1
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Pirscoveanu CI, Oliveira AS. Prediction of instantaneous perceived effort during outdoor running using accelerometry and machine learning. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:963-973. [PMID: 37773522 PMCID: PMC10879226 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05322-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The rate of perceived effort (RPE) is a subjective scale widely used for defining training loads. However, the subjective nature of the metric might lead to an inaccurate representation of the imposed metabolic/mechanical exercise demands. Therefore, this study aimed to predict the rate of perceived exertions during running using biomechanical parameters extracted from a commercially available running smartwatch. Forty-three recreational runners performed a simulated 5-km race on a track, providing their RPE from a Borg scale (6-20) every 400 m. Running distance, heart rate, foot contact time, cadence, stride length, and vertical oscillation were extracted from a running smartwatch (Garmin 735XT). Machine learning regression models were trained to predict the RPE at every 5 s of the 5-km race using subject-independent (leave-one-out), as well as a subject-dependent regression method. The subject-dependent method was tested using 5%, 10%, or 20% of the runner's data in the training set while using the remaining data for testing. The average root-mean-square error (RMSE) in predicting the RPE using the subject-independent method was 1.8 ± 0.8 RPE points (range 0.6-4.1; relative RMSE ~ 12 ± 6%) across the entire 5-km race. However, the error from subject-dependent models was reduced to 1.00 ± 0.31, 0.66 ± 0.20 and 0.45 ± 0.13 RPE points when using 5%, 10%, and 20% of data for training, respectively (average relative RMSE < 7%). All types of predictions underestimated the maximal RPE in ~ 1 RPE point. These results suggest that the data accessible from commercial smartwatches can be used to predict perceived exertion, opening new venues to improve training workload monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anderson Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, Building 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
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2
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Lunardi M, Sakugawa RL, Furtado FE, Sampaio LT, Diefenthaeler F. Morphological characteristics of the patellar tendon in runners, cyclists, triathletes, and physically active individuals. J Ultrasound 2024:10.1007/s40477-023-00865-6. [PMID: 38393454 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-023-00865-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare measurements of length, thickness, and cross-section area (CSA) of the patellar tendon (PT) among cyclists, runners, triathletes, and physically active individuals (control group). Forty healthy individuals (10 cyclists, 10 runners, 10 triathletes, and 10 physically active individuals) aged between 18 and 45 years (30.3 ± 8.6 years) participated in the study. PT was measured by a B-mode ultrasound system. To measure the length and thickness (in 5, 10, 15, and 20 mm of the PT length) the probe was positioned parallel to the tendon and to measure the CSA the probe was positioned perpendicularly in 25, 50, and 75% of the PT length. PT length data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA to compare between groups and PT CSA and thickness were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (group vs. position) to compare the variables among the groups with the post-hoc Tukey test. All statistical analyses were performed considering p < 0.05. We observed a significant difference, where cyclists had smaller PT thickness (regardless of the location measured) compared to the group of triathletes (p = 0.001) and the physically active group (p = 0.043). All other variables (length, thickness, and CSA) and interactions (local and position) were not significant. We concluded that regardless of the position where PT thickness is measured, cyclists have smaller PT thickness compared to triathletes and physically active individuals but similar when compared to runners. And no differences in the length and CSA of the PT between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Lunardi
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Raphael Luiz Sakugawa
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Franklin Everaldo Furtado
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tavares Sampaio
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Centro de Desportos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Bairro Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88.040-900, Brazil.
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3
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Jiang X, Xu D, Fang Y, Bíró I, Baker JS, Gu Y. PCA of Running Biomechanics after 5 km between Novice and Experienced Runners. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:876. [PMID: 37508903 PMCID: PMC10376576 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased running experience appears to lower the risk of running-related injuries, but the mechanisms underlying this are unknown. Studying the biomechanics of runners with different running experiences before and after long-distance running can improve our understanding of the relationship between faulty running mechanics and injury. The purpose of the present study was to investigate if there were any differences in lower-limb biomechanics between runners after a 5 km run. Biomechanical data were collected from 15 novice and 15 experienced runners. Principal component analysis (PCA) with single-component reconstruction was used to identify variations in running biomechanics across the gait waveforms. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to explore the effects of runner and a 5 km run. Significant runner group differences were found for the kinematics and kinetics of lower-limb joints and ground reaction force (GRF) with respect to the magnitude across the stance phase. We found that novice runners exhibited greater changes in joint angles, joint moments, and GRFs than experienced runners regardless of the prolonged running session, and those patterns may relate to lower-limb injuries. The results of this study suggest that the PCA approach can provide unique insight into running biomechanics and injury mechanisms. The findings from the study could potentially guide training program developments and injury prevention protocols for runners with different running experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Datao Xu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, 8201 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Yufei Fang
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
| | - István Bíró
- Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences, Obuda University, 1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Research Academy of Medicine Combining Sports, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo 315010, China
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4
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Jafarnezhadgero AA, Noroozi R, Fakhri E, Granacher U, Oliveira AS. The Impact of COVID-19 and Muscle Fatigue on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Running Kinetics in Female Recreational Runners. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942589. [PMID: 35923233 PMCID: PMC9340252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is evidence that fully recovered COVID-19 patients usually resume physical exercise, but do not perform at the same intensity level performed prior to infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 infection and recovery as well as muscle fatigue on cardiorespiratory fitness and running biomechanics in female recreational runners. Methods: Twenty-eight females were divided into a group of hospitalized and recovered COVID-19 patients (COV, n = 14, at least 14 days following recovery) and a group of healthy age-matched controls (CTR, n = 14). Ground reaction forces from stepping on a force plate while barefoot overground running at 3.3 m/s was measured before and after a fatiguing protocol. The fatigue protocol consisted of incrementally increasing running speed until reaching a score of 13 on the 6–20 Borg scale, followed by steady-state running until exhaustion. The effects of group and fatigue were assessed for steady-state running duration, steady-state running speed, ground contact time, vertical instantaneous loading rate and peak propulsion force. Results: COV runners completed only 56% of the running time achieved by the CTR (p < 0.0001), and at a 26% slower steady-state running speed (p < 0.0001). There were fatigue-related reductions in loading rate (p = 0.004) without group differences. Increased ground contact time (p = 0.002) and reduced peak propulsion force (p = 0.005) were found for COV when compared to CTR. Conclusion: Our results suggest that female runners who recovered from COVID-19 showed compromised running endurance and altered running kinetics in the form of longer stance periods and weaker propulsion forces. More research is needed in this area using larger sample sizes to confirm our study findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Ali Jafarnezhadgero
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Raha Noroozi
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ehsan Fakhri
- Department of Sport Managements and Biomechanics, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Urs Granacher, , orcid.org/0000-0002-7095-813X
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5
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Darch L, Chalmers S, Wiltshire J, Causby R, Arnold J. Running-induced fatigue and impact loading in runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1512-1531. [PMID: 35723671 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2089803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesise and clarify the effect of running-induced fatigue on impact loading during running. Eight electronic databases were systematically searched until April 2021. Studies that analysed impact loading over the course of a run, in adult runners free of medical conditions were included. Changes in leg stiffness, vertical stiffness, shock attenuation, peak tibial accelerations, peak ground reaction forces (GRF) and loading rates were extracted. Subgroup analyses were conducted depending on whether participants were required to run to exhaustion. Thirty-six studies were included in the review, 25 were included in the meta-analysis. Leg stiffness decreased with running-induced fatigue (SMD -0.31, 95% CI -0.52, -0.08, moderate evidence). Exhaustive and non-exhaustive subgroups were different for peak tibial acceleration (Chi2 = 3.79, p = 0.05), with limited evidence from exhaustive subgroups showing an increase in peak tibial acceleration with fatigue. Findings for vertical GRF impact peak and peak braking force were conflicting based on exhaustive and non-exhaustive protocols (Chi2 = 3.83, p = 0.05 and Chi2 = 5.10, p = 0.02, respectively). Moderate evidence suggests leg stiffness during running decreases with fatigue. Given the non-linear relationship between leg stiffness and running economy, this may have implications for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Darch
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Samuel Chalmers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - James Wiltshire
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ryan Causby
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition & Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Differences in Knee Extensors’ Muscle–Tendon Unit Passive Stiffness, Architecture, and Force Production in Competitive Cyclists Versus Runners. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:412-423. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To describe the possible effects of chronic specific exercise training, the present study compared the anthropometric variables, muscle–tendon unit (MTU) architecture, passive stiffness, and force production capacity between a group of competitive cyclists and runners. Twenty-seven competitive male cyclists (n = 16) and runners (n = 11) participated. B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the vastus lateralis muscle and patellar tendon as well as passive stiffness of the knee extensors MTU were assessed. The athletes then performed a test of knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Cyclists displayed greater thigh girths, vastus lateralis pennation angle and muscle thickness, patellar tendon cross-sectional area, and MTU passive stiffness than runners (P < .05). Knee extensor force production capacity also differed significantly, with cyclists showing greater values compared with runners (P < .05). Overall, the direct comparison of these 2 populations revealed specific differences in the MTU, conceivably related to the chronic requirements imposed through the training for the different disciplines.
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7
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Patoz A, Lussiana T, Breine B, Piguet E, Gyuriga J, Gindre C, Malatesta D. Using statistical parametric mapping to assess the association of duty factor and step frequency on running kinetic. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1044363. [PMID: 36545285 PMCID: PMC9760857 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1044363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Duty factor (DF) and step frequency (SF) were previously defined as the key running pattern determinants. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the association of DF and SF on 1) the vertical and fore-aft ground reaction force signals using statistical parametric mapping; 2) the force related variables (peaks, loading rates, impulses); and 3) the spring-mass characteristics of the lower limb, assessed by computing the force-length relationship and leg stiffness, for treadmill runs at several endurance running speeds. One hundred and fifteen runners ran at 9, 11, and 13 km/h. Force data (1000 Hz) and whole-body three-dimensional kinematics (200 Hz) were acquired by an instrumented treadmill and optoelectronic system, respectively. Both lower DF and SF led to larger vertical and fore-aft ground reaction force fluctuations, but to a lower extent for SF than for DF. Besides, the linearity of the force-length relationship during the leg compression decreased with increasing DF or with decreasing SF but did not change during the leg decompression. These findings showed that the lower the DF and the higher the SF, the more the runner relies on the optimization of the spring-mass model, whereas the higher the DF and the lower the SF, the more the runner promotes forward propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Patoz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, France.,Research Unit EA3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliott Piguet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Gyuriga
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen Swiss Sport Lab, Aigle, Switzerland.,Research and Development Department, Volodalen, France
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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8
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Jiang X, Zhou H, Quan W, Hu Q, Baker JS, Gu Y. Ground Reaction Force Differences between Bionic Shoes and Neutral Running Shoes in Recreational Male Runners before and after a 5 km Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189787. [PMID: 34574713 PMCID: PMC8469130 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Running-related injuries are common among runners. Recent studies in footwear have shown that designs of shoes can potentially affect sports performance and risk of injury. Bionic shoes combine the functions of barefoot running and foot protection and incorporate traditional unstable structures based on bionic science. The purpose of this study was to investigate ground reaction force (GRF) differences for a 5 km run and how bionic shoes affect GRFs. Sixteen male recreational runners volunteered to participate in this study and finished two 5 km running sessions (a neutral shoe session and a bionic shoe session). Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed to determine the differences in GRFs. In the analysis of the footwear conditions of runners, bionic shoes showed significant decreases in vertical impulse, peak propulsive force, propulsive impulse, and contact time, while the braking impulse and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) increased significantly compared to the neutral shoes. Main effects for a 5 km run were also observed at vertical GRFs and anterior–posterior GRFs. The increases of peak vertical impact force, vertical average loading rate (VALR), VILR, peak braking force and braking impulse were observed in post-5 km running trials and a reduction in peak propulsive force and propulsive impulse. The interaction effects existed in VILR and contact time. The results suggest that bionic shoes may benefit runners with decreasing injury risk during running. The findings of the present study may help to understand the effects of footwear design during prolonged running, thereby providing valuable information for reducing the risk of running injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland G72 0LH, UK
| | - Wenjing Quan
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, 9700 Szombathely, Hungary
| | - Qiuli Hu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-574-87600456 (Q.H.); +86-574-87600208 (Y.G.)
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (H.Z.); (W.Q.)
- Correspondence: (Q.H.); (Y.G.); Tel.: +86-574-87600456 (Q.H.); +86-574-87600208 (Y.G.)
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9
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Chen TLW, Lam WK, Wong DWC, Zhang M. A half marathon shifts the mediolateral force distribution at the tibiofemoral joint. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1017-1024. [PMID: 34077303 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1938690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Runners' gait patterns vary during a half marathon and influence the knee joint mechanics. Joint contact force is a better estimate of the net joint loadings than external joint moments and closely correlates to injury risks. This study explored the changes of lower limb joint kinematics, muscle activities, and knee joint loading in runners across the running mileages of a half marathon. Fourteen runners completed a half marathon on an instrumented treadmill where motion capture was conducted every 2 km (from 2 to 20 km). A musculoskeletal model incorporating medial/lateral tibiofemoral compartments was used to process the movement data and report outcome variables at the selected distance checkpoints. Statistics showed no changes in joint angles, muscle co-contraction index, ground reaction force variables, and medial tibiofemoral contact force (p > 0.05). Knee adduction moment at 18 km was significantly lower than those at 2 km (p = 0.002, γ = 0.813) and 6 km (p = 0.001, γ = 0.663). Compared to that at 2 km, lateral tibiofemoral contact force was reduced at 18 km (p = 0.030, Hedges' g = 0.690), 16 km (p < 0.001, Hedges' g = 0.782), 14 km (p = 0.045, Hedges' g = 0.859), and 10 km (p < 0.001, Hedges' g = 0.771) respectively. Mechanical realignment of the lower limb may be the cause of the altered knee loadings and possibly led to reduced running economy in response to a prolonged run. The injury potential of the redistributed tibiofemoral forces warranted further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Lin-Wei Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Technology (Shenzhen) Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co. Ltd., Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Duo Wai-Chi Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.,Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sports Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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10
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Jiang X, Yang X, Zhou H, Baker JS, Gu Y. Prolonged Running Using Bionic Footwear Influences Lower Limb Biomechanics. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9020236. [PMID: 33672191 PMCID: PMC7926525 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The running biomechanics of unstable shoes have been well investigated, however, little is known about how traditional neutral shoes in combination with unstable design elements and scientifically (bionic) designed shoes influence prolonged running biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to investigate biomechanical changes for a typical 5 km run and how footwear technology may affect outcomes. Sixteen healthy male recreational heel strike runners participated in this study, and completed two prolonged running sessions (neutral shoe session and bionic shoe session), with 7 to 10 days interval between sessions. A two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA, shoe × time) was conducted to determine any differences in joint biomechanics. Main effects for shoe type were observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints during the stance phase. In particular, decreased range of motion (ROM) was observed using the bionic shoes for all three joints, and the joint moments also had significant changes except for the frontal plane of the hip. Main effects for time were also observed at the ankle, knee and hip joints. The ROM of the sagittal plane in the knee and hip decreased post-5 km running. The reduction of ankle dorsiflexion, hip flexion, hip adduction and hip internal rotation angles were observed post-5 km running, as well as the increase of ankle eversion and external rotation, knee adduction and internal rotation angles. The kinetics also exhibited significant differences between pre-5 km running and post-5 km running. The interaction effects only existed in the ROM of the hip sagittal plane, hip adduction angle and hip internal rotation angle. The results suggested that bionic shoes could be beneficial for strengthening muscle control, enhancing postural stability and proprioceptive ability. Footwear personalization could be a solution that benefits runners, reduces injury risk and improves running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Jiang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
| | - Huiyu Zhou
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Scotland G72 0LH, UK
| | - Julien S. Baker
- Centre for Health and Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; (X.J.); (X.Y.)
- Research Academy of Grand Health, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China;
- Correspondence: (J.S.B.); (Y.G.)
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11
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Pirscoveanu CI, Dam P, Brandi A, Bilgram M, Oliveira AS. Fatigue-related changes in vertical impact properties during normal and silent running. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:421-429. [PMID: 32951516 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1824340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Running while minimizing sound volume can reduce vertical impact loading, potentially reducing injury risks. Fatigue can increase the vertical loading rate during running, but it is unknown whether fatigue influences silent running similarly. This study aimed to explore the differences in vertical impact properties during normal and silent running following a fatiguing task. Seventeen participants performed overground running (normal and silent) before and after a fatiguing running protocol. Running footfall sounds were collected using four microphones surrounding a force platform on the track. Peak impact sound, vertical impact peak force (IPF), instantaneous (VILR), and average vertical loading rate (VALR) were compared from Pre- to Post-fatigue. Peak impact sounds were significantly greater for fatigued runners during normal running when compared to silent running (p < 0.005), without changes in force parameters. Moreover, peak impact sounds, IPF, VILR, and VALR from normal running were greater when compared to silent running (p < 0.001), both fresh or fatigued. Our results suggest that fatigue may not compromise silent running technique, which may be relevant to reduce early vertical impact loading. Therefore, runners seeking to modify running style towards the reduction of impact loading may benefit from including silent running drills in their training sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Dam
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - August Brandi
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Malthe Bilgram
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
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Yu P, Liang M, Fekete G, Baker JS, Gu Y. Effect of running-induced fatigue on lower limb mechanics in novice runners. Technol Health Care 2020; 29:231-242. [PMID: 32568135 DOI: 10.3233/thc-202195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Running-induced fatigue has received much attention in recent years. However, very few studies have investigated the effect of fatigue on lower limb biomechanics in three planes. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate biomechanical changes in the lower limb in three planes following running-induced fatigue. METHODS Fifteen male novice runners were included in the study and performed three running trails pre- and post-fatigue. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests or paired-sample t tests were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Lower limb biomechanics significantly changed, especially kinetic parameters, when fatigue occurred. The peak ankle dorsiflexion angle and range of motion of the knee joint in the frontal plane increased. As for kinetic parameters, in the ankle joint, the peak external rotation moment, peak abduction power and peak internal rotation power increased. In the knee joint, the peak abduction and external rotation moment, peak flexion power, peak adduction and abduction power also increased. In the hip joint, the peak flexion moment was decreased, peak adduction and abduction moment, peak external rotation power, peak adduction and abduction power moment were increased. CONCLUSION The findings of this study may contribute to our understanding of the impact of fatigue and provide some helpful information to prevent related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peimin Yu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minjun Liang
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,Faculty of Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gusztáv Fekete
- Savaria Institute of Technology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julien S Baker
- Department of Sport, and Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaodong Gu
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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The Effect of Prolonged Running on the Symmetry of Biomechanical Variables of the Lower Limb Joints. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether there are kinematic and kinetic differences in the lower limb and whether the symmetry of the lower extremities is different after prolonged-running. Fifteen healthy male amateur runners (age: 22 ± 1 years, height: 173 ± 8 cm, mass: 65 ± 7 kg, BMI: 21.62 ± 2 kg/m2) were recruited as participants for this study. A Vicon eight-camera motion capture system and Kistler force plate were used to collect kinematic and kinetic parameters. A motorized treadmill, 15-point Borg scale and heart rate bands were used to monitor fatigue during a running-induced fatigue protocol. Paired sample T tests were used to check statistical difference (p = 0.05) between the lower limbs and the symmetry changes in pre-fatigue and post-fatigue running sessions. The symmetry angle (SA) of the knee flexion angle, hip flexion angle and hip extension angle in post-fatigue was significantly greater than in pre-fatigue, increasing by 4.32%, 10.71%, and 23.12%, respectively. Moreover, the SA of hip flexion moment increased by 2.61%. However, the knee extension velocity and hip flexion velocity became more symmetrical than in pre-fatigue (p < 0.05), the SA decreased by 5.91% and 5.45%, respectively. Differences in limb function during post-fatigue may lead to changes of symmetry in the lower limbs. The variables of asymmetry may be used as a compensation mechanism to maintain gait stability. Physical therapy assessment of fatigue injuries and long-distance running training programs may want to consider the changes in symmetry due to limb dominance.
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