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Moore RA, Martinetti D, Bigg EK, Christner BC, Morris CE. Climatic and landscape changes as drivers of environmental feedback that influence rainfall frequency in the United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:6381-6393. [PMID: 34553813 PMCID: PMC9292682 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified regions where the occurrence of rainfall significantly increases or decreases the probability for subsequent rainfall over periods that range from a few days to several weeks. These observable phenomena are termed "rainfall feedback" (RF). To better understand the land-atmosphere interactions involved in RF, the behavior of RF patterns was analyzed using data from 1849 to 2016 at ~3000 sites in the contiguous United States. We also considered changes in major land-use types and applied a geographically weighted regression model technique for analyzing the predictors of RF. This approach identified non-linear and spatially non-stationary relationships between RF, climate, land use, and land type. RF patterns in certain regions of the United States are predictable by modeling variables associated with climate, season, and land use. The model outputs also demonstrate the extent to which the effect of precipitation, temperature, and land use on RF depend on season and location. Specifically, major changes were observed for land use associated with agriculture in the western United States, which had negative and positive influences on RF in summer and winter, respectively. In contrast, developed land in the eastern United States correlated with positive RF values in summer but with negative ones in winter. We discuss how changes in climate and land use would be expected to affect land-atmosphere interactions, as well as the possible role that physical mechanisms and rain-enhanced bioaerosol emissions may play in the spatiotemporal changes observed for historical patterns of rainfall frequency in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Moore
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30318
| | | | | | - Brent C. Christner
- Department of Microbiology and Cell ScienceUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
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Ice Nucleation Activity of Alpine Bioaerosol Emitted in Vicinity of a Birch Forest. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12060779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In alpine environments, many plants, bacteria, and fungi contain ice nuclei (IN) that control freezing events, providing survival benefits. Once airborne, IN could trigger ice nucleation in cloud droplets, influencing the radiation budget and the hydrological cycle. To estimate the atmospheric relevance of alpine IN, investigations near emission sources are inevitable. In this study, we collected 14 aerosol samples over three days in August 2019 at a single site in the Austrian Alps, close to a forest of silver birches, which are known to release IN from their surface. Samples were taken during and after rainfall, as possible trigger of aerosol emission by an impactor and impinger at the ground level. In addition, we collected aerosol samples above the canopy using a rotary wing drone. Samples were analyzed for ice nucleation activity, and bioaerosols were characterized based on morphology and auto-fluorescence using microscopic techniques. We found high concentrations of IN below the canopy, with a freezing behavior similar to birch extracts. Sampled particles showed auto-fluorescent characteristics and the morphology strongly suggested the presence of cellular material. Moreover, some particles appeared to be coated with an organic film. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of aerosol emission sources in alpine vegetation with a focus on birches.
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Huang S, Hu W, Chen J, Wu Z, Zhang D, Fu P. Overview of biological ice nucleating particles in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106197. [PMID: 33271442 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Biological particles in the Earth's atmosphere are a distinctive category of ice nucleating particles (INPs) due to their capability of facilitating ice crystal formation in clouds at relatively warm temperatures. Field observations and model simulations have shown that biological INPs affect cloud and precipitation formation and regulate regional or even global climate, although there are considerable uncertainties in modeling and large gaps between observed and model simulated contribution of biological particles to atmospheric INPs. This paper overviews the latest researches about biological INPs in the atmosphere. Firstly, we describe the primary ice nucleation mechanisms, and measurements and model simulations of atmospheric biological INPs. Secondly, we summarize the ice nucleating properties of biological INPs from diverse sources such as soils or dust, vegetation (e.g., leaves and pollen grains), sea spray, and fresh waters, and controlling factors of biological INPs in the atmosphere. Then we review the abundance and distribution of atmospheric biological INPs in diverse ecosystems. Finally, we discuss the open questions in further studies on atmospheric biological INPs, including the requirements for developing novel detection techniques and simulation models, as well as the comprehensive investigation of characteristics and influencing factors of atmospheric biological INPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Huang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Jie Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Faculty of Environmental and Symbiotic Sciences, Prefectural University of Kumamoto, Kumamoto 862-8502, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Kita K, Igarashi Y, Kinase T, Hayashi N, Ishizuka M, Adachi K, Koitabashi M, Sekiyama TT, Onda Y. Rain-induced bioecological resuspension of radiocaesium in a polluted forest in Japan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15330. [PMID: 32948784 PMCID: PMC7501248 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72029-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It is the conventional understanding that rain removes aerosols from the atmosphere. However, the question of whether rain plays a role in releasing aerosols to the atmosphere has recently been posed by several researchers. In the present study, we show additional evidence for rain-induced aerosol emissions in a forest environment: the occurrence of radiocaesium-bearing aerosols in a Japanese forest due to rain. We carried out general radioactive aerosol observations in a typical mountainous village area within the exclusion zone in Fukushima Prefecture to determine the impacts and major drivers of the resuspension of radiocaesium originating from the nuclear accident in March 2011. We also conducted sampling according to the weather (with and without rain conditions) in a forest to clarify the sources of atmospheric radiocaesium in the polluted forest. We found that rain induces an increase in radiocaesium in the air in forests. With further investigations, we confirmed that the fungal spore sources of resuspended radiocaesium seemed to differ between rainy weather and nonrainy weather. Larger fungal particles (possibly macroconidia) are emitted during rainy conditions than during nonrainy weather, suggesting that splash generation by rain droplets is the major mechanism of the suspension of radiocaesium-bearing mould-like fungi. The present findings indicate that radiocaesium could be used as a tracer in such research fields as forest ecology, meteorology, climatology, public health and agriculture, in which fungal spores have significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Kita
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan.
| | - Yasuhito Igarashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, 2 Asashiro-Nishi, Kumatori, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University and College of Science, Ibaraki University, Formerly at Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kinase
- Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan
- Meteorological Research Institute and Formerly at College of Science, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naho Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki, 310-8512, Japan
| | - Masahide Ishizuka
- Faculty of Engineering and Design, Kagawa University, 2217-20 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0396, Japan
| | - Kouji Adachi
- Meteorological Research Institute, 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0052, Japan
| | - Motoo Koitabashi
- Forage Crop Protection Group, Division of Livestock Feeding and Management, Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi, 329-2793, Japan
| | | | - Yuichi Onda
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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