1
|
Isola D, Lee HJ, Chung YJ, Zucconi L, Pelosi C. Once upon a Time, There Was a Piece of Wood: Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives in Fungal Deterioration of Wooden Cultural Heritage in Terrestrial Ecosystems and Diagnostic Tools. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:366. [PMID: 38786721 PMCID: PMC11122135 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wooden Cultural Heritage (WCH) represents a significant portion of the world's historical and artistic heritage, consisting of immovable and movable artefacts. Despite the expertise developed since ancient times to enhance its durability, wooden artefacts are inevitably prone to degradation. Fungi play a pivotal role in the deterioration of WCH in terrestrial ecosystems, accelerating its decay and leading to alterations in color and strength. Reviewing the literature of the last 25 years, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of fungal diversity affecting WCH, the biochemical processes involved in wood decay, and the diagnostic tools available for fungal identification and damage evaluation. Climatic conditions influence the occurrence of fungal species in threatened WCH, characterized by a prevalence of wood-rot fungi (e.g., Serpula lacrymans, Coniophora puteana) in architectural heritage in temperate and continental climates and Ascomycota in indoor and harsh environments. More efforts are needed to address the knowledge fragmentation concerning biodiversity, the biology of the fungi involved, and succession in the degradative process, which is frequently centered solely on the main actors. Multidisciplinary collaboration among engineers, restorers, and life sciences scientists is vital for tackling the challenges posed by climate change with increased awareness. Traditional microbiology and culture collections are fundamental in laying solid foundations for a more comprehensive interpretation of big data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Hyun-Ju Lee
- Institute of Preventive Conservation for Cultural Heritage, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33115, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong-Jae Chung
- Department of Heritage Conservation and Restoration, Graduate School of Cultural Heritage, Korea National University of Cultural Heritage, Buyeo 33115, Republic of Korea;
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Claudia Pelosi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università Snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gadd GM, Fomina M, Pinzari F. Fungal biodeterioration and preservation of cultural heritage, artwork, and historical artifacts: extremophily and adaptation. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0020022. [PMID: 38179930 PMCID: PMC10966957 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00200-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYFungi are ubiquitous and important biosphere inhabitants, and their abilities to decompose, degrade, and otherwise transform a massive range of organic and inorganic substances, including plant organic matter, rocks, and minerals, underpin their major significance as biodeteriogens in the built environment and of cultural heritage. Fungi are often the most obvious agents of cultural heritage biodeterioration with effects ranging from discoloration, staining, and biofouling to destruction of building components, historical artifacts, and artwork. Sporulation, morphological adaptations, and the explorative penetrative lifestyle of filamentous fungi enable efficient dispersal and colonization of solid substrates, while many species are able to withstand environmental stress factors such as desiccation, ultra-violet radiation, salinity, and potentially toxic organic and inorganic substances. Many can grow under nutrient-limited conditions, and many produce resistant cell forms that can survive through long periods of adverse conditions. The fungal lifestyle and chemoorganotrophic metabolism therefore enable adaptation and success in the frequently encountered extremophilic conditions that are associated with indoor and outdoor cultural heritage. Apart from free-living fungi, lichens are a fungal growth form and ubiquitous pioneer colonizers and biodeteriogens of outdoor materials, especially stone- and mineral-based building components. This article surveys the roles and significance of fungi in the biodeterioration of cultural heritage, with reference to the mechanisms involved and in relation to the range of substances encountered, as well as the methods by which fungal biodeterioration can be assessed and combated, and how certain fungal processes may be utilized in bioprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China
| | - Marina Fomina
- Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
- National Reserve “Sophia of Kyiv”, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Flavia Pinzari
- Institute for Biological Systems (ISB), Council of National Research of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo (RM), Italy
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martin-Pozas T, Nováková A, Jurado V, Cuezva S, Fernandez-Cortes A, Saiz-Jimenez C, Sanchez-Moral S. A Second Fungal Outbreak in Castañar Cave, Spain, Discloses the Fragility of Subsurface Ecosystems. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2024; 87:53. [PMID: 38507071 PMCID: PMC10954929 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-024-02367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Castañar is a cave with strict visitor control measures since it was open to public visits in 2003. However, in recent years, the cave suffered two fungal outbreaks, the first in 2008 and controlled by cleaning the contaminated sediments and subsequent closure of the cave until 2014. The cave was reopened but limited to a maximum of 450 visitors/year. Despite these restrictions on visit, the cave experienced a second outbreak in 2021, originating from the installation of a steel grating walkway, aiming at protecting the ground sediments from the visitors' footsteps. Here, we conducted an analysis using Next-Generation Sequencing and culture-dependent techniques to investigate the fungal communities related to the second outbreak and compare with those present before the cave suffered the outbreak. The results show that the most abundant fungi involved in the 2021 outbreak were already detected in 2020, and even in 2008 and 2009, although the main species that originating both outbreaks were different, likely due to the different carbon sources introduced into the cave.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Martin-Pozas
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, 28006, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biologia y Geologia, Universidad de Almeria, 04120, Almeria, Spain
| | - Alena Nováková
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valme Jurado
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Soledad Cuezva
- Spanish Geological Survey, IGME-CSIC, 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiologia, IRNAS-CSIC, 41012, Seville, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roxo I, Amaral A, Portugal A, Trovão J. Draft genome sequence and comparative genomic analysis of Penicillium pancosmium MUM 23.27 isolated from raw honey. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:36. [PMID: 38142242 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03766-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
The draft genome sequence and main genomic features of Penicillium pancosmium MUM 23.27, isolated from Portuguese raw honey are reported. The genome size is 34.82 Mb, containing a 48.99% GC content, 11,394 genes, with 39 rRNAs and 147 tRNAs/tmRNAs. Twenty-six BGCs were predicted with four exhibiting significant similarities with YWA1, chaetoglobosin A/chaetoglobosin C, squalestatin S1, and nidulanin A. Moreover, the whole-genome sequencing and in silico genomic analysis, allowed to further understand some aspects of this species habitat, resistance, and evolutionary genomic events. Altogether, the results obtained also allow to dwell deeper on particular Penicillia biological characteristics and genomic traits, permitting them to thrive in these honey substrates. In addition, this resource represents the first genome for the species and one of the first for raw honeys filamentous fungi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Roxo
- FitoLab - Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - António Amaral
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute of Engineering, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade Do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Laboratório SiSus, Instituto de Investigação Aplicada, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Portugal
- FitoLab - Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Trovão
- FitoLab - Laboratory for Phytopathology, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Rua Pedro Nunes, Quinta da Nora, 3030-199, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Centre for Functional Ecology - Science for People and the Planet, Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associate Laboratory, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sansupa C, Suphaphimol N, Nonthijun P, Ronsuek T, Yimklan S, Semakul N, Khrueraya T, Suwannarach N, Purahong W, Disayathanoowat T. Life on the wall: the diversity and activity of microbes on 13th - century AD. Lan Na mural painting. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1220901. [PMID: 37779706 PMCID: PMC10540211 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1220901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms from the three domains of life (Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryota) cause deterioration in mural paintings worldwide; however, few studies have simultaneously targeted these three domains. This study aims to survey the microbiome and its potential for biodeterioration on unpreserved Lan Na mural paintings in Sean Khan temple, Chiang Mai, Thailand. The overview of the archaeal, bacterial, and fungal communities was reported by Illumina sequencing, whereas the potential for deterioration was revealed by culturable techniques and a literature search. The abundant microbes reported in this study were also found in other ancient mural paintings worldwide. Halococcus, a salt-tolerant archaeon, as well as the eubacterial genus Crossiella dominated the prokaryotic community. On the other hand, the main fungal group was the genus Candida (Ascomycota). However, a low number of fungi and bacteria were isolated. Most of the isolates showed the ability to survive in the drought conditions of mural paintings but could not perform discoloration activities. The deterioration activity mainly affected calcium compounds, which are the main components of painting substrates. Aspergillus and several bacterial isolates could dissolve calcium compounds, but only Trichaptum species could induce crystal formation. These results suggest that deterioration of painting substrate should be taken into consideration in addition to deterioration of color in mural paintings. For the Lan Na painting in Sean Khan temple, the plaster is the prime target for biodeterioration, and thus we suggest that the preservation effort should focus on this component of the mural painting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chakriya Sansupa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattaphon Suphaphimol
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Paradha Nonthijun
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Teewararat Ronsuek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Saranphong Yimklan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Natthawat Semakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Witoon Purahong
- Department of Soil Ecology, UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Terd Disayathanoowat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Isola D, Bartoli F, Morretta S, Caneva G. The Roman Houses of the Caelian Hill (Rome, Italy): Multitemporal Evaluation of Biodeterioration Patterns. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1770. [PMID: 37512942 PMCID: PMC10384389 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other hypogeal environments, the Roman Houses of the Caelian Hill are prone to unwanted biological growth. Wide conservative interventions have been carried out at the beginning of this millenium to reduce biodeterioration and physical-chemical damages. Retracing the last monitoring work, we assessed the site's current state of conservation and biodeterioration intending to check the previous treatments' effectiveness and deepen the common knowledge of the subterranean biota and their possible biodeteriogenic effects. Starting from the past test areas and the previous identifications of the occurring biodeteriogens, we further isolated and identified the main eubacterial, fungal, and phototrophic settlers, focusing on some detrimental traits for wall paintings (i.e., acid production and carbonate precipitation). The achieved results proved the success of the performed interventions in reducing the wall's water content. Otherwise, the new conditions raise, in the long term, new concerns about lampenflora, carbonate precipitations, and salt efflorescence. Here, the Caelian Houses' new status is documented. The possible favouring conditions for the different groups of biodeteriogens, along with the taxonomical novelties, additional risks tied to the anthropization of the resident culturable microbial community, and the possible relation between the black fungus Cyphellophora olivacea and roots, are reported and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Isola
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Flavia Bartoli
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- National Research Center (CNR), Institute of Heritage Science, SP35d, 9, 00010 Montelibretti, Italy
| | - Simona Morretta
- Soprintendenza Speciale di Roma Archeologia Belle Arti Paesaggio, Ministero della Cultura, Piazza dei Cinquecento, 67, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Caneva
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Viale Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Y, Wu X. Current progress on murals: distribution, conservation and utilization. HERITAGE SCIENCE 2023; 11:61. [PMID: 37008593 PMCID: PMC10040258 DOI: 10.1186/s40494-023-00904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As non-renewable cultural heritages, murals have important implications in historical customs, religions, and philosophy as well as their aesthetic values. Recently, many murals are threatened by natural factors and human activities. During the past decades, there are increasing interest in the investigation of murals. Here we review the current status of murals and provide an up-to-date summary of achievements related to murals. The murals that draw the most attention are distributed in Mexico, Ireland, China, and Spain. The aesthetics, history, cultural, educational, and economic values of murals are comprehensively analyzed. The main research technologies used to detect the chemical compositions and physical structures of murals are also summarized. The restoration of murals includes several procedures such as stabilization, repair, surface cleaning, and pigment reconversion. Emerging technologies such as computer science benefit the research and conservation of murals. We also propose that tourism management and climate change should be incorporated into the conservation of murals in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- College of Fine Arts and Design, Lanzhou University of Arts and Science, 400 Yanbei Road, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000 China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mycobiome Diversity of the Cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul in Serbia-Risk Assessment Implication for the Conservation of Rare Cavern Habitat Housing a Peculiar Fresco Painting. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121263. [PMID: 36547596 PMCID: PMC9782640 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycobiome of the cave Church of Sts. Peter and Paul, housing the peculiar fresco painting of “The Bald-headed Jesus”, was analyzed via culture-dependent and -independent methods. Salt efflorescence, colored patinas, and biofilm, as well as biopitting, discolorations, and fruiting bodies of wood-decay fungi were observed on surfaces within the church. Microscopic analyses showed an abundance of fungal structures, i.e., conidiophores, conidia, chlamydospores, and ascospores. The estimated values of the contamination classified all surfaces as the “Danger zone”. A total of 24 fungi from 17 genera were determined as part of the culturable mycobiome, with a dominance of Ascomycota of genera Penicillium. Biodegradative profiles analyzed via plate assays demonstrated positive reactions for 16 isolates: most commonly acid production (8), followed by pigment production and ligninolytic activity (6), protein degradation (5), cellulolytic activity (3) and carbonate dissolution (2). Metabarcoding analysis showed a dominance of Ascomycota in all samples (79.9−99.7%), with high relative abundance documented for Hypoxylon fuscopurpureum on the iconostasis and unclassified Mycosphaerellaceae family within order Capnodiales on fresco and stone, as well as moderate relative abundance for unclassified Dothideomycetes, Botryolepraria lesdainii, Verrucaria sp. and Cladosporium sp. on stone walls. The used set of integrative methods pointed out species of genus Neodevriesia and H. fuscopurpureum as the main deteriogenic agents of fresco and iconostasis surfaces, respectively.
Collapse
|
9
|
De Leo F, Dominguez-Moñino I, Jurado V, Bruno L, Saiz-Jimenez C, Urzì C. Fungal outbreak in the Catacombs of SS. Marcellino and Pietro Rome (Italy): From diagnosis to an emergency treatment. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982933. [PMID: 36439803 PMCID: PMC9684309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study reports a sudden fungal outbreak that occurred in the corridor near the entrance of the Catacombs of SS. Marcellino and Pietro in Rome (Italy) observed after 1 year of a restoration treatment that interested the walls of the entrance of the Catacombs and some artifacts placed in situ. The colonization was observed on the vault at the entrance and in correspondence with the restored marble pieces displayed on the left side of the corridor. No growth was observed on the right side where similarly treated marble slabs were placed. Samples taken in correspondence with fungal biofilm were analyzed through the combined use of microscopical, cultural, and molecular tools and showed that the vault and the left side of the corridor entrance were colonized by a complex fungal biofilm consisting mainly of Coniophora sp. and other genera, such as Hypomyces, Purpureocillium, Acremonium, Penicillium, and Alternaria, many of which are well known as responsible of biodeterioration of stone surfaces. Regarding the brown-rot basidiomycete Coniophora, it was able to form very large colonies on the substrata with a diameter of up to 57 cm. Although the direct observation under a light microscope evidenced the presence of abundant brown fungal conidia, several attempts to cultivate the microorganism failed, therefore only through DNA sequencing analyses, it was possible to identify and characterize this fungus. There is very little literature on the genus Coniophora which is reported as one of the causes of wet-rot decay of wood in buildings. A connection with calcium-containing materials such as bricks and mortars was demonstrated, but no data were available about the possible role of this species in the biodeterioration of stones. This study features the first finding of a strain related to the basidiomycetous genus of Coniophora in the order Boletales in association with evident phenomena of biodeterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filomena De Leo
- Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Dominguez-Moñino
- Institute for Natural Resources and Agrobiology, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Valme Jurado
- Institute for Natural Resources and Agrobiology, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Bruno
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata,”Rome, Italy
| | - Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez
- Institute for Natural Resources and Agrobiology, Spanish National Research Council (IRNAS-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Clara Urzì
- Department of ChiBioFarAm, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jakovljević VD, Radojević ID, Grujić SM, Ostojić AM. Response of selected microbial strains and their consortia to the presence of automobile paints: Biofilm growth, matrix protein content and hydrolytic enzyme activity. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103347. [PMID: 35800142 PMCID: PMC9253408 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to examine the effects of pollutants (White color – CP; Metallic red color – FM; Thinner – CN; Thinner for rinsing paint – MF; Basic color (primer) – FH) originating from the automotive industry on the biofilm growth, matrix protein content, and activity of the hydrolytic enzymes of selected microbial strains in laboratory conditions that mimic the bioreactor conditions. The chosen microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, and fungi) were isolated from automotive industry wastewater. Pure microbe cultures and their consortia were injected into AMB Media carriers and developed into biofilms. The use of AMB media carriers has been linked to an increase in the active surface area colonized by microorganisms. Afterwards, the carriers were transferred to Erlenmeyer flasks with nutrient media and pollutants at a concentration of 200 μL/mL. The current study found that, depending on the microbial strain, development phase, and chemical structure, the assessed pollutants had an inhibitory or stimulatory influence on the growth of single cultures and their consortia. Statistical analysis found positive correlations between the protein content in the matrix and the biofilm biomass of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and consortia in CP and FH media, respectively. The proteolytic activity of Candida utilis was very pronounced in media with MF and CN. The best alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was achieved in the CN medium of R. mucilaginosa. Acid invertase activity was the highest in the FM and CP media of Escherichia coli and consortia, respectively, whereas the highest alkaline invertase activity was measured in the MF medium of E. coli. A positive correlation was confirmed between ALP and the biofilm biomass of R. mucilaginosa in CP and CN media, as well as between ALP and the biofilm biomass of Penicillium expansum in FM medium. The findings provide novel insights into the extracellular hydrolytic activity of the investigated microbial strains in the presence of auto paints, as well as a good platform for subsequent research into comprehensive biofilm profiling using modern methodologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violeta D. Jakovljević
- Department for Science and Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića 9, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Science and Mathematics, State University of Novi Pazar, Vuka Karadžića 9, 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia.
| | - Ivana D. Radojević
- Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Sandra M. Grujić
- Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar M. Ostojić
- Institute for Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Susceptibility to Biodegradation of Some Consolidants Used in the Restoration of Mural Paintings. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12147229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated both the possible fungal metabolites involved in the degradation of the commercial consolidant known as Paraloid® B72 and the national artisanal consolidant named transparent dispersion of casein and the deteriorative potential of melanised fungi. Fungi were found to have the capacity to produce organic acids, proteases and esterases when they grow on consolidants, which can be used as nutrients. Mycelia produced by melanised fungi affected the appearance, as well as the integrity, of consolidants applied on painted experimental models and fragments of frescoes. In treatment trials with biocides (Biotin R®, Biotin T® and Preventol® RI 80), the morphology of the consolidants, as well as the vitality of the fungi, were assessed 30 days after the inoculation with melanic fungi. Direct observation, optical microscopy, colourimetry and microbiological analysis highlighted the degradation of the consolidants by fungi and their acquired resistance after biocidal treatments. Biotin R® applied by brushing on the surface of the consolidants proved to be the most effective treatment, followed by Biotin T®. Considering the overall results for both Paraloid® B72 and transparent dispersion of casein, use of Biotin R® applied by brushing is recommended for preventive conservation.
Collapse
|