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Fu Y, Guo X, Wang H. A mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent sensor based on naphthalimide derivative-functionalized silica-based nanodots for imaging formaldehyde in living cells and zebrafish. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 311:123970. [PMID: 38324947 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
A mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent sensor (Mito-Si-NA) for formaldehyde (FA) has been constructed by functionalizing silica-based nanodots (silica-based ND). As the fluorescence reference and carrier, the silica-based ND conjugate with small molecule probe for FA via covalent. Further modifying with mitochondria targeting moiety enables the sensor to specifically target mitochondria. In the presence of FA, the emission of silica-based ND remain constant to act as an internal reference (445 nm) while the response signal of small molecule probe was gradually enhanced (545 nm). This sensor exhibits excellent selectivity towards FA with great changes of fluorescence intensity ratio values (I545/I445). The FA ratiometric fluorescence imaging in mitochondria was achieved successfully. In addition, the sensor was also successfully used for imaging FA in zebrafish. The good performance of Mito-Si-NA for FA bioimaging confirms that Mito-Si-NA is an appealing imaging tool to monitor FA in mitochondria and shows great potential to study the functions of FA on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- YuJia Fu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials, Handan University, Handan 056005, China
| | - XiaoFeng Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Nguyen TP, Choi J, Nguyen VT, Mondal S, Bui NT, Vu DD, Park S, Oh J. Design and Micro-Fabrication of Focused High-Frequency Needle Transducers for Medical Imaging. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:3763. [PMID: 35632172 PMCID: PMC9143298 DOI: 10.3390/s22103763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report an advanced fabrication technique to develop a miniature focused needle transducer. Two different types of high-frequency (100 MHz) transducers were fabricated using the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-0.3PT) and lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single crystals. In order to enhance the transducer's performance, a unique mass-spring matching layer technique was adopted, in which gold and parylene play the roles of the mass layer and spring layer, respectively. The PMN-0.3PT transducer had a 103 MHz center frequency with a -6 dB bandwidth of 52%, and a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 42 dB. The center frequency, -6 dB bandwidth, and SNR of the LiNbO3 transducer were 105 MHz, 66%, and 44 dB, respectively. In order to compare and evaluate the transducers' performances, an ultrasonic biomicroscopy (UBM) imaging on the fish eye was performed. The results showed that the LiNbO3 transducer had a better contrast resolution compared to the PMN-0.3PT transducer. The fabricated transducer showed an excellent performance with high-resolution corneal epithelium imaging of the experimental fish eye. These interesting findings are useful for the future biomedical implementation of the fabricated transducers in the field of high-resolution ultrasound imaging and diagnosis purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Phuoc Nguyen
- Department of Mechatronics, Cao Thang Technical College, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Jaeyeop Choi
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (J.C.); (V.T.N.); (D.D.V.); (S.P.); (J.O.)
| | - Van Tu Nguyen
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (J.C.); (V.T.N.); (D.D.V.); (S.P.); (J.O.)
| | - Sudip Mondal
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Ngoc Thang Bui
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Dinh Dat Vu
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (J.C.); (V.T.N.); (D.D.V.); (S.P.); (J.O.)
| | - Sumin Park
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (J.C.); (V.T.N.); (D.D.V.); (S.P.); (J.O.)
| | - Junghwan Oh
- Industry 4.0 Convergence Bionics Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea; (J.C.); (V.T.N.); (D.D.V.); (S.P.); (J.O.)
- New-Senior Healthcare Innovation Center (BK21 Plus), Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
- Ohlabs Corporation, Busan 48513, Korea
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Gao X, Wang Q, Cheng C, Lin S, Lin T, Liu C, Han X. The Application of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles in Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6905. [PMID: 33287186 PMCID: PMC7730465 DOI: 10.3390/s20236905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs) have attracted increasing research interest in immunosensors, bioimaging, drug delivery, and application as therapeutic agents due to their large internal pore volume, tunable size, easy synthesis and surface modification, good thermal stability, and favorable biocompatibility. This review first outlines the effect of tumor markers using PBNPs-based immunosensors which have a sandwich-type architecture and competitive-type structure. Metal ion doped PBNPs which were used as T1-weight magnetic resonance and photoacoustic imaging agents to improve image quality and surface modified PBNPs which were used as drug carriers to decrease side effects via passive or active targeting to tumor sites are also summarized. Moreover, the PBNPs with high photothermal efficiency and excellent catalase-like activity were promising for photothermal therapy and O2 self-supplied photodynamic therapy of tumors. Hence, PBNPs-based multimodal imaging-guided combinational tumor therapies (such as chemo, photothermal, and photodynamic therapies) were finally reviewed. This review aims to inspire broad interest in the rational design and application of PBNPs for detecting and treating tumors in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cui Cheng
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China; (X.G.); (Q.W.); (S.L.); (T.L.); (C.L.); (X.H.)
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Jin H, Zheng Z, Liu S, Zheng Y. Evaluation of Reconstruction Methodology for Helical Scan Guided Photoacoustic Endoscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:4198-4208. [PMID: 32755852 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3014410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic endoscopy (PAE), combining both advantages of optical contrast and acoustic resolution, can visualize the chemical-specific optical information of tissues inside human-body. Recently, its corresponding reconstruction methods have been extensively researched. However, most of them are limited on cylindrical scan trajectories, rather than a helical scan which is more clinically practical. On this note, this article proposes a methodology of imaging reconstruction and evaluation for helical scan guided PAE. Different from traditional reconstruction method, synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT), our method reconstructs image using wavefield extrapolation which significantly improves computational efficiency and even takes only 0.25 seconds for 3-D reconstructions. In addition, the proposed evaluation methodology can estimate the resolutions and deviations of reconstructed images in advance, and then can be used to optimize the PAE scan parameters. Groups of simulations as well as ex-vivo experiments with different scan parameters are provided to fully demonstrate the performance of the proposed techniques. The quantitatively measured angular resolutions and deviations agree well with our theoretical derivation results D√{rs2 +h2} / [1.25(rs rd +h2)] (rad) and -h l / (rs rd +h2) (rad), respectively D,rd, rs,h and l represent transducer diameter, radius of scan trajectory, radius of source position, unit helical pitch and the distance from targets to helical scan plane, respectively). This theoretical result also suits for circular and cylindrical scan in case of h = 0 .
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The hepatoprotective effects of squid gonad phospholipids on fatty liver disease in zebrafish. FOOD BIOSCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Wang H, Wei J, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Li L, Yu C, Zhang P, Chen J. Red carbon dots as label-free two-photon fluorescent nanoprobes for imaging of formaldehyde in living cells and zebrafishes. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Development of Low-Cost Fast Photoacoustic Computed Tomography: System Characterization and Phantom Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A low-cost Photoacoustic Computed Tomography (PACT) system consisting of 16 single-element transducers has been developed. Our design proposes a fast rotating mechanism of 360o rotation around the imaging target, generating comparable images to those produced by large-number-element (e.g., 512, 1024, etc.) ring-array PACT systems. The 2D images with a temporal resolution of 1.5 s and a spatial resolution of 240 µm were achieved. The performance of the proposed system was evaluated by imaging complex phantom. The purpose of the proposed development is to provide researchers a low-cost alternative 2D photoacoustic computed tomography system with comparable resolution to the current high performance expensive ring-array PACT systems.
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Kline TL, Sussman CR, Irazabal MV, Mishra PK, Pearson EA, Torres VE, Macura SI. Three-dimensional NMR microscopy of zebrafish specimens. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4031. [PMID: 30431194 PMCID: PMC6537090 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While zebrafish embryos in the first five days after fertilization are clear and amenable to optical analysis, older juveniles and adults are not, due to pigmentation development and tissue growth. Thus other imaging methods are needed to image adult specimens. NMR is a versatile tool for studies of biological systems and has been successfully used for in vivo zebrafish microscopy. In this work we use NMR microscopy (MRM) for assessment of zebrafish specimens, which includes imaging of formalin fixed (FF), formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE), fresh (unfixed), and FF gadolinium doped specimens. To delineate the size and shape of various organs we concentrated on 3D MRM. We have shown that at 7 T a 3D NMR image can be obtained with isotropic resolution of 50 μm/pxl within 10 min and 25 μm/pxl within 4 h. Also, we have analyzed sources of contrast and have found that in FF specimens the best contrast is obtained by T1 weighting (3D FLASH, 3D FISP), whereas in FFPE specimens T2 weighting (3D RARE) is the best. We highlight an approach to perform segmentation of the organs in order to study morphological changes associated with mutations. The broader implication of this work is development of NMR methodology for high contrast and high resolution serial imaging and automated analysis of morphology of various zebrafish mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline R Sussman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Maria V Irazabal
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Vicente E Torres
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Chen G, Zhou W, Zhao C, Liu Y, Chen T, Li Y, Tang B. Rationally Optimized Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Mitochondrial SO2 in HeLa Cells and Zebrafish. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12442-12448. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis; Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research & Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Xining 810001, Qinghai P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
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Pun SH, Yu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Cheng CH, Lei KF, Yuan Z, Mak PU. Monolithic Multiband CMUTs for Photoacoustic Computed Tomography With In Vivo Biological Tissue Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2018; 65:465-475. [PMID: 29505413 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2018.2792784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the biomedical imaging modalities, photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT) was one of the emerging hybrid techniques in recent years. In designing the PACT imaging system, a finite-bandwidth transducer is one of the limited factors for the overall performance. As the target size is inversely proportional to the dominant frequency components of the generated photoacoustic (PA) signal, a broad bandwidth transducer is desired for different scales' imaging. In this paper, a monolithic multiband capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) array was designed and fabricated for the reception of the wideband PA signals so as to provide high-resolution images with high-frequency CMUT arrays and present the high signal-to-noise-ratio major structure with low-frequency CMUT arrays. To demonstrate its performance, a phantom experiment was conducted to show and evaluate the various qualities of multiresolution images. In addition, an in vivo mouse model experiment was also carried out for revealing the multiscale PA imaging capability with the multiband CMUTs on biological tissues. From the obtained results, the images from different CMUT arrays could show the structures of the mouse brain in different scales. In addition, the images from the high-frequency CMUT arrays were able to reveal the major blood vasculatures, whereas the images from low-frequency CMUT arrays showed the gross macroscopic anatomy of the brain with higher contrast.
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Dou K, Chen G, Yu F, Liu Y, Chen L, Cao Z, Chen T, Li Y, You J. Bright and sensitive ratiometric fluorescent probe enabling endogenous FA imaging and mechanistic exploration of indirect oxidative damage due to FA in various living systems. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7851-7861. [PMID: 29163922 PMCID: PMC5674201 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03719h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a notorious toxin, formaldehyde (FA) poses an immense threat to human health. Aberrantly elevated FA levels lead to serious pathologies, including organ damage, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Unfortunately, current techniques limit FA imaging to general comparative studies, instead of a mechanistic exploration of its biological role, and this is presumably due to the lack of robust molecular tools for reporting FA in living systems. More importantly, despite being reductive, FA, however, can induce oxidative damage to organisms, thus providing a challenge to the mechanistic study of FA using fluorescence imaging. Herein, we presented the design and multi-application of a bright sensitive ratiometric fluorescent probe 1-(4-(1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)phenyl) but-3-en-1-amine (PIPBA). With a π-extended phenylphenanthroimidazole fluorophore and an allylamine group, PIPBA exhibited high quantum yield (φ = 0.62) in blue fluorescent emission and selective reactivity toward FA. When sensing FA, PIPBA transformed to PIBE, which is a product capable of releasing bright green fluorescence (φ = 0.51) with its enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Transformation of PIPBA to PIBE contributed to 80 nm of red shift in emission wavelength and a highly sensitive ratiometric response (92.2-fold), as well as a quite low detection limit (0.84 μM). PIPBA was successfully applied to various living systems, realizing, for the first time, ratiometric quantification (in cells), in vivo imaging (zebrafish), and living tissue imaging (vivisectional mouse under anaesthetic) of endogenous FA that was spontaneously generated by biological systems. Furthermore, with the aid of PIPBA, we obtained visual evidence for the oxidative damage of FA in both HeLa cells and renal tissue of a living mouse. The results demonstrated that FA exerted indirect oxidative damage by interacting with free radicals, thus producing more oxidizing species, which eventually caused aggravated oxidative damage to the organism. The indirect oxidative damage due to FA could be alleviated by an exogenous or endogenous antioxidant. The excellent behaviors of PIPBA demonstrate that a chemical probe can detect endogenous FA in cells/tissue/vivo, promising to be an effective tool for further exploration of the biological mechanism of FA in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Dou
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China . ;
| | - Guang Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China . ; .,Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China.,Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research , Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources , Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology , Chinese Academy of Science , Xining 810001 , Qinghai , PR China
| | - Fabiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Yuxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China . ;
| | - Lingxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
| | - Ziping Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China . ;
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research , Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources , Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology , Chinese Academy of Science , Xining 810001 , Qinghai , PR China
| | - Yulin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research , Qinghai Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Biological Resources , Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology , Chinese Academy of Science , Xining 810001 , Qinghai , PR China
| | - Jinmao You
- The Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis , Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Intermediates and Analysis of Natural Medicine , College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Qufu Normal University , Qufu 273165 , China . ; .,Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation , Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yantai 264003 , China
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Dou K, Fu Q, Chen G, Yu F, Liu Y, Cao Z, Li G, Zhao X, Xia L, Chen L, Wang H, You J. A novel dual-ratiometric-response fluorescent probe for SO2/ClO− detection in cells and in vivo and its application in exploring the dichotomous role of SO2 under the ClO− induced oxidative stress. Biomaterials 2017; 133:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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