Faculty of Telecommunications, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Abdel Hakeem SA, Hussein HH, Kim H. Vision and research directions of 6G technologies and applications. JOURNAL OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY - COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2022.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Md Jizat N, Yusoff Z, Mohd Marzuki AS, Zainudin N, Yamada Y. Insertion Loss and Phase Compensation Using a Circular Slot Via-Hole in a Compact 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave) Butler Matrix at 28 GHz. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051850. [PMID: 35270997 PMCID: PMC8914645 DOI: 10.3390/s22051850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fifth generation (5G) technology aims to provide high peak data rates, increased bandwidth, and supports a 1 millisecond roundtrip latency at millimeter wave (mmWave). However, higher frequency bands in mmWave comes with challenges including poor propagation characteristics and lossy structure. The beamforming Butler matrix (BM) is an alternative design intended to overcome these limitations by controlling the phase and amplitude of the signal, which reduces the path loss and penetration losses. At the mmWave, the wavelength becomes smaller, and the BM planar structure is intricate and faces issues of insertion losses and size due to the complexity. To address these issues, a dual-layer substrate is connected through the via, and the hybrids are arranged side by side. The dual-layer structure circumvents the crossover elements, while the strip line, hybrids, and via-hole are carefully designed on each BM element. The internal design of BM features a compact size and low-profile structure, with dimensions of 23.26 mm × 28.92 mm (2.17 λ0 × 2.69 λ0), which is ideally suited for the 5G mmWave communication system. The designed BM measured results show return losses, Sii and Sjj, of less than −10 dB, transmission amplitude of −8 ± 2 dB, and an acceptable range of output phase at 28 GHz.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zubaida Yusoff
- Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | | | - Norsiha Zainudin
- Communication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Yoshihide Yamada
- Communication Systems and Network (CSN i-Kohza) MJIIT, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Johor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.)
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Abstract
Fifth-generation (5G) technology will play a vital role in future wireless networks. The breakthrough 5G technology will unleash a massive Internet of Everything (IoE), where billions of connected devices, people, and processes will be simultaneously served. The services provided by 5G include several use cases enabled by the enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine-type communications, and ultra-reliable low-latency communication. Fifth-generation networks potentially merge multiple networks on a single platform, providing a landscape for seamless connectivity, particularly for high-mobility devices. With their enhanced speed, 5G networks are prone to various research challenges. In this context, we provide a comprehensive survey on 5G technologies that emphasize machine learning-based solutions to cope with existing and future challenges. First, we discuss 5G network architecture and outline the key performance indicators compared to the previous and upcoming network generations. Second, we discuss next-generation wireless networks and their characteristics, applications, and use cases for fast connectivity to billions of devices. Then, we confer physical layer services, functions, and issues that decrease the signal quality. We also present studies on 5G network technologies, 5G propelling trends, and architectures that help to achieve the goals of 5G. Moreover, we discuss signaling techniques for 5G massive multiple-input and multiple-output and beam-forming techniques to enhance data rates with efficient spectrum sharing. Further, we review security and privacy concerns in 5G and standard bodies’ actionable recommendations for policy makers. Finally, we also discuss emerging challenges and future directions.
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