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Hernik A, Radford McGovern F, Naydenova I. Optical Response of PDMS Surface Diffraction Gratings under Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds. ACS APPLIED OPTICAL MATERIALS 2024; 2:1188-1197. [PMID: 38962564 PMCID: PMC11220723 DOI: 10.1021/acsaom.4c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air is significantly gaining importance due to their adverse effects on human health. Among the diverse detection methods is optical sensing, which employs materials sensitive to the presence of gases in the environment. In this work, we investigate polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), one of the materials utilized for gas sensing, in a novel transducer: a surface relief diffraction grating. Upon adsorption of the volatile analyte, the PDMS grating swells, and its refractive index changes; both effects lead to increased diffraction efficiency in the first diffraction order. Hence, the possibility of VOC detection emerges from the measurement of the optical power transmitted or diffracted by the grating. Here, we investigated responses of PDMS gratings with varying surface profile properties upon exposure to VOCs with different polarities, i.e., ethanol, n-butanol, toluene, chloroform, and m-xylene, and compared their response in the context of the Hansen theory of solubility. We also studied the response of the grating with a 530 nm deep surface profile to different concentrations of m-xylene, showing a sensitivity and limit of detection of 0.017 μW/ppm and 186 ppm, respectively. Structures in the PDMS were obtained as copies of sinusoidal surface gratings fabricated holographically in acrylamide photopolymer and revealed good sensing repeatability, reversibility, and a fast response time. The proposed sensing technique can be directly adopted as a simple method for VOC detection or can be further improved by implementing a functional coating to significantly enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Hernik
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Faolan Radford McGovern
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Izabela Naydenova
- Centre for Industrial &
Engineering Optics, School of Physics, Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, D07 ADY7 Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Francis D, Hodgkinson J, Tatam RP. Long-wave infrared pulsed external-cavity QCL spectrometer using a hollow waveguide gas cell. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18399-18414. [PMID: 38858996 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
A spectrometer built using an external cavity pulsed quantum cascade laser is described. The spectrometer has a tuning range from 10 - 13 µm (1,000 - 769 cm-1) and is designed to target volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which often exhibit water-free molecular absorption within the region. The spectrometer utilizes a hollow silica waveguide gas cell which has an internal volume of a few millilitres, a fast response time (∼1 s), and is advantageous when only low sample volumes, similar to the cell volume, are available. Propane is used as a test gas because it is easy to handle, and its spectral profile is comparable to VOCs of interest. Its absorption in the region is primarily within the ν21 band which spans from 10.55 - 11.16 µm (948 - 896 cm-1). Spectral measurements at a range of concentrations show good linearity and an Allan deviation of absorbance values recorded over a 100-minute period indicates a minimum detectable absorbance of 3.5×10-5 at an integration time of 75 s.
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3
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Beitner D, Amitay S, Salleh Atri S, McEllistrim A, Coen T, Fal’ko VI, Richter S, Ben Shalom M, Suchowski H. Mid-Infrared Mapping of Four-Layer Graphene Polytypes Using Near-Field Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10758-10764. [PMID: 38007708 PMCID: PMC10722527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared (MIR) spectral region attracts attention for accurate chemical analysis using photonic devices. Few-layer graphene (FLG) polytypes are promising platforms, due to their broad absorption in this range and gate-tunable optical properties. Among these polytypes, the noncentrosymmetric ABCB/ACAB structure is particularly interesting, due to its intrinsic bandgap (8.8 meV) and internal polarization. In this study, we utilize scattering-scanning near-field microscopy to measure the optical response of all three tetralayer graphene polytypes in the 8.5-11.5 μm range. We employ a finite dipole model to compare these results to the calculated optical conductivity for each polytype obtained from a tight-binding model. Our findings reveal a significant discrepancy in the MIR optical conductivity response of graphene between the different polytypes than what the tight-binding model suggests. This observation implies an increased potential for utilizing the distinct tetralayer polytypes in photonic devices operating within the MIR range for chemical sensing and infrared imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beitner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
- University
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shaked Amitay
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Simon Salleh Atri
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Andrew McEllistrim
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Tom Coen
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Vladimir I. Fal’ko
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Booth Street East, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United
Kingdom
| | - Shachar Richter
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
- University
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
| | - Moshe Ben Shalom
- University
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Haim Suchowski
- University
Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69998, Israel
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Cao Y, Nallappan K, Xu G, Skorobogatiy M. Resonant Gas Sensing in the Terahertz Spectral Range Using Two-Wire Phase-Shifted Waveguide Bragg Gratings. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8527. [PMID: 37896620 PMCID: PMC10610679 DOI: 10.3390/s23208527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of low-cost sensing devices with high compactness, flexibility, and robustness is of significance for practical applications of optical gas sensing. In this work, we propose a waveguide-based resonant gas sensor operating in the terahertz frequency band. It features micro-encapsulated two-wire plasmonic waveguides and a phase-shifted waveguide Bragg grating (WBG). The modular semi-sealed structure ensures the controllable and efficient interaction between terahertz radiation and gaseous analytes of small quantities. WBG built by superimposing periodical features on one wire shows high reflection and a low transmission coefficient within the grating stopband. Phase-shifted grating is developed by inserting a Fabry-Perot cavity in the form of a straight waveguide section inside the uniform gratings. Its spectral response is optimized for sensing by tailoring the cavity length and the number of grating periods. Gas sensor operating around 140 GHz, featuring a sensitivity of 144 GHz/RIU to the variation in the gas refractive index, with resolution of 7 × 10-5 RIU, is developed. In proof-of-concept experiments, gas sensing was demonstrated by monitoring the real-time spectral response of the phase-shifted grating to glycerol vapor flowing through its sealed cavity. We believe that the phase-shifted grating-based terahertz resonant gas sensor can open new opportunities in the monitoring of gaseous analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Center for Advanced Laser Technology, Hebei University of Technology, 5340 Xiping Road, Tianjin 300401, China
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (K.N.); (G.X.)
| | - Kathirvel Nallappan
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (K.N.); (G.X.)
| | - Guofu Xu
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (K.N.); (G.X.)
| | - Maksim Skorobogatiy
- Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada; (K.N.); (G.X.)
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Chin S, Van Zaen J, Denis S, Muntané E, Schröder S, Martin H, Balet L, Lecomte S. An Artificial Neural Network to Eliminate the Detrimental Spectral Shift on Mid-Infrared Gas Spectroscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8232. [PMID: 37837060 PMCID: PMC10575262 DOI: 10.3390/s23198232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the successful implementation of an artificial neural network (ANN) to eliminate detrimental spectral shifts imposed in the measurement of laser absorption spectrometers (LASs). Since LASs rely on the analysis of the spectral characteristics of biological and chemical molecules, their accuracy and precision is especially prone to the presence of unwanted spectral shift in the measured molecular absorption spectrum over the reference spectrum. In this paper, an ANN was applied to a scanning grating-based mid-infrared trace gas sensing system, which suffers from temperature-induced spectral shifts. Using the HITRAN database, we generated synthetic gas absorbance spectra with random spectral shifts for training and validation. The ANN was trained with these synthetic spectra to identify the occurrence of spectral shifts. Our experimental verification unambiguously proves that such an ANN can be an excellent tool to accurately retrieve the gas concentration from imprecise or distorted spectra of gas absorption. Due to the global shift of the measured gas absorption spectrum, the accuracy of the retrieved gas concentration using a typical least-mean-squares fitting algorithm was considerably degraded by 40.3%. However, when the gas concentration of the same measurement dataset was predicted by the proposed multilayer perceptron network, the sensing accuracy significantly improved by reducing the error to less than ±1% while preserving the sensing sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghoon Chin
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Jérôme Van Zaen
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Séverine Denis
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Enric Muntané
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | | | - Hans Martin
- SenseAir AB, 82060 Delsbo, Sweden; (S.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Laurent Balet
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
| | - Steve Lecomte
- Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), CH-2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; (J.V.Z.); (S.D.); (E.M.); (L.B.); (S.L.)
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6
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Barbosa LFFM, Dubowik PB, Reddemann MA, Kneer R. Development of a cavity ring-down spectrometer toward multi-species composition. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:105117. [PMID: 37902462 DOI: 10.1063/5.0149765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the development of a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) designed for the detection of several molecules relevant for air pollution, including the second overtone of ro-vibration transitions from CO at 1.58 µm and NO at 1.79 µm. A unique feature of this CRDS is the use of custom mirrors with a reflectivity of about 99.99% from 1.52 to 1.80 µm, enabling efficient laser coupling into the cavity while ensuring a minimum detectable absorbance of 1.1 × 10-10 cm-1 within an integration time of about 1.2 s. In this work, the successful implementation of the current CRDS is demonstrated in two different wavelength regions. At 1.79 µm, the transitions R17.5 and R4.5 of the second overtone of NO are detected. At 1.58 µm, carbon dioxide and water vapor from untreated ambient air are measured, serving as an example to investigate the suitability of a post-processing procedure for the determination of the molar fraction in a multi-species composition. This post-processing procedure has the benefit of being calibration-free and SI-traceable. Additionally, CRDS measurements of gas mixtures containing CO and CO2 are also shown. In the future, the advantages of the developed cavity ring-down spectrometer will be exploited in order to perform fundamental studies on the transport processes of heterogeneous catalysis by locally resolving the gas phase near a working catalytic surface. The possibility to cover a broad wavelength region with this CRDS opens up the opportunity to investigate different catalytic reactions, including CO oxidation and NO reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Felipe F M Barbosa
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Philip B Dubowik
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Manuel A Reddemann
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, Aachen 52062, Germany
| | - Reinhold Kneer
- Institute of Heat and Mass Transfer, RWTH Aachen University, Augustinerbach 6, Aachen 52062, Germany
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7
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Wang C, Sun Y, Zhao Q, Yang C, Zeng C, Feng Z, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhou K, Wei X, Yang Z, Xu S. Ultrafine electro-optical frequency comb based on cascade phase modulation with cyclic frequency shifting. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4665-4668. [PMID: 37656581 DOI: 10.1364/ol.498007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
An ultrafine electro-optical frequency comb (EOFC) with plentiful comb teeth is demonstrated. Adopting a single-frequency fiber laser as a light source, cascade phase modulation based on a sinusoidal signal and a frequency-time transformation (FTT) signal is executed to generate the EOFC with high fineness. Meanwhile, a cyclic fast frequency shifting strategy is introduced to boost the number of comb teeth and the bandwidth of the EOFC. As a result, an EOFC with 12600 comb lines covering a broad bandwidth from -6.3 GHz to 6.3 GHz is established, corresponding to an ultrafine comb space of 1 MHz. Moreover, the power fluctuation of a comb tooth is less than 0.5 dBm. This state-of-the-art EOFC has significant potential in the field of precision spectroscopy.
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8
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Zhu J, Ji S, Ren Z, Wu W, Zhang Z, Ni Z, Liu L, Zhang Z, Song A, Lee C. Triboelectric-induced ion mobility for artificial intelligence-enhanced mid-infrared gas spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2524. [PMID: 37130843 PMCID: PMC10154418 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isopropyl alcohol molecules, as a biomarker for anti-virus diagnosis, play a significant role in the area of environmental safety and healthcare relating volatile organic compounds. However, conventional gas molecule detection exhibits dramatic drawbacks, like the strict working conditions of ion mobility methodology and weak light-matter interaction of mid-infrared spectroscopy, yielding limited response of targeted molecules. We propose a synergistic methodology of artificial intelligence-enhanced ion mobility and mid-infrared spectroscopy, leveraging the complementary features from the sensing signal in different dimensions to reach superior accuracy for isopropyl alcohol identification. We pull in "cold" plasma discharge from triboelectric generator which improves the mid-infrared spectroscopic response of isopropyl alcohol with good regression prediction. Moreover, this synergistic methodology achieves ~99.08% accuracy for a precise gas concentration prediction, even with interferences of different carbon-based gases. The synergistic methodology of artificial intelligence-enhanced system creates mechanism of accurate gas sensing for mixture and regression prediction in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Shanling Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China
| | - Aiguo Song
- School of Instrument Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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9
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Wang W, Wang F, Cui H, Fan J. Quantitative acquisition of differential absorption cross sections of chlorobenzenes at different temperatures. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 287:122108. [PMID: 36423419 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.122108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chlorobenzene is considered an essential organic synthesis intermediate and a precursor for the generation of persistent organic compounds in the waste disposal process, for which accurate detection of gaseous chlorobenzene can further help understand and control various chemical processes and effectively reduce pollution. Differential optical absorption spectroscopy is a reliable online method for detecting gaseous chlorobenzenes. It is crucial to investigate the effect of temperature on the optical absorption of the chlorobenzenes to quantify chlorobenzenes more precisely at various temperatures. A method to fix the effect of temperature variation on absorption spectra of chlorobenzene is initially proposed in this study, and it gave accurate concentrations. The proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of chlorobenzene concentration measurements with an inverse concentration deviation of 3.2 % or less. The differential absorption cross sections at various temperatures are studied to understand how chlorobenzene absorption cross sections vary with temperature. Such a study is also helpful in reducing the concentration inversion errors induced by the variation of absorption cross sections of chlorobenzene with temperature. A novel method of introducing the binary function of the differential absorption cross sections with respect to wavelength and temperature is also proposed. The fitting of the binary function is done by downscaling functions at fixed wavelength and fixed temperature,respectively. Both fitting approaches obtained continuous differential absorption cross sections in the 201-220 nm wavelength band and 288-473 K temperature range, along with less than 2.74 % deviation in the concentration inversion measurements. Finally,based on the temperature specificity of the shape of the differential absorption cross sections,we developed another method using differential absorption spectroscopy for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration, with a temperature prediction error of less than 1.89 %. This method is favorable to the applications of differential absorption spectroscopy in simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Haibin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jinhui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization (Zhejiang University), Hangzhou 310027, China
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Strahl T, Steinebrunner J, Weber C, Wöllenstein J, Schmitt K. Photoacoustic methane detection inside a MEMS microphone. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100428. [PMID: 36544534 PMCID: PMC9761851 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An innovative laser based photoacoustic (PA) gas sensing concept with intrinsic miniaturization potential was developed and investigated for methane trace gas detection. An interband cascade laser (ICL) with an optical power of 8.5 mW targets a methane (CH4) absorption line feature around 3057.7 cm-1 (or 3270 nm). The ICL was focused into the sound port of a MEMS microphone, where the PA signal was generated and detected using a wavelength modulation concept (2f-WMS-PAS). The MEMS microphone was successfully implemented as an intrinsically miniaturized PA cell being gas sensing volume, acoustic resonator and sound transducer at once. Frequencies between 2 kHz and 100 kHz were investigated and used for methane detection. A sensitive and resonant methane detection at 41.8 kHz was investigated by concentration variations between 0 and 10 ppm CH4 in N2. A limit of detection ( 3 σ -LOD) of 329 ppb was estimated. The long term stability of this sensor was investigated by the measurement of methane in ambient air. A noise equivalent concentration (NEC) of 14 ppb (parts per billion) at an average time of 10 s was estimated. This value corresponds to a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) of 2 ⋅ 1 0 - 8 W cm-1 Hz-1/2. Using the MEMS microphone directly as PA cell offers the possibility for an extremely miniaturized, highly sensitive and very cost-efficient photoacoustic trace gas sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Strahl
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Jonas Steinebrunner
- Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wöllenstein
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmitt
- Laboratory for Gas Sensors, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 102, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
- Department of Gas and Process Technology, Fraunhofer Institute for Physical Measurement Techniques IPM, Georges-Köhler-Allee 301, Freiburg, 79110, Germany
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11
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Okazaki D, Song W, Morichika I, Ashihara S. Mode-locked laser oscillation with spectral peaks at molecular rovibrational transition lines. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:6077-6080. [PMID: 37219176 DOI: 10.1364/ol.477555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spectral peak formation in a mode-locked solid-state laser that contains a gas cell inside the cavity. Symmetric spectral peaks appear in the course of sequential spectral shaping through resonant interaction with molecular rovibrational transitions and nonlinear phase modulation in the gain medium. The spectral peak formation is explained as that narrowband molecular emissions triggered by an impulsive rovibrational excitation are superposed on the broadband spectrum of the soliton pulse by constructive interference. The demonstrated laser, which exhibits comb-like spectral peaks at molecular resonances, potentially provides novel tools for ultrasensitive molecular detection, vibration-mediated chemical reaction control, and infrared frequency standards.
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12
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Pedersen RL, Tidemand-Lichtenberg P, Pedersen C. Synchronous upconversion of quantum cascade lasers in AgGaS 2. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5622-5625. [PMID: 37219286 DOI: 10.1364/ol.472219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigate synchronous upconversion of a pulsed, tunable quantum cascade laser (QCL) in the important 5.4-10.2 µm range, with a 30 kHz, Q-switched, 1064 nm laser. The possibility to accurately control the repetition rate and pulse duration of the QCL results in a good temporal overlap with the Q-switched laser, leading to an upconversion quantum efficiency of 16% in a 10 mm-long AgGaS2 crystal. We investigate the noise properties of the upconversion process in terms of pulse-to-pulse energy stability and timing jitter. For QCL pulses in the 30-70 ns range the upconverted pulse-to-pulse stability is approximately 1.75%. The demonstrated combination of broad tunability and high signal to noise in the system is well-suited for mid-IR spectral analysis of highly absorbing samples.
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13
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Song W, Okazaki D, Morichika I, Ashihara S. Broadband background-free vibrational spectroscopy using a mode-locked Cr:ZnS laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:38674-38683. [PMID: 36258426 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-sensitivity vibrational absorption spectroscopy in the 2-micron wavelength range by using a mode-locked Cr:ZnS laser. Interferometric subtraction and multichannel detection across the broad laser spectrum realize simultaneous background-free detection of multiple vibrational modes over a spectral span of >380 cm-1. Importantly, we achieve detection of small absorbance on the order of 10-4, which is well below the detection limit of conventional absorption spectroscopy set by the detector dynamic range. The results indicate the promising potential of the background-free method for ultrasensitive and rapid detection of trace gases and chemicals.
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14
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Sun F, Li J, Tan KH, Wicaksono S, Chua YD, Wang C, Dai M, Gui Roth VQ, Yoon SF, Wang QJ. Beam combining of a broadly and continuously tunable quantum cascade laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:35999-36009. [PMID: 36258538 DOI: 10.1364/oe.470631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report a cost-efficient method to demonstrate the beam combining of five laser elements in an array of tunable slot waveguide quantum cascade lasers in the mid-infrared region at around 10 µm. An aspherical lens with five fine-tuned mini mirrors was employed to collimate the individual beams from the laser array. To verify the feasibility of this beam combining approach, the combined beams were coupled into a hollow-core fiber gas cell with a low numerical aperture (N.A.) of 0.03 and a coupling efficiency >= 0.82, for gas sensing of binary compound gases of ammonia and ethylene simultaneously.
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15
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Fu L, Lu P, Sima C, Zhao J, Pan Y, Li T, Zhang X, Liu D. Small-volume highly-sensitive all-optical gas sensor using non-resonant photoacoustic spectroscopy with dual silicon cantilever optical microphones. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 27:100382. [PMID: 36068799 PMCID: PMC9441265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A small-volume highly-sensitive photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) methane detection system based on differential silicon cantilever optical microphones (SCOMs) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The system contains a compact non-resonant photoacoustic cell with a small volume of 1.2 mL and symmetrically-located dual SCOMs, as well as a distributed feedback laser at 1650.96 nm. The two identical SCOMs utilize the Fabry-Perot interferometric fiber-optic structure, with the differential Q-point demodulation algorithm to suppress the external vibration noise. Experimental results show that the SCOM has a high displacement sensitivity about 7.1 µm/Pa at 150 Hz and within 2.5 dB fluctuation between 5 Hz and 250 Hz. In the PAS gas sensing experiment, the normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of the PAS system is estimated to be 1.2 × 10-9 cm-1·W·Hz-1/2 and the minimum detection limit for methane is about 111.2 ppb with 1 s integration time. External disturbance is also applied to the dual SCOM system and results show excellent stability and noise resistance. The proposed PAS system exhibits superiorities of low gas consumption, high sensitivity and immunity to vibration and electromagnetic interference, which has an enormous potential in medicine, industry and environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujun Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ping Lu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Wuhan OV Optical Networking Technology Co, Ltd, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Chaotan Sima
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Corresponding authors at: Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Jinbiao Zhao
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yufeng Pan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tailin Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaohang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Deming Liu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) and National Engineering Research Center for Next Generation Internet Access System, School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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16
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Utochkin VV, Kudryavtsev KE, Dubinov AA, Fadeev MA, Rumyantsev VV, Razova AA, Andronov EV, Aleshkin VY, Gavrilenko VI, Mikhailov NN, Dvoretsky SA, Teppe F, Morozov SV. Stimulated Emission up to 2.75 µm from HgCdTe/CdHgTe QW Structure at Room Temperature. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12152599. [PMID: 35957029 PMCID: PMC9370120 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Heterostructures with thin Hg(Cd)Te/CdHgTe quantum wells (QWs) are attractive for the development of mid-infrared interband lasers. Of particular interest are room-temperature operating emitters for the short-wavelength infrared range (SWIR, typically defined as 1.7–3 μm). In this work, we report on the observation of stimulated emission (SE) in the 2.65–2.75 µm wavelength range at room temperature in an optically pumped HgCdTe QW laser heterostructure. We study a series of three samples with lengths ranging from 2.5 to 7 mm and discuss the effects related to the non-uniformity of the excitation beam profile. SE threshold intensity and the magnitude of pump-induced carrier heating are found to be effectively dependent on the chip size, which should be accounted for in possible designs of HgCdTe-based optical converters. We also pay attention to the problem of active medium engineering in order to push the SE wavelength towards the 3–5 µm atmospheric window and to lower the SE threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V. Utochkin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Konstantin E. Kudryavtsev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Dubinov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Fadeev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Vladimir V. Rumyantsev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna A. Razova
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Egor V. Andronov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Institute of Radio Electronics and Information Technologies, Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir Ya. Aleshkin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Advanced School of General and Applied Physics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Gavrilenko
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Advanced School of General and Applied Physics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolay N. Mikhailov
- Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.N.M.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Sergey A. Dvoretsky
- Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (N.N.M.); (S.A.D.)
| | - Frederic Teppe
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, UMR 5221, CNRS-University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Sergey V. Morozov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of RAS, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (K.E.K.); (A.A.D.); (M.A.F.); (V.V.R.); (A.A.R.); (E.V.A.); (V.Y.A.); (V.I.G.); (S.V.M.)
- Faculty of Radiophysics, Lobachevsky State University, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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17
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Chen H, Zhang P, Song J, Yin H, Hang Y, Yang Q, Li Z, Chen Z. Spectral broadening of a mixed Nd: CYGA crystal with tunable laser operation beyond 1100 nm. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:21943-21951. [PMID: 36224904 DOI: 10.1364/oe.461795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A broader emission band of the novel Nd: CaY0.9Gd0.1AlO4 (Nd: CYGA) mixed crystal was proved by the introduction of Gd3+ ions in Nd: CaYAlO4 (Nd: CYA) crystal, and a diode-pump tunable Nd: CYGA laser operation was achieved successfully. Due to the broad emission spectrum with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 23 nm, a tuning range of 32 nm from 1075 nm to 1107 nm was achieved, and the results were considered to be the first time for Nd-doped crystals to be tuned to such a long wavelength at 1107 nm, which promotes the further development of near-infrared tunable lasers. The maximum output power was 1.05 W at the center wavelength of 1081.4 nm, corresponding to the slope efficiency of 26.6%. Furthermore, we also demonstrated a continuous-wave 1105 nm laser with the output power of 53 mW. Our work indicates that Nd: CYGA crystal is a potential Nd-doped gain medium for generating all-solid-state near-infrared lasers.
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18
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Generation of 8–20 μm Mid-Infrared Ultrashort Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Difference Frequency Generation. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9060372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) ultrashort laser pulses have a wide range of applications in the fields of environmental monitoring, laser medicine, food quality control, strong-field physics, attosecond science, and some other aspects. Recent years have seen great developments in MIR laser technologies. Traditional solid-state and fiber lasers focus on the research of the short-wavelength MIR region. However, due to the limitation of the gain medium, they still cannot cover the long-wavelength region from 8 to 20 µm. This paper summarizes the developments of 8–20 μm MIR ultrafast laser generation via difference frequency generation (DFG) and reviews related theoretical models. Finally, the feasibility of MIR power scaling by nonlinear-amplification DFG and methods for measuring the power of DFG-based MIR are analyzed from the author’s perspective.
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19
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Choi EH, Kaushik NK, Hong YJ, Lim JS, Choi JS, Han I. Plasma bioscience for medicine, agriculture and hygiene applications. THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY 2022; 80:817-851. [PMID: 35261432 PMCID: PMC8895076 DOI: 10.1007/s40042-022-00442-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonthermal biocompatible plasma (NBP) sources operating in atmospheric pressure environments and their characteristics can be used for plasma bioscience, medicine, and hygiene applications, especially for COVID-19 and citizen. This review surveyed the various NBP sources, including a plasma jet, micro-DBD (dielectric barrier discharge) and nanosecond discharged plasma. The electron temperatures and the plasma densities, which are produced using dielectric barrier discharged electrode systems, can be characterized as 0.7 ~ 1.8 eV and (3-5) × 1014-15 cm-3, respectively. Herein, we introduce a general schematic view of the plasma ultraviolet photolysis of water molecules for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) generation inside biological cells or living tissues, which would be synergistically important with RONS diffusive propagation into cells or tissues. Of the RONS, the hydroxyl radical [OH] and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 species would mainly result in apoptotic cell death with other RONS in plasma bioscience and medicines. The diseased biological protein, cancer, and mutated cells could be treated by using a NBP or plasma activated water (PAW) resulting in their apoptosis for a new paradigm of plasma medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Young June Hong
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Jun Sup Lim
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Jin Sung Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
| | - Ihn Han
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center and Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897 Korea
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20
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Wang G, Zhang T, Jiang Y, He S. Compact photoacoustic spectrophone for simultaneously monitoring the concentrations of dichloromethane and trichloromethane with a single acoustic resonator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7053-7067. [PMID: 35299477 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are frequently used as reagents and organic solvents in different industrial processes. Real-time detection of chlorinated hydrocarbons, as toxic air pollutants and carcinogenic species, is an important requirement for various environmental and industrial applications. In this study, a compact photoacoustic (PA) spectrophone based on a single acoustic resonator for simultaneous detection of trichloromethane (CHCl3) and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) is first reported by employing a low-cost distributed feedback (DFB) laser emitting at 1684 nm. In consideration of the significant overlapping of absorption spectral from trichloromethane and dichloromethane, the multi-linear regression method was used to calculate the concentrations of CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 with special characterization of the absorption profile. The current modulation amplitude and detection phase in the developed PA spectrophone was optimized for high sensitivity of individual components. The measurement interference of CHCl3 and CH2Cl2 on each other was investigated for accurate detection, respectively. For field measurements, all optical elements were integrated into a 40 cm × 40 cm × 20 cm chassis. This paper provides an experimental verification which strongly recommends this sensor as a compact photoacoustic field sensor system for chlorinated hydrocarbon detection in different applications.
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21
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Luo P, Harrist J, Menduni G, Mesdour R, StMichel N, Sampaolo A. Simultaneous Detection of Methane, Ethane, and Propane by QEPAS Sensors for On-Site Hydrocarbon Characterization and Production Monitoring. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3395-3406. [PMID: 35128249 PMCID: PMC8811888 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Natural gas is sampled and produced throughout the lifespan of a petroleum field. Gas composition and isotope data are critical inputs in the exploration and field development, such as gas show identification, petroleum system analysis, fluid characterization, and production monitoring. On-site gas analysis is usually conducted within a mud gas unit, which is operationally unavailable after drilling. Gas samples need to be taken from the field and shipped back to the laboratory for gas chromatography and isotope-ratio mass spectrometry analyses. Results are usually without sufficient resolution to fully characterize the heterogeneity and dynamics of fluids within the reservoir and the production system. In addition, it often takes a considerable time to obtain the results using the traditional method. A novel QEPAS (quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy) sensor system was developed to move gas composition analyses to field for quasi-real-time characterization and monitoring. With respect to previously reported QEPAS prototypes for trace gas detection, the new system realized measuring concentrations of methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) in gas phase within the percentage range that is typically encountered in natural gas samples from oil and gas fields. A gas mixing enclosure was used to dilute the natural gas-like mixtures in nitrogen gas (N2) to avoid the saturation of QEPAS signals. An iterative analysis based on multilinear regression of QEPAS spectra was developed to filter out the influence of gas matrix variation from multiple hydrocarbon components. The advance in simultaneous measuring hydrocarbon gases and expanded linearity range of QEPAS, with previously reported detection of H2S, CO2, and gas isotopes (12CO2/13CO2, 13CH4/12CH4), opens a way to use the advanced sensing technology for in situ and real-time gas detection and chemical analysis in the oil industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Luo
- EXPEC
Advanced Research Center, Saudi Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jonathan Harrist
- Houston
Research Center, Aramco Americas, Houston, Texas 77084, United States
| | | | - Rabah Mesdour
- Unconventional
Reservoir Engineering Department, Saudi
Aramco, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nathan StMichel
- Houston
Research Center, Aramco Americas, Houston, Texas 77084, United States
| | - Angelo Sampaolo
- Polysense
Lab, University and Politecnico of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
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22
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A Laser-Based Multipass Absorption Sensor for Sub-ppm Detection of Methane, Acetylene and Ammonia. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22020556. [PMID: 35062517 PMCID: PMC8780281 DOI: 10.3390/s22020556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A compact, sensitive laser-based absorption sensor for multispecies monitoring of methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2) and ammonia (NH3) was developed using a compact multipass gas cell. The gas cell is 8.8 cm long and has an effective optical path length of 3.0 m with a sampling volume of 75 mL. The sensor is composed of three fiber-coupled distributed feedback lasers operating near 1512 nm, 1532 nm and 1654 nm, an InGaAs photodetector and a custom-designed software for data acquisition, signal processing and display. The lasers were scanned over the target absorption features at 1 Hz. First-harmonic-normalized wavelength modulation spectroscopy (f = 3 kHz) with the second harmonic detection (WMS-2f/1f) is employed to eliminate the unwanted power fluctuations of the transmitted laser caused by aerosol/particles scattering, absorption and beam-steering. The multispecies sensor has excellent linear responses (R2 > 0.997) within the gas concentration range of 1–1000 ppm and shows a detection limit of 0.32 ppm for CH4, 0.16 ppm for C2H2 and 0.23 ppm for NH3 at 1 s response time. The Allan–Werle deviation analysis verifies the long-term stability of the sensor, indicating a minimal detection limit of 20–34 ppb were achieved after 60–148 s integration time. Flow test of the portable multispecies sensor is also demonstrated in this work.
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23
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Guo M, Chen K, Li C, Xu L, Zhang G, Wang N, Li C, Ma F, Gong Z, Yu Q. High-Sensitivity Silicon Cantilever-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Analyzer with Low Gas Consumption. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1151-1157. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Guangyin Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Fengxiang Ma
- Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Zhenfeng Gong
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Qingxu Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
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24
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Barik P, Pradhan M. Selectivity in trace gas sensing: recent developments, challenges, and future perspectives. Analyst 2022; 147:1024-1054. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02070f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity is one of the most crucial figures of merit in trace gas sensing, and thus a comprehensive assessment is necessary to have a clear picture of sensitivity, selectivity, and their interrelations in terms of quantitative and qualitative views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspendu Barik
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector-III, Salt Lake City, Kolkata – 700106, India
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25
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Barreto D, Kokoric V, da Silveira Petruci JF, Mizaikoff B. From Light Pipes to Substrate-Integrated Hollow Waveguides for Gas Sensing: A Review. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:97-109. [PMID: 36785552 PMCID: PMC9836072 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Absorption-based spectroscopy in the mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range (i.e., 2.5-25 μm) is an excellent choice for directly sensing trace gas analytes providing discriminatory molecular information due to inherently specific fundamental vibrational, rovibrational, and rotational transitions. Complimentarily, the miniaturization of optical components has aided the utility of optical sensing techniques in a wide variety of application scenarios that demand compact, portable, easy-to-use, and robust analytical platforms yet providing suitable accuracy, sensitivity, and selectivity. While MIR sensing technologies have clearly benefitted from the development of advanced on-chip light sources such as quantum cascade and interband cascade lasers and equally small MIR detectors, less attention has been paid to the development of modular/tailored waveguide technologies reproducibly and reliably interfacing photons with sample molecules in a compact format. In this context, the first generation of a new type of hollow waveguides gas cells-the so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWG)-with unprecedented compact dimensions published by the research team of Mizaikoff and collaborators has led to a paradigm change in optical transducer technology for gas sensors. Features of iHWGs included an adaptable (i.e., designable) well-defined optical path length via the integration of meandered hollow waveguide structures at virtually any desired dimension and geometry into an otherwise planar substrate, a high degree of robustness, compactness, and cost-effectiveness in fabrication. Moreover, only a few hundred microliters of gas samples are required for analysis, resulting in short sample transient times facilitating a real-time monitoring of gaseous species in virtually any concentration range. In this review, we give an overview of recent advancements and achievements since their introduction eight years ago, focusing on the development of iHWG-based mid-infrared sensor technologies. Highlighted applications ranging from clinical diagnostics to environmental and industrial monitoring scenarios will be contrasted by future trends, challenges, and opportunities for the development of next-generation portable optical gas-sensing platforms that take advantage of a modular and tailorable device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diandra
Nunes Barreto
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38400-902, MG, Brazil
| | - Vjekoslav Kokoric
- Institute
for Microanalysis Systems, Hahn-Schickard, Ulm 89077, Germany
| | | | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
for Microanalysis Systems, Hahn-Schickard, Ulm 89077, Germany
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
- e-mail:
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26
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Portable spectroscopy for high throughput food authenticity screening: Advancements in technology and integration into digital traceability systems. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Lin KJ, Wang LA. Investigation of an In-Line Slot Waveguide Sensor Built in a Tapered D-Shaped Silicon-Cored Fiber. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21237832. [PMID: 34883836 PMCID: PMC8659571 DOI: 10.3390/s21237832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An in-line slot waveguide sensor built in a polished flat platform of a D-shaped silicon cored fiber with a taper coupled region is proposed and investigated thoroughly. Simulation results show that the single-mode light field sustained in the silicon cored fiber can be efficiently transferred to the slot waveguides through the tapered region. The geometry parameters of the slot waveguide sensors are optimized to have the corresponding highest power confinement factors and the resultant sensor sensitivities. The three-slot waveguide sensor is found to have the best performance among one-, two- and three-slot waveguides at the mid-IR wavelength.
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Phal Y, Yeh K, Bhargava R. Design Considerations for Discrete Frequency Infrared Microscopy Systems. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:1067-1092. [PMID: 33876990 PMCID: PMC9993325 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211013372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Discrete frequency infrared chemical imaging is transforming the practice of microspectroscopy by enabling a diversity of instrumentation and new measurement capabilities. While a variety of hardware implementations have been realized, design considerations that are unique to infrared (IR) microscopes have not yet been compiled in literature. Here, we describe the evolution of IR microscopes, provide rationales for design choices, and catalog some major considerations for each of the optical components in an imaging system. We analyze design choices that use these components to optimize performance, under their particular constraints, while providing illustrative examples. We then summarize a framework to assess the factors that determine an instrument's performance mathematically. Finally, we provide a validation approach by enumerating performance metrics that can be used to evaluate the capabilities of imaging systems or suitability for specific intended applications. Together, the presented concepts and examples should aid in understanding available instrument configurations, while guiding innovations in design of the next generation of IR chemical imaging spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamuna Phal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Kevin Yeh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
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Dougakiuchi T, Akikusa N. Application of High-Speed Quantum Cascade Detectors for Mid-Infrared, Broadband, High-Resolution Spectroscopy. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175706. [PMID: 34502596 PMCID: PMC8433808 DOI: 10.3390/s21175706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Broadband, high-resolution, heterodyne, mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy was performed with a high-speed quantum cascade (QC) detector. By strictly reducing the device capacitance and inductance via air-bridge wiring and a small mesa structure, a 3-dB frequency response over 20 GHz was obtained for the QC detector, which had a 4.6-μm peak wavelength response. In addition to the high-speed, it exhibited low noise characteristics limited only by Johnson–Nyquist noise, bias-free operation without cooling, and photoresponse linearity over a wide dynamic range. In the detector characterization, the noise-equivalent power was 7.7 × 10−11 W/Hz1/2 at 4.6 μm, and it had good photoresponse linearity up to 250 mW, with respect to the input light power. Broadband and high-accuracy molecular spectroscopy based on heterodyne detection was demonstrated by means of two distributed-feedback 4.5-μm QC lasers. Specifically, several nitrous oxide absorption lines were acquired over a wavelength range of 0.8 cm−1 with the wide-band QC detector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Dougakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-53-586-7111
| | - Naota Akikusa
- Laser Promotion Division, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu City 434-8601, Japan;
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Wu X, Wang J, Cai C, Wu Y, Zheng C, Zhang Y, Gao X. Measurement techniques for sulfur trioxide concentration in coal-fired flue gas: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22278-22295. [PMID: 33745055 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under the extensive implementation of ultra-low emission facilities, sulfur trioxide (SO3) has received increasing attention. This article reviews the measurement techniques for SO3 in flue gas, which include controlled condensation method (CCM), isopropanol absorption method (IPA), salt method, tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (UVs), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The first three methods are chemical methods, which focus on the extraction of SO3 from flue gas. With highly reactive nature and relatively low concentrations, which are about 5 mg/m3 even lower, achieving high-fidelity flue gas sampling and non-destructive extraction of SO3 is the key to SO3 measurement. The latter three methods belong to spectroscopic methods, which focus on the principle, system composition, and influencing factor analysis. With real-time response and 1-ppm detection limit, attention is attracted to spectroscopic methods on online measurement. This article comprehensively introduces the measurement techniques for SO3 concentration in flue gas and presents conclusions so as to enable researchers to decide the direction of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuecheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Jianrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenxin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yingchun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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Webster CR, Flesch GJ, Briggs RM, Fradet M, Christensen LE. Herriott cell spot imaging increases the performance of tunable laser spectrometers. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:1958-1965. [PMID: 33690287 DOI: 10.1364/ao.417074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With the availability of high-power (milliwatts) single-mode tunable laser sources that operate at room temperature across the infrared (IR) region, tunable laser spectrometers have seen an explosion of growth in applications that include commercial, Earth and planetary science, and medical and industrial sensing. While the laser sources themselves have shown steady improvement, the detection architecture of using a single-element detector at one end of a multipass cell has remained unchanged over the last few decades. We present here an innovative new approach using a detector array coupled to an IR-transmissive mirror to image all or part of the multipass spot pattern of the far mirror and record spectra for each pixel. This novel approach offers improved sensitivity, increased dynamic range, laser power normalization, contaminant subtraction, resilience to misalignment, and reduces the instrument power requirement by avoiding the need for "fringe-wash" heaters. With many tens of pixels representing each spot during the laser spectral scan, intensity and optical fringe amplitude and phase information are recorded. This allows selection and manipulation (e.g., co-addition, subtraction) of the pixel output spectra to minimize optical interference fringes thereby increasing sensitivity. We demonstrate a factor of ∼20 sensitivity improvement over traditional single-element detection. Dynamic range increase of a factor of ∼100 is also demonstrated through spot selection representing different pathlengths. Additionally, subtracting the spectrum of the first spot from that of the higher pass normalizes the laser power and removes the contribution of contaminant gas and fringes in the fore-optics region. These initial results show that this imaging method is particularly advantageous for multi-channel laser spectrometers, and, once the image field is analyzed, pixel selection can be used to minimize data rate and volume collection requirements. This technique could be beneficial to enhanced-cavity detection schemes.
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32
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Zhu J, Ren Z, Lee C. Toward Healthcare Diagnoses by Machine-Learning-Enabled Volatile Organic Compound Identification. ACS NANO 2021; 15:894-903. [PMID: 33307692 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a natural monitor of health conditions for human beings, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) act as significant biomarkers for healthcare monitoring and early stage diagnosis of diseases. Most existing VOC sensors use semiconductors, optics, and electrochemistry, which are only capable of measuring the total concentration of VOCs with slow response, resulting in the lack of selectivity and low efficiency for VOC detection. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy technology provides an effective solution to detect chemical structures of VOC molecules by absorption fingerprints induced by the signature vibration of chemical stretches. However, traditional IR spectroscopy for VOC detection is limited by the weak light-matter interaction, resulting in large optical paths. Leveraging the ultrahigh electric field induced by plasma, the vibration of the molecules is enhanced to improve the light-matter interaction. Herein, we report a plasma-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy with advantages of fast response, accurate quantization, and good selectivity. An order of ∼kV voltage was achieved from the multiswitched manipulation of the triboelectric nanogenerator by repeated sliding. The VOC species and their concentrations were well-quantified from the wavelength and intensity of spectra signals with the enhancement from plasma. Furthermore, machine learning has visualized the relationship of different VOCs in the mixture, which demonstrated the feasibility of the VOC identification to mimic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxiong Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Ren
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
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Faraday Rotation of Dy 2O 3, CeF 3 and Y 3Fe 5O 12 at the Mid-Infrared Wavelengths. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13235324. [PMID: 33255447 PMCID: PMC7727863 DOI: 10.3390/ma13235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relatively narrow choice of magneto-active materials that could be used to construct Faraday devices (such as rotators or isolators) for the mid-infrared wavelengths arguably represents a pressing issue that is currently limiting the development of the mid-infrared lasers. Furthermore, the knowledge of the magneto-optical properties of the yet-reported mid-infrared magneto-active materials is usually restricted to a single wavelength only. To address this issue, we have dedicated this work to a comprehensive investigation of the magneto-optical properties of both the emerging (Dy2O3 ceramics and CeF3 crystal) and established (Y3Fe5O12 crystal) mid-infrared magneto-active materials. A broadband radiation source was used in a combination with an advanced polarization-stepping method, enabling an in-depth analysis of the wavelength dependence of the investigated materials' Faraday rotation. We were able to derive approximate models for the examined dependence, which, as we believe, may be conveniently used for designing the needed mid-infrared Faraday devices for lasers with the emission wavelengths in the 2-μm spectral region. In the case of Y3Fe5O12 crystal, the derived model may be used as a rough approximation of the material's saturated Faraday rotation even beyond the 2-μm wavelengths.
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Cui H, Wang F, Huang Q, Yan J, Cen K. Sensitive detection of NO using a compact portable CW DFB-QCL-based WMS sensor. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:9491-9498. [PMID: 33104669 DOI: 10.1364/ao.402484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a compact and portable sensor based on mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy for NO detection employing a room-temperature continuous wave (CW) distributed feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL) emitting at 1900.08cm-1. A software-based digital signal generator and lock-in amplifier, in combination with the wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) technique, were used for the concentration measurement of NO. In addition, a Gabor filter denoising method was developed to improve the performance of the measurement system. As a result, a minimum detection limit of 42 ppbv can be achieved at 3 s integration time, and a measurement precision of 450 ppbv can be reached with a time resolution of 0.1 s. The performance of the compact portable sensor was verified by a series of experiments, denoting great potential of field application for sensitive NO sensing.
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Banik GD, Mizaikoff B. Exhaled breath analysis using cavity-enhanced optical techniques: a review. J Breath Res 2020; 14:043001. [PMID: 32969348 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abaf07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopies (CEAS) have gained importance in a wide range of applications in molecular spectroscopy. The development of optical sensors based on the CEAS techniques coupled with the continuous wave or pulsed laser sources operating in the mid-infrared or near-infrared spectral regime uniquely offers molecularly selective and ultra-sensitive detection of trace species in complex matrices including exhaled human breath. In this review, we discussed recent applications of CEAS for analyzing trace constituents within the exhaled breath matrix facilitating the non-invasive assessment of human health status. Next to a brief discussion on the mechanisms of formation of trace components found in the exhaled breath matrix related to particular disease states, existing challenges in CEAS and future development towards non-invasive clinical diagnostics will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourab D Banik
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Eslami Jahromi K, Nematollahi M, Pan Q, Abbas MA, Cristescu SM, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Sensitive multi-species trace gas sensor based on a high repetition rate mid-infrared supercontinuum source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:26091-26101. [PMID: 32906885 DOI: 10.1364/oe.396884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a multi-species trace gas sensor based on a high-repetition-rate mid-infrared supercontinuum source, in combination with a 30 m multipass absorption cell, and a scanning grating spectrometer. The output of the spectrometer is demodulated by a digital lock-in amplifier, referenced to the repetition rate of the supercontinuum source. This improved the detection sensitivity of the system by a factor 5, as compared to direct baseband operation. The spectrometer provides a spectral coverage of 950 cm-1 (between 2.85-3.90 µm) with a resolution of 2.5 cm-1 in 100 ms. It can achieve noise equivalent detection limits in the order of 100 ppbv Hz-1/2 for various hydrocarbons, alcohols, and aldehydes.
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Standoff Chemical Detection Using Laser Absorption Spectroscopy: A Review. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12172771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Remote chemical detection in the atmosphere or some specific space has always been of great interest in many applications for environmental protection and safety. Laser absorption spectroscopy (LAS) is a highly desirable technology, benefiting from high measurement sensitivity, improved spectral selectivity or resolution, fast response and capability of good spatial resolution, multi-species and standoff detection with a non-cooperative target. Numerous LAS-based standoff detection techniques have seen rapid development recently and are reviewed herein, including differential absorption LiDAR, tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, laser photoacoustic spectroscopy, dual comb spectroscopy, laser heterodyne radiometry and active coherent laser absorption spectroscopy. An update of the current status of these various methods is presented, covering their principles, system compositions, features, developments and applications for standoff chemical detection over the last decade. In addition, a performance comparison together with the challenges and opportunities analysis is presented that describes the broad LAS-based techniques within the framework of remote sensing research and their directions of development for meeting potential practical use.
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Abstract
The increasing desire to detect and monitor in different fields [...]
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Gutowski P, Sankowska I, Słupiński T, Pierścińska D, Pierściński K, Kuźmicz A, Gołaszewska-Malec K, Bugajski M. Optimization of MBE Growth Conditions of In 0.52Al 0.48As Waveguide Layers for InGaAs/InAlAs/InP Quantum Cascade Lasers. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12101621. [PMID: 31108890 PMCID: PMC6566529 DOI: 10.3390/ma12101621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigate molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth conditions of micrometers-thick In0.52Al0.48As designed for waveguide of InGaAs/InAlAs/InP quantum cascade lasers. The effects of growth temperature and V/III ratio on the surface morphology and defect structure were studied. The growth conditions which were developed for the growth of cascaded In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As active region, e.g., growth temperature of Tg = 520 °C and V/III ratio of 12, turned out to be not optimum for the growth of thick In0.52Al0.48As waveguide layers. It has been observed that, after exceeding ~1 µm thickness, the quality of In0.52Al0.48As layers deteriorates. The in-situ optical reflectometry showed increasing surface roughness caused by defect forming, which was further confirmed by high resolution X-ray reciprocal space mapping, optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The presented optimization of growth conditions of In0.52Al0.48As waveguide layer led to the growth of defect free material, with good optical quality. This has been achieved by decreasing the growth temperature to Tg = 480 °C with appropriate increasing V/III ratio. At the same time, the growth conditions of the cascade active region of the laser were left unchanged. The lasers grown using new recipes have shown lower threshold currents and improved slope efficiency. We relate this performance improvement to reduction of the electron scattering on the interface roughness and decreased waveguide absorption losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Gutowski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Iwona Sankowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Słupiński
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Dorota Pierścińska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Kamil Pierściński
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Aleksandr Kuźmicz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Krystyna Gołaszewska-Malec
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Maciej Bugajski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Electron Technology, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland.
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