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Skedros JG, Dayton MR, Cronin JT, Mears CS, Bloebaum RD, Wang X, Bachus KN. Roles of collagen cross-links and osteon collagen/lamellar morphotypes in equine third metacarpals in tension and compression tests. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247758. [PMID: 39045755 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Many bones experience bending, placing one side in net compression and the other in net tension. Because bone mechanical properties are relatively reduced in tension compared with compression, adaptations are needed to reduce fracture risk. Several toughening mechanisms exist in bone, yet little is known of the influences of secondary osteon collagen/lamellar 'morphotypes' and potential interplay with intermolecular collagen cross-links (CCLs) in prevalent/predominant tension- and compression-loaded regions. Paired third metacarpals (MC3s) from 10 adult horses were prepared for mechanical testing. From one MC3/pair, 5 mm cubes were tested in compression at several mid-shaft locations. From contralateral bones, dumbbell-shaped specimens were tested in tension. Hence, habitual/natural tension- and compression-loaded regions were tested in both modes. Data included: elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strength, and energy absorption (toughness). Fragments of tested specimens were examined for predominant collagen fiber orientation (CFO; representing osteonal and non-osteonal bone), osteon morphotype score (MTS, representing osteonal CFO), mineralization, porosity and other histological characteristics. As a consequence of insufficient material from tension-tested specimens, CCLs were only examined in compression-tested specimens (HP, hydroxylysylpyridinoline; LP, lysylpyridinoline; PE, pentosidine). Among CCLs, only LP and HP/LP correlated significantly with mechanical parameters: LP with energy absorption, HP/LP with elastic modulus (both r=0.4). HP/LP showed a trend with energy absorption (r=-0.3, P=0.08). HP/LP more strongly correlated with osteon density and mineralization than CFO or MTS. Predominant CFO more strongly correlated with energy absorption than MTS in both testing modes. In general, CFO was found to be relatively prominent in affecting regional toughness in these equine MC3s in compression and tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Skedros
- University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Michael R Dayton
- University of Colorado, Department of Orthopedics, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - John T Cronin
- University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Chad S Mears
- University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Roy D Bloebaum
- University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Xiaodu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
| | - Kent N Bachus
- University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedics, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
- Research Service, Veterans Affair Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148, USA
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2
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Ferraz MP. An Overview on the Big Players in Bone Tissue Engineering: Biomaterials, Scaffolds and Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3836. [PMID: 38612646 PMCID: PMC11012232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Presently, millions worldwide suffer from degenerative and inflammatory bone and joint issues, comprising roughly half of chronic ailments in those over 50, leading to prolonged discomfort and physical limitations. These conditions become more prevalent with age and lifestyle factors, escalating due to the growing elderly populace. Addressing these challenges often entails surgical interventions utilizing implants or bone grafts, though these treatments may entail complications such as pain and tissue death at donor sites for grafts, along with immune rejection. To surmount these challenges, tissue engineering has emerged as a promising avenue for bone injury repair and reconstruction. It involves the use of different biomaterials and the development of three-dimensional porous matrices and scaffolds, alongside osteoprogenitor cells and growth factors to stimulate natural tissue regeneration. This review compiles methodologies that can be used to develop biomaterials that are important in bone tissue replacement and regeneration. Biomaterials for orthopedic implants, several scaffold types and production methods, as well as techniques to assess biomaterials' suitability for human use-both in laboratory settings and within living organisms-are discussed. Even though researchers have had some success, there is still room for improvements in their processing techniques, especially the ones that make scaffolds mechanically stronger without weakening their biological characteristics. Bone tissue engineering is therefore a promising area due to the rise in bone-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Ferraz
- Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
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3
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Kumar Shetty S, Sundar Santhanakrishnan S, Padurao S, Mirazkar Dasharatharao P. Prioritizing Biomaterial Driven Clinical Bioactivity Over Designing Intricacy during Bioprinting of Trabecular Microarchitecture: A Clinician's Perspective. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:12426-12435. [PMID: 38524444 PMCID: PMC10956407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering has witnessed a historical shift from three perspectives. From a biomaterial perspective, materials have now become smarter and dynamic; from a bioengineering perspective the bioprinting techniques have now advanced to 4D bioprinting; and from a clinical perspective scaffold bioactivity has progressed toward enhanced osteoinductive scaffolds driven by intricate biomechanical, biophysical, biochemical, and biological cues. Though all of these advancements are indicative of improvised scaffold engineering, a pivotal question regarding the critical role and need of designing and replicating the intricacies of trabecular microarchitecture for enhanced, clinically appreciable osteoangiogenicity needs to be answered. This review hence critically evaluates the rationale and the need of investing substantial effort into designing complex microarchitectures amidst the era of "smart biomaterials" and dynamic 4D bioprinting aimed toward enhancing clinically appreciable bioactivity. The article explores the concept of integrating intricate designs into a scaffold microarchitecture to bolster bioactivity and the practical challenges encountered in 3D bioprinting of complex designs and meticulously examines the pivotal role of biomaterials in scaffold bioactivity, proposing a comprehensive approach to bioprinting geared toward achieving clinical bioactivity and striking a judicious balance between design intricacy and functional outcomes in bone bioprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahith Kumar Shetty
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Santhanakrishnan
- Department
of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, JSS Dental College and Hospital, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
| | - Shubha Padurao
- Department
of Material Science, Mangalagangothri Mangalore
University, Konaja 571449, India
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4
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Aghajanzadeh MS, Imani R, Nazarpak MH, McInnes SJP. Augmented physical, mechanical, and cellular responsiveness of gelatin-aldehyde modified xanthan hydrogel through incorporation of silicon nanoparticles for bone tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129231. [PMID: 38185310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive scaffolds fabricated from a combination of organic and inorganic biomaterials are a promising approach for addressing defects in bone tissue engineering. In the present study, a self-crosslinked nanocomposite hydrogel, composed of gelatin/aldehyde-modified xanthan (Gel-AXG) is successfully developed by varying concentrations of porous silicon nanoparticles (PSiNPs). The effect of PSiNPs incorporation on physical, mechanical, and biological performance of the nanocomposite hydrogel is evaluated. Morphological analysis reveals formation of highly porous 3D microstructures with interconnected pores in all nanocomposite hydrogels. Increased content of PSiNPs results in a lower swelling ratio, reduced porosity and pore size, which in turn impeded media penetration and slowed down the degradation process. In addition, remarkable enhancements in dynamic mechanical properties are observed in Gel-AXG-8%Si (compressive strength: 0.6223 MPa at 90 % strain and compressive modulus: 0.054 MPa), along with improved biomineralization ability via hydroxyapatite formation after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). This optimized nanocomposite hydrogel provides a sustained release of Si ions at safe dose levels. Furthermore, in-vitro cytocompatibility studies using MG-63 cells exhibited remarkable performance in terms of cell attachment, proliferation, and ALP activity for Gel-AXG-8%Si. These findings suggest that the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel holds promising potential as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rana Imani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Haghbin Nazarpak
- New Technologies Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Steven J P McInnes
- UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, Australia
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Setiawati A, Tricahya K, Dika Octa Riswanto F, Dwiatmaka Y. Towards a sustainable chitosan-based composite scaffold derived from Scylla serrata crab chitosan for bone tissue engineering. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2024; 35:146-163. [PMID: 37855210 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2271263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering offers a novel therapy for repairing bone defects or fractures. However, it is becoming increasingly challenging because an ideal scaffold should possess a similar porous structure, high biocompatibility, and mechanical properties that match those of natural bone. To fabricate such a scaffold, biodegradable polymers are often preferred due to their degradability and tailored structure. This study involved the isolation of chitosan from crab shells (Scylla serrata) waste to use as a biomaterial in combination with hydroxyapatite (HAP) and collagen I (COL I) to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition of bone. After being cast and freeze-dried, it resulted in an interconnected porous scaffold with a porosity of 51.44% ± 2.28% and a pore diameter of 109.88 μm ± 49.84 μm. The swelling ratio of the crab scaffold was measured at 358.31% ± 25.23%, 363.04% ± 1.56%, and 370.11% ± 3.7% at 1, 3, and 6 h, respectively. Consequently, the scaffold exhibited a degradation ratio of 8.17% ± 2.59%, 21.62% ± 5.43%, 22.59% ± 14.23%, and 23.12% ± 6.28% over the course of 1 to 4 weeks. It demonstrated excellent biocompatibility with MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Although the compression strength was lower than 2-12 MPa, the crab scaffold can still be applied effectively for non-load-bearing bone defects. Crab shell waste emerges as a promising source of chitosan for tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Setiawati
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Kateri Tricahya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | | | - Yohanes Dwiatmaka
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sanata Dharma University, Paingan, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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El-Seidy AMA, Elbaset MA, Ibrahim FAA, Abdelmottaleb Moussa SA, Bashandy SA. Nano cerium oxide and cerium/zinc nanocomposites characterization and therapeutic role in combating obesity via controlling oxidative stress and insulin resistance in rat model. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 80:127312. [PMID: 37804595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CeO2NPs and ZnONPs can curb the increase of cholesterol and triglycerides observed in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. It was suggested that CeO2 NPs could potentially have an insulin-sensitizing effect, specifically on adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It was reported that ZnONPs combat the increase of insulin resistance observed in obese rats and could be beneficial value in NAFLD. In our previous work, ZnO-NPs manifested valuable anti-obesity effects via lowering body weight gain, oxidative stress, BMI, lipids, and insulin resistance. METHODS In the present study, cerium oxide nanoparticles (A-1) and cerium/zinc nanocomposites (A-2 and A-3) were synthesized by solgel to investigate their role on oxidative stress, adipocyte hormones, and insulin resistance in an obese rat model. X-ray diffraction, HRTEM, SEM, and XPS were carried out to confirm the crystal structure, the particle size, the morphology of the nanoparticles and the oxidation states. RESULTS The Rietveld refinement has also been executed on A-1 (chi2 = 1.00; average Bragg = 2.92%; R-factor = 2.45%) and on A-2 (Rw = 9.87%, Rex= 9.68%, χ2 = 1.04, GoF = 1.02). The XPS spectra indicated the presence of Ce in + 4 and + 3 oxidation states and Zn as ZnO and ZnO.OH. Cerium oxide and ZnO crystal sizes lie in the range 40.53-45.01 and 40.53-45.01 nm, respectively. The results indicated that treating obese rats with any of the tested nano compounds (5 mg or 10 mg/Kg) lowered plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, insulin resistance, glucose, and BMI significantly relative to obese group values. On the other hand, HDL increased significantly in obese rats after treatment with either A-2 or A-3 compared to obese rats. The current investigation showed antioxidant activities for A-1, A-2, and A3 as evidenced by the significant increase in GSH level and a significant decrease in MDA. CONCLUSION It was found that A-1, A-2, and A-3 have an efficient therapeutic role in treating of obesity-related hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. The results of A-2 and A-3 were more pronounced than those of A-1. The use of Zn/Ce nanocomposite (that have positive characteristics) in combating obesity and its complications could be become a new trend in therapeutic application for a management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M A El-Seidy
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Marwan A Elbaset
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma A A Ibrahim
- Biophysics Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sherif A Abdelmottaleb Moussa
- Biophysics Laboratory, Biochemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samir Ae Bashandy
- Pharmacology Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, P.O. 12622, Cairo, Egypt
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7
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Nefjodovs V, Andze L, Andzs M, Filipova I, Tupciauskas R, Vecbiskena L, Kapickis M. Wood as Possible Renewable Material for Bone Implants-Literature Review. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050266. [PMID: 37233376 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone fractures and bone defects affect millions of people every year. Metal implants for bone fracture fixation and autologous bone for defect reconstruction are used extensively in treatment of these pathologies. Simultaneously, alternative, sustainable, and biocompatible materials are being researched to improve existing practice. Wood as a biomaterial for bone repair has not been considered until the last 50 years. Even nowadays there is not much research on solid wood as a biomaterial in bone implants. A few species of wood have been investigated. Different techniques of wood preparation have been proposed. Simple pre-treatments such as boiling in water or preheating of ash, birch and juniper woods have been used initially. Later researchers have tried using carbonized wood and wood derived cellulose scaffold. Manufacturing implants from carbonized wood and cellulose requires more extensive wood processing-heat above 800 °C and chemicals to extract cellulose. Carbonized wood and cellulose scaffolds can be combined with other materials, such as silicon carbide, hydroxyapatite, and bioactive glass to improve biocompatibility and mechanical durability. Throughout the publications wood implants have provided good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity thanks to wood's porous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadims Nefjodovs
- Faculty of Residency, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema iela 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
- Microsurgery Centre of Latvia, Brivibas Gatve 410, LV-1024 Riga, Latvia
| | - Laura Andze
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Andzs
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Filipova
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Ramunas Tupciauskas
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Linda Vecbiskena
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes Street 27, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Martins Kapickis
- Microsurgery Centre of Latvia, Brivibas Gatve 410, LV-1024 Riga, Latvia
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8
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Fan R, Liu J, Jia Z. Biomechanical evaluation of different strain judging criteria on the prediction precision of cortical bone fracture simulation under compression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1168783. [PMID: 37122861 PMCID: PMC10133557 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1168783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The principal strain or equivalent strain is mainly used in current numerical studies to determine the mechanical state of the element in the cortical bone finite element model and then perform fracture simulation. However, it is unclear which strain is more suitable for judging the element mechanical state under different loading conditions due to the lack of a general strain judging criterion for simulating the cortical bone fracture. Methods: This study aims to explore a suitable strain judging criterion to perform compressive fracture simulation on the rat femoral cortical bone based on continuum damage mechanics. The mechanical state of the element in the cortical bone finite element model was primarily assessed using the principal strain and equivalent strain separately to carry out fracture simulation. The prediction accuracy was then evaluated by comparing the simulated findings with different strain judging criteria to the corresponding experimental data. Results: The results showed that the fracture parameters predicted using the principal strain were closer to the experimental values than those predicted using the equivalent strain. Discussion: Therefore, the fracture simulation under compression was more accurate when the principal strain was applied to control the damage and failure state in the element. This finding has the potential to improve prediction accuracy in the cortical bone fracture simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxun Fan
- Department of Traffic Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoxun Fan,
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin, China
| | - Zhengbin Jia
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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9
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Nikolova MP, Apostolova MD. Advances in Multifunctional Bioactive Coatings for Metallic Bone Implants. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:183. [PMID: 36614523 PMCID: PMC9821663 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To fix the bone in orthopedics, it is almost always necessary to use implants. Metals provide the needed physical and mechanical properties for load-bearing applications. Although widely used as biomedical materials for the replacement of hard tissue, metallic implants still confront challenges, among which the foremost is their low biocompatibility. Some of them also suffer from excessive wear, low corrosion resistance, infections and shielding stress. To address these issues, various coatings have been applied to enhance their in vitro and in vivo performance. When merged with the beneficial properties of various bio-ceramic or polymer coatings remarkable bioactive, osteogenic, antibacterial, or biodegradable composite implants can be created. In this review, bioactive and high-performance coatings for metallic bone implants are systematically reviewed and their biocompatibility is discussed. Updates in coating materials and formulations for metallic implants, as well as their production routes, have been provided. The ways of improving the bioactive coating performance by incorporating bioactive moieties such as growth factors, osteogenic factors, immunomodulatory factors, antibiotics, or other drugs that are locally released in a controlled manner have also been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Nikolova
- Department of Material Science and Technology, University of Ruse “A. Kanchev”, 8 Studentska Str., 7017 Ruse, Bulgaria
| | - Margarita D. Apostolova
- Medical and Biological Research Lab., “Roumen Tsanev” Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Tuwalska A, Sionkowska A, Bryła A, Tylko G, Osyczka AM, Laus M, Vojtová L. A Biological Study of Composites Based on the Blends of Nanohydroxyapatite, Silk Fibroin and Chitosan. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15155444. [PMID: 35955380 PMCID: PMC9369940 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the biological properties of three-dimensional scaffolds based on a blend of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), silk fibroin (SF), and chitosan (CTS), were prepared using a lyophilization technique with various weight ratios: 10:45:45, 15:15:70, 15:70:15, 20:40:40, 40:30:30, and 70:15:15 nHA:SF:CTS, respectively. The basic 3D scaffolds were obtained from 5% (w/w) chitosan and 5% silk fibroin solutions and then nHA was added. The morphology and physicochemical properties of scaffolds were studied and compared. A biological test was performed to study the growth and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). It was found that the addition of chitosan increases the resistance properties and extends the degradation time of materials. In vitro studies with human mesenchymal stem cells found a high degree of biotolerance for the materials produced, especially for the 20:40:40 and 15:70:15 (nHa:SF:CTS) ratios. The presence of silk fibroin and the elongated shape of the pores positively influenced the differentiation of cells into osteogenic cells. By taking advantage of the differentiation/proliferation cues offered by individual components, the composites based on the nanohydroxyapatite, silk fibroin, and chitosan scaffold may be suitable for bone tissue engineering, and possibly offer an alternative to the widespread use of collagen materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tuwalska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Amadeusz Bryła
- Institute of Environmental Science, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tylko
- Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Osyczka
- Department of Biology and Cell Imaging, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Michele Laus
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Eastern Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lucy Vojtová
- CEITEC—Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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