1
|
Grmasha RA, Stenger-Kovács C, Al-Sareji OJ, Al-Juboori RA, Meiczinger M, Andredaki M, Idowu IA, Majdi HS, Hashim K, Al-Ansari N. Temporal and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Danube River in Hungary. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8318. [PMID: 38594356 PMCID: PMC11004153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The Danube is a significant transboundary river on a global scale, with several tributaries. The effluents from industrial operations and wastewater treatment plants have an impact on the river's aquatic ecosystem. These discharges provide a significant threat to aquatic life by deteriorating the quality of water and sediment. Hence, a total of 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) compounds were analyzed at six locations along the river, covering a period of 12 months. The objective was to explore the temporal and spatial fluctuations of these chemicals in both water and sediment. The study revealed a significant fluctuation in the concentration of PAHs in water throughout the year, with levels ranging from 224.8 ng/L during the summer to 365.8 ng/L during the winter. Similarly, the concentration of PAHs in sediment samples varied from 316.7 ng/g in dry weight during the summer to 422.9 ng/g in dry weight during the winter. According to the Europe Drinking Water Directive, the levels of PAHs exceeded the permitted limit of 100 ng/L, resulting in a 124.8% rise in summer and a 265.8% increase in winter. The results suggest that the potential human-caused sources of PAHs were mostly derived from pyrolytic and pyrogenic processes, with pyrogenic sources being more dominant. Assessment of sediment quality standards (SQGs) showed that the levels of PAHs in sediments were below the Effect Range Low (ERL), except for acenaphthylene (Acy) and fluorene (Fl) concentrations. This suggests that there could be occasional biological consequences. The cumulative Individual Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) exceeds 1/104 for both adults and children in all sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayah Ali Grmasha
- Limnology Research Group, Center for Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Utca 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Csilla Stenger-Kovács
- Limnology Research Group, Center for Natural Science, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Utca 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
- HUN-REN-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem Utca 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Osamah J Al-Sareji
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Raed A Al-Juboori
- NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University-Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Water and Environmental Engineering Research Group, Department of Built Environment, Aalto University, Aalto, PO Box 15200, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Mónika Meiczinger
- Sustainability Solutions Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Egyetem Str. 10, 8200, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Manolia Andredaki
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ibijoke A Idowu
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hasan Sh Majdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Petroleum Industries, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah, Iraq
| | - Khalid Hashim
- Environmental Research and Studies Center, University of Babylon, Al-Hillah, 51001, Iraq.
- School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
- Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Nadhir Al-Ansari
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geana EI, Baracu AM, Stoian MC, Brincoveanu O, Pachiu C, Dinu LA. Hybrid nanomaterial-based indirect electrochemical sensing of glyphosate in surface water: a promising approach for environmental monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:2057-2066. [PMID: 37870161 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00355h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), a widely utilized pesticide, poses a significant threat to human health even at minute concentrations. In this study, we propose an innovative electrochemical sensor for the indirect detection of GLY in surface water samples. The sensor incorporates a nanohybrid material composed of multi-layer graphene decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), synthesized in a single-step electrochemical process. To ensure portability and on-site measurements, the sensor is developed on a screen-printed electrode, chosen for its integration and miniaturization capabilities. The proposed sensor demonstrates remarkable sensitivity and selectivity for GLY detection in surface water samples, with an exceptional limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 parts per billion (ppb) in both buffer and surface water matrices. Moreover, it exhibits a remarkably high sensitivity of 0.15 μA ppb-1. This electrochemical sensor offers a promising approach for accurate GLY monitoring, addressing the urgent need for reliable pesticide detection in environmental samples. The proposed sensor showed high selectivity towards GLY, when analysed in the presence of other pesticides such as phosmet, chlorpyrifos and glufosinate-ammonium. The recovery percentages of GLY from spiked surface water samples were between 93.8 and 98.9%. The study's broader implications extend to revolutionizing the way environmental chemistry addresses pesticide contamination, water quality assessment, and sustainable management of environmental pollutants. By pushing the boundaries of detection capabilities and offering practical solutions, this research contributes to the advancement of knowledge and practices that are essential for preserving and protecting our environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Institute for Research and Development for Isotopic and Cryogenic Technologies, 4th Uzinei Street 240002, Râmnicu-Vâlcea, Romania
| | - Angela Mihaela Baracu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Marius C Stoian
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Oana Brincoveanu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Cristina Pachiu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| | - Livia Alexandra Dinu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT Bucharest), 126A Erou Iancu Nicolae Street, 077190 Voluntari, Ilfov, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Halmagyi A, Butiuc-Keul A, Keul M, Dobrotă C, Fodorpataki L, Pintea A, Mocan A, Pop V, Coste A. Impact of Arieş River Contaminants on Algae and Plants. TOXICS 2023; 11:817. [PMID: 37888668 PMCID: PMC10611376 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The Arieş River (Western Romania) represents one of the most important affluents of the Mureş River, with great significance in the Mureş Tisza basin. The environmental quality of the Arieş basin is significantly affected by both historic mining activities and contemporary impacts. Thus, an evaluation of the effects of the main contaminants found in water (organochlorine pesticides-OCPs, monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-MAHs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-PAHs, and metals) on cyanobacteria and plants was performed. Among OCPs, hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, and derivatives were detected in plants while admissible concentrations were detected in water. Among MAHs, high levels of benzene were detected both in water and in plants. The levels of PAHs exceeded the allowable values in all samples. Increased concentrations of metals in water were found only at Baia de Arieş, but in plants, all metal concentrations were high. The pH, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates, as well as metals, pesticides, and aromatic hydrocarbons, influenced the physiological characteristics of algae, test plants, and aquatic plants exposed to various compounds dissolved in water. Considering that the Arieş River basin is the site of intense past mining activities, these data provide information about the impact on water quality as a consequence of pollution events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adela Halmagyi
- Department of Experimental Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Branch Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, 48 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.)
| | - Anca Butiuc-Keul
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresource, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Martin Keul
- Department of Experimental Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Branch Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, 48 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.)
| | - Cristina Dobrotă
- Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - László Fodorpataki
- Department of Horticulture, Sapientia University, 2 Sighișoarei Rd., 540485 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Adela Pintea
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăstur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurel Mocan
- Institute of Public Health Prof. Dr. I. Moldovan, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Valeria Pop
- Doctoral School “Environmental Science”, Babeș-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Street, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute for Sustainability and Disaster Management Based on High Performance Computing, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fantanele Street, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ana Coste
- Department of Experimental Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Branch Institute of Biological Research Cluj-Napoca, 48 Republicii Street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tofan L, Niță V, Nenciu M, Coatu V, Lazăr L, Damir N, Vasile D, Popoviciu DR, Brotea AG, Curtean-Bănăduc AM, Avramescu S, Aonofriesei F. Multiple Assays on Non-Target Organisms to Determine the Risk of Acute Environmental Toxicity in Tebuconazole-Based Fungicides Widely Used in the Black Sea Coastal Area. TOXICS 2023; 11:597. [PMID: 37505562 PMCID: PMC10385278 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of Tebuconazole-based fungicides in phytosanitary treatments on a wide range of crops, on the one hand, and the lack of official reports on the amount of fungicide residues in nearby water basins, on the other hand, may lead to uncontrolled and hazardous contamination of water sources used by the resident population, and to serious effects on the environment and public health. Our study explores the acute toxicological risk of this fungicide on various organisms, from bacteria and yeast to fish, using a battery of tests (standardized Toxkit microbiotests and acute semi-static tests). By investigating the interaction between Tebuconazole and bacteria and yeast organisms, we observed that Gram-negative bacteria displayed a strong tolerance for Tebuconazole, while Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts proved to be very sensitive. The fish experiment was conducted on Chelon auratus juveniles exposed to five concentrations of the fungicide Tebustar EW (Tebuconazole, 250 g/L as active substance). After 96 h of exposure, the LC50 for C. auratus was 1.13 mg/L. In the case of the Toxkit microbiotests' application, the following results were recorded: Spirodela polyrhiza EC50 = 2.204 mg/L (after 72 h exposure), Thamnocephalus platyurus EC50 = 0.115 mg/L (after 24 h), and Daphnia magna EC50 = 2.37 mg/L (after 24-48 h). With the exception of bacteria and yeast, the same response pattern was observed for all non-target species tested; the response range expressed by concentrations causing growth inhibition or mortality was small, ranging between very close values that are quite low, thereby demonstrating the high toxicity of Tebuconazole-based fungicides to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucica Tofan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanța, 1 University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
| | - Victor Niță
- Marine Living Resources Department, National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Blvd., 900581 Constanța, Romania
| | - Magda Nenciu
- Marine Living Resources Department, National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Blvd., 900581 Constanța, Romania
| | - Valentina Coatu
- Chemical Oceanography and Marine Pollution Department, National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Blvd., 900581 Constanța, Romania
| | - Luminița Lazăr
- Chemical Oceanography and Marine Pollution Department, National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Blvd., 900581 Constanța, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Damir
- Chemical Oceanography and Marine Pollution Department, National Institute for Marine Research and Development "Grigore Antipa", 300 Mamaia Blvd., 900581 Constanța, Romania
| | - Daniela Vasile
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanța, 1 University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
| | - Dan Răzvan Popoviciu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanța, 1 University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
| | - Alina-Giorgiana Brotea
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanța, 1 University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
| | | | - Sorin Avramescu
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90 Șoseaua Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- PROTMED Research Centre, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Aonofriesei
- Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Ovidius University of Constanța, 1 University Street, 900470 Constanța, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mokarram M, Pourghasemi HR, Pham TM. An applicability test of the conventional and neural network methods to map the overall water quality of the Caspian Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115077. [PMID: 37229845 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the water quality of the Caspian Sea by examining the presence of nutrients and heavy metals in the water. Water samples were collected from 22 stations and analyzed for nutrient and heavy metal levels. The study used the fuzzy method to prepare water quality maps and employed ANNs methods to predict microbial contamination for future years. The results revealed that the western and northwestern parts of the region had higher nutrient levels (about 40.2 % of the region), while the eastern and northeastern shores were highly polluted due to increased urbanization (about 70.1 % of the region). The long short-term memory (LSTM) method was found to have the highest accuracy compared to other ANNs methods and indicated a recent increase in pollution (RWater quality2=0.940, ROECD2=0.950, RTRIX2=0.840). The study recommends targeted research to identify the causes and means of controlling pollution in light of the predicted increase in pollution in the Caspian Sea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Mokarram
- Department of Geography, Faculty of Economics, Management and Social Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Tam Minh Pham
- Research group on " Fuzzy Set Theory and Optimal Decision-making Model in Economics and Management", Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; VNU School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Hanoi 100000, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ciucure CT, Geana EI, Arseni M, Ionete RE. Status of different anthropogenic organic pollutants accumulated in sediments from Olt River Basin, Romania: From distribution and sources to risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 886:163967. [PMID: 37164074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Some organic pollutants including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been banned from production worldwide, but due to their toxicity and persistence are still of concern. Also, unintentional by-products of combustion and industrial processes such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), represent a permanent threat to the safety of the environment and the population. In this study, surface sediment samples from the middle and lower Olt River Basin (ORB), Romania, including dams, the main tributaries and the confluence with Danube River were collected during seasonal sampling campaigns in 2019 and analyzed for 13 OCPs, 12 PCBs and 15 PAHs in order to evaluate the impact of the main anthropogenic activities in the area (industrial activities and agriculture) and the ecological status of the ORB. The registered levels of OCPs, PCBs and PAHs in surface sediments varied from low to significantly polluted environments, indicating a clear spatial distribution between sites based on concentrations and congener profiles correlated with the influence of anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area. Based on some molecular diagnostic ratio and multivariate statistical analysis, both non-point sources and point sources deposition by surface runoff or atmospheric deposition were identified. Overall, the contamination profile of the study area reveals significant amounts of organochlorine compounds, resulting from the industrial production of chlorinated products, including lindane, but also from the long-term agricultural use of both HCHs and DDTs, more than half of the sites having levels that pose a potential risk for benthic organisms. Therefore, levels of POPs in the hot-spots sampling locations raise numerous concerns about the safety of the environment and the population in the region, requiring immediate actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corina Teodora Ciucure
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
| | - Elisabeta-Irina Geana
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania.
| | - Maxim Arseni
- REXDAN Research Infrastructure, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Roxana Elena Ionete
- National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenics and Isotopic Technologies - ICSI, 240050 Ramnicu Valcea, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang X, Wang W, Wang L, Wang G, You Y, Ma F. Process analysis of asymmetric interaction between copper and atrazine in a system of macrophytes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159652. [PMID: 36280074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To clarify the mutual influence and inner processes between heavy-metal and pesticide pollutants, single copper and atrazine as well as binary mixtures were spiked in a system of aquatic Acorus tatarinowi Schott. The results show that: the total copper amount in roots was 23.31 and 41.46 times as much as those in leaves in single and co-contaminated copper pollution. In the solution, the copper removal reached equilibrium in 3 days. Atrazine raised plant-mediated copper removal by 20.69 % by calculating mass balance, and the increase in pH value and organic matter and the decrease of nitrate in solutions were key factors driving it. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the pH increase was mainly caused by the decline of nitrate and increases in organic matter in the solution. Hydroxyl units on the surface of organic matter in solutions provided binding sites for Cu2+, which was demonstrated by CO and OH peak position alterations in Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer. In turn, the root contained 2.56 and 2.04 times as much as atrazine in leaves in single and co-contaminated atrazine treatments. In the solution, atrazine removal became stable after 7 days. Cu2+ inhibited the total accumulation of atrazine in plants by 12.5 %. Copper-induced biological phenol-like components in solution decreased the total atrazine accumulation in A. tatatinowii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | | | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
| | - Gen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yongqiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Fang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clasen B, Storck TR, Tiecher TL. Aquatic biomonitoring: Importance, challenges, and limitations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:597-598. [PMID: 35466589 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Clasen
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tamiris R Storck
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Tadeu L Tiecher
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Restinga, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|