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Huo D, Li G. Bi-Directional Full-Color Generation and Tri-Channel Information Encoding Based on a Plasmonic Metasurface. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1160. [PMID: 38998765 PMCID: PMC11243537 DOI: 10.3390/nano14131160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic optical structural color is always desired in various display applications and usually involves active materials. Full-color generation, especially bi-directional full-color generation in both reflective and transmissive modes, without any active materials included, has rarely been investigated. Herein, we demonstrate a scheme of bi-directional full-color generation based on a plasmonic metasurface modulated by the rotation of the polarization angle of the incident light without varying the geometry and the optical properties of the materials and the environment where the metasurface resides. The metasurface unit cell consists of plasmonic modules aligning in three directions and is patterned in a square array. The metasurface structural color device is numerically confirmed to generate full colors in both reflection and transmission. Based on the proposed polarization-dependent structural color, the information encoding process is demonstrated for three multiplexed animal images and quick-responsive (QR) codes to verify the efficient information encoding and decoding of the proposed scheme. In the simulation, the animals can be seen under different polarization incidences, and the QR codes can be successfully decoded by the polarization rotation in transmission. The proposed bi-directional full-color generation metasurface has great potential in applications such as kaleidoscope generation, anti-counterfeiting, dynamic color display, and optical information encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewang Huo
- Intelligent Optical Imaging and Sensing Group, Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontier Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Intelligent Optical Imaging and Sensing Group, Institute of Optoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Science and Technology, Shanghai Frontier Base of Intelligent Optoelectronics and Perception, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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2
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Ko JH, Yoo YJ, Lee Y, Jeong HH, Song YM. A review of tunable photonics: Optically active materials and applications from visible to terahertz. iScience 2022; 25:104727. [PMID: 35865136 PMCID: PMC9294196 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The next frontier of photonics is evolving into reconfigurable platforms with tunable functions to realize the ubiquitous application. The dynamic control of optical properties of photonics is highly desirable for a plethora of applications, including optical communication, dynamic display, self-adaptive photonics, and multi-spectral camouflage. Recently, to meet the dynamic response over broad optical bands, optically active materials have been integrated with the diverse photonic platforms, typically in the dimension of micro/nanometer scales. Here, we review recent advances in tunable photonics with controlling optical properties from visible to terahertz (THz) spectral range. We propose guidelines for designing tunable photonics in conjunction with optically active materials, inherent in wavelength characteristics. In particular, we devote our review to their potential uses for five different applications: structural coloration, metasurface for flat optics, photonic memory, thermal radiation, and terahertz plasmonics. Finally, we conclude with an outlook on the challenges and prospects of tunable photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwan Ko
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Yoo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Yubin Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Anti-Viral Research Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- AI Graduate School, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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3
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Fan X, Wang S, Xu D, Zheng G. Ultra-Thin and Lithography-Free Transmissive Color Filter Based on Doped Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide with High Performance. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1228. [PMID: 36014150 PMCID: PMC9415859 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A kind of ultra-thin transmissive color filter based on a metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) structure is proposed. The displayed color can cover the entire visible range and switches after H2 treatment. An indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) semiconductor was employed, as the concentration of charge carriers can be controlled to adjust the refractive index and achieve certain colors. The color modulation in the designed structure was verified using the rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) method. The angular independence of the relative transmission could reach up to 60°, and polarization-insensitive performance could also be maintained. Numerical results demonstrated that the thickness of IGZO was the key parameter to concentrate the incident light. The overall structure is planar and lithography-free and can be produced with simple preparation steps. The obtained results can also be extended to other similar resonators where a proper cavity allows dynamical functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Fan
- School of Electronics & Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China;
| | - Shengyao Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.W.); (D.X.)
| | - Gaige Zheng
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; (S.W.); (D.X.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Optoelectronic Detection of Atmosphere and Ocean, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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4
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Hu L, Ma L, Wang C, Liu L. Machine learning-assisted design of polarization-controlled dynamically switchable full-color metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:26519-26533. [PMID: 36236842 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic color tuning has significant application prospects in the fields of color display, steganography, and information encryption. However, most methods for color switching require external stimuli, which increases the structural complexity and hinders the applicability of front-end dynamic display technology. In this study, we propose polarization-controlled hybrid metal-dielectric metasurfaces to realize full-color display and dynamic color tuning by altering the polarization angle of incident light without changing the structure and properties of the material. A bidirectional neural network is trained to predict the colors of mixed metasurfaces and inversely design the geometric parameters for the desired colors, which is less dependent on design experience and reduces the computational cost. According to the color recognition ability of human eyes, the accuracy of color prediction realized in our study is 93.18% and that of inverse parameter design is 92.37%. This study presents a simple method for dynamic structural color tuning and accelerating the design of full-color metasurfaces, which can offer further insight into the design of color filters and promote photonics research.
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Choi S, Zhao Z, Zuo J, Faruque HMR, Yao Y, Wang C. Structural color printing via polymer-assisted photochemical deposition. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:84. [PMID: 35387968 PMCID: PMC8986859 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00776-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Structural color printings have broad applications due to their advantages of long-term sustainability, eco-friendly manufacturing, and ultra-high resolution. However, most of them require costly and time-consuming fabrication processes from nanolithography to vacuum deposition and etching. Here, we demonstrate a new color printing technology based on polymer-assisted photochemical metal deposition (PPD), a room temperature, ambient, and additive manufacturing process without requiring heating, vacuum deposition or etching. The PPD-printed silver films comprise densely aggregated silver nanoparticles filled with a small amount (estimated <20% volume) of polymers, producing a smooth surface (roughness 2.5 nm) even better than vacuum-deposited silver films (roughness 2.8 nm) at ~4 nm thickness. Further, the printed composite films have a much larger effective refractive index n (~1.90) and a smaller extinction coefficient k (~0.92) than PVD ones in the visible wavelength range (400 to 800 nm), therefore modulating the surface reflection and the phase accumulation. The capability of PPD in printing both ultra-thin (~5 nm) composite films and highly reflective thicker film greatly benefit the design and construction of multilayered Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity structures to exhibit vivid and saturated colors. We demonstrated programmed printing of complex pictures of different color schemes at a high spatial resolution of ~6.5 μm by three-dimensionally modulating the top composite film geometries and dielectric spacer thicknesses (75 to 200 nm). Finally, PPD-based color picture printing is demonstrated on a wide range of substrates, including glass, PDMS, and plastic, proving its broad potential in future applications from security labeling to color displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinhyuk Choi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Zhi Zhao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiawei Zuo
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | | | - Yu Yao
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Zhang Y, Chen M, Qin Z, Teng C, Cheng Y, Xu R, Liu H, Deng S, Deng H, Yang H, Qu S, Yuan L. Dual-color meta-image display with a silver nanopolarizer based metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:25894-25902. [PMID: 34614908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metallic nanostructures with anisotropic design have unusual polarization-selective characteristic which can be utilized to build nanopolarizers at the nanoscale. Herein, we propose a dual-color image display platform by reconfiguring two types of silver nanoblocks in a single-celled metasurface. Governed by Malus's law, the two types of silver nanoblocks both acting as nanopolarizers with different orientations can continuously modulate the intensity of incident linearly polarized red and green light pixel-by-pixel, respectively. As a result, an ultra-compact, high-resolution, and continuous-greyscale dual-color image can be recorded right at the surface of the meta-device. We demonstrate the dual-color Malus metasurface by successfully encoding and decoding a red-green continuously-grayscale image into a metasurface sample. The experimentally captured meta-image with high-fidelity and resolution as high as 63500 dots per inch (dpi) has verified our proposal. With the advantages such as continuous grayscale modulation, ultrathin, high stability and high density, the proposed dual-color encoded metasurfaces can be readily used in ultra-compact image displays, high-end anti-counterfeiting, high-density optical information storage and information encryption, etc.
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7
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Kim J, Rana AS, Kim Y, Kim I, Badloe T, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Chiroptical Metasurfaces: Principles, Classification, and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4381. [PMID: 34206760 PMCID: PMC8271883 DOI: 10.3390/s21134381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chiral materials, which show different optical behaviors when illuminated by left or right circularly polarized light due to broken mirror symmetry, have greatly impacted the field of optical sensing over the past decade. To improve the sensitivity of chiral sensing platforms, enhancing the chiroptical response is necessary. Metasurfaces, which are two-dimensional metamaterials consisting of periodic subwavelength artificial structures, have recently attracted significant attention because of their ability to enhance the chiroptical response by manipulating amplitude, phase, and polarization of electromagnetic fields. Here, we reviewed the fundamentals of chiroptical metasurfaces as well as categorized types of chiroptical metasurfaces by their intrinsic or extrinsic chirality. Finally, we introduced applications of chiral metasurfaces such as multiplexing metaholograms, metalenses, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Ahsan Sarwar Rana
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Inki Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- NanoTech Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan; (A.S.R.); (M.Z.)
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea; (J.K.); (Y.K.); (I.K.); (T.B.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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8
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Lee T, Kim J, Koirala I, Yang Y, Badloe T, Jang J, Rho J. Nearly Perfect Transmissive Subtractive Coloration through the Spectral Amplification of Mie Scattering and Lattice Resonance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26299-26307. [PMID: 34048213 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has been utilized in metasurfaces to produce structural color filters due to its compatibility with mature and cost-effective methods for complementary metal oxide semiconductor devices. In this work, we propose and demonstrate efficiency- and scattering-enhanced structural color filters using all-dielectric metasurfaces made up of engineered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) nanoblocks. Wavelength-dependent filtering is achieved by Mie scattering as each structure individually supports the electric dipole (ED) and magnetic dipole (MD) resonances. The ED and MD resonances are identified by observing the field profiles of the resonance calculated by finite element method (FEM) simulations. To enhance the efficiency and scattering response of the all-dielectric metasurfaces, the proposed structural color filters are designed with consideration of the lattice resonances and scattering directivity. The spectral positions of the transmission dips and peaks are rigorously analyzed in accordance with the Mie theory and multipole expansion. The transmission spectra exhibit 100% transmission where Kerker's first condition is satisfied, while the lattice resonances amplify the ED and MD scattering responses throughout the entire visible regime. Various colors are generated by varying the resonance peak, which is controlled by varying the geometric parameters of a-Si:H nanoblocks. The proposed structural color printing devices are expected to have applications in dynamic color displays, imaging devices, and photorealistic color printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ishwor Koirala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Lee T, Lee C, Oh DK, Badloe T, Ok JG, Rho J. Scalable and High-Throughput Top-Down Manufacturing of Optical Metasurfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4108. [PMID: 32718085 PMCID: PMC7435655 DOI: 10.3390/s20154108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have shown promising potential to miniaturize existing bulk optical components thanks to their extraordinary optical properties and ultra-thin, small, and lightweight footprints. However, the absence of proper manufacturing methods has been one of the main obstacles preventing the practical application of metasurfaces and commercialization. Although a variety of fabrication techniques have been used to produce optical metasurfaces, there are still no universal scalable and high-throughput manufacturing methods that meet the criteria for large-scale metasurfaces for device/product-level applications. The fundamentals and recent progress of the large area and high-throughput manufacturing methods are discussed with practical device applications. We systematically classify various top-down scalable patterning techniques for optical metasurfaces: firstly, optical and printing methods are categorized and then their conventional and unconventional (emerging/new) techniques are discussed in detail, respectively. In the end of each section, we also introduce the recent developments of metasurfaces realized by the corresponding fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (T.L.); (C.L.); (D.K.O.); (T.B.)
| | - Chihun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (T.L.); (C.L.); (D.K.O.); (T.B.)
| | - Dong Kyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (T.L.); (C.L.); (D.K.O.); (T.B.)
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (T.L.); (C.L.); (D.K.O.); (T.B.)
| | - Jong G. Ok
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea;
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea; (T.L.); (C.L.); (D.K.O.); (T.B.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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Wang X, Chen J, Guo T, Shi Y. Polarization tunable color filters based on all-dielectric metasurfaces on a flexible substrate. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:21704-21712. [PMID: 32752443 DOI: 10.1364/oe.398494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Structural color filters based on all-dielectric materials are considered to be promising alternatives to metal nanostructures due to significant advantages, such as high-quality resonance effects and low losses of Ohmic effects. We demonstrate a polarization tunable color filter based on all-dielectric metasurfaces, which is based on the arrays of asymmetric monocrystalline silicon nanoblocks on the flexible substrate. By adjusting the physical dimensions of nanoblocks, the filter can exhibit a variety of bright transmission colors. Furthermore, the designed dielectric metasurfaces are sensitive to the linear polarization direction of the incident light, thus a wide range of color images can be created by changing the polarization angles. All of the color filter including the dielectric silicon nanoblocks, the overcladding, and the flexible substrate can be delaminated from the handler substrates and the optical property is reconfigurable, which will find applications in the functional color display, polarization detection and imaging, and secured optical tag.
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Recent Advances in Tunable and Reconfigurable Metamaterials. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9110560. [PMID: 30715059 PMCID: PMC6267285 DOI: 10.3390/mi9110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metamaterials are composed of nanostructures, called artificial atoms, which can give metamaterials extraordinary properties that cannot be found in natural materials. The nanostructures themselves and their arrangements determine the metamaterials’ properties. However, a conventional metamaterial has fixed properties in general, which limit their use. Thus, real-world applications of metamaterials require the development of tunability. This paper reviews studies that realized tunable and reconfigurable metamaterials that are categorized by the mechanisms that cause the change: inducing temperature changes, illuminating light, inducing mechanical deformation, and applying electromagnetic fields. We then provide the advantages and disadvantages of each mechanism and explain the results or effects of tuning. We also introduce studies that overcome the disadvantages or strengthen the advantages of each classified tunable metamaterial.
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