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Zhang L, Wang L, Liu B, Tang G, Liu B, Li X, Sun Y, Li M, Chen X, Wang Y, Hu B. Contrasting effects of clean air actions on surface ozone concentrations in different regions over Beijing from May to September 2013-2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166182. [PMID: 37562614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the nonlinear impacts of meteorology and precursors, the response of ozone (O3) trends to emission changes is very complex over different regions in megacity Beijing. Based on long-term in-situ observations at 35 air quality sites (four categories, i.e., urban, traffic, northern suburban and southern suburban sites) and satellite data, spatiotemporal variability of O3, gaseous precursors, and O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity were explored through multiple metrics during the warm season from 2013 to 2020. Additionally, the contribution of meteorology and emissions to O3 was separated by a machine-learning-based de-weathered method. The annual averaged MDA8 O3 and O3 increased by 3.7 and 2.9 μg/m3/yr, respectively, with the highest at traffic sites and the lowest in northern suburb, and the rate of Ox (O3 + NO2) was 0.2 μg/m3/yr with the highest in southern suburb, although NO2 declined strongly and HCHO decreased slightly. However, the increment of O3 and Ox in the daytime exhibited decreasing trends to some extent. Additionally, NOx abatements weakened O3 loss through less NO titration, which drove narrowing differences in urban-suburban O3 and Ox. Due to larger decrease of NO2 in urban region and HCHO in northern suburb, the extent of VOCs-limited regime fluctuated over Beijing and northern suburb gradually shifted to transition or NOx-limited regime. Compared with the directly observed trends, the increasing rate of de-weathered O3 was lower, which was attributed to favorable meteorological conditions for O3 generation after 2017, especially in June (the most polluted month); whereas the de-weathered Ox declined except in southern suburb. Overall, clean air actions were effective in reducing the atmospheric oxidation capacity in urban and northern suburban regions, weakening local photochemical production over Beijing and suppressing O3 deterioration in northern suburb. Strengthening VOCs control and keeping NOx abatement, especially in June, will be vital to reverse O3 increase trend in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Ecological and Environmental Big Data (2022P10005), Zhejiang Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Boya Liu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guiqian Tang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoxian Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Airborne Particulate Matter Monitoring Technology, Beijing Municipal Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xue Li
- Beijing Municipal Ecology and Environment Bureau, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingge Li
- State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xianyan Chen
- National Climate Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuesi Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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Yao Y, Ma K, He C, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Fang F, Li S, He H. Urban Surface Ozone Concentration in Mainland China during 2015-2020: Spatial Clustering and Temporal Dynamics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3810. [PMID: 36900822 PMCID: PMC10001023 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban ozone (O3) pollution in the atmosphere has become increasingly prominent on a national scale in mainland China, although the atmospheric particulate matter pollution has been significantly reduced in recent years. The clustering and dynamic variation characteristics of the O3 concentrations in cities across the country, however, have not been accurately explored at relevant spatiotemporal scales. In this study, a standard deviational ellipse analysis and multiscale geographically weighted regression models were applied to explore the migration process and influencing factors of O3 pollution based on measured data from urban monitoring sites in mainland China. The results suggested that the urban O3 concentration in mainland China reached its peak in 2018, and the annual O3 concentration reached 157 ± 27 μg/m3 from 2015 to 2020. On the scale of the whole Chinese mainland, the distribution of O3 exhibited spatial dependence and aggregation. On the regional scale, the areas of high O3 concentrations were mainly concentrated in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, and other regions. In addition, the standard deviation ellipse of the urban O3 concentration covered the entire eastern part of mainland China. Overall, the geographic center of ozone pollution has a tendency to move to the south with the time variation. The interaction between sunshine hours and other factors (precipitation, NO2, DEM, SO2, PM2.5) significantly affected the variation of urban O3 concentration. In Southwest China, Northwest China, and Central China, the suppression effect of vegetation on local O3 was more obvious than that in other regions. Therefore, this study clarified for the first time the migration path of the gravity center of the urban O3 pollution and identified the key areas for the prevention and control of O3 pollution in mainland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Cheng He
- Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Institute of Epidemiology, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuesheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Fengman Fang
- Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Regional Response in the Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin, School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Estimation of the Near-Surface Ozone Concentration with Full Spatiotemporal Coverage across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region Based on Extreme Gradient Boosting Combined with a WRF-Chem Model. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the intensification of global warming and economic development in China, the near-surface ozone (O3) concentration has been increasing recently, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, which is the political and economic center of China. However, O3 has been measured in real time only over the past few years, and the observational records are discontinuous. Therefore, we propose a new method (WRFC-XGB) to establish a near-surface O3 concentration dataset in the BTH region by integrating the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) algorithm. Based on this method, the 8-h maximum daily average (MDA8) O3 concentrations are obtained with full spatiotemporal coverage at a spatial resolution of 0.1° × 0.1° across the BTH region in 2018. Two evaluation methods, sample- and station-based 10-fold cross-validation (10-CV), are used to assess our method. The sample-based (station-based) 10-CV evaluation results indicate that WRFC-XGB can achieve excellent accuracy with a high coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.95 (0.91), low root mean square error (RMSE) of 13.50 (17.70) µg m−3, and mean absolute error (MAE) of 9.60 (12.89) µg m−3. In addition, superb spatiotemporal consistencies are confirmed for this model, including the estimation of high O3 concentrations, and our WRFC-XGB model outperforms traditional models and previous studies in data mining. In addition, the proposed model can be applied to estimate the O3 concentration when it has not been measured. Furthermore, the spatial distribution analysis of the MDA8 O3 in 2018 reveals that O3 pollution in the BTH region exhibits significant seasonality. Heavy O3 pollution episodes mainly occur in summer, and the high O3 loading is distributed mainly in the southern BTH areas, which will pose challenges to atmospheric environmental governance for local governments.
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Ling H, Qing L, Jian X, Lishu S, Liang L, Qian W, Yangjun W, Chaojun G, Hong Z, Qiang Y, Sen Z, Guozhu Z, Li L. Strategies towards PM 2.5 attainment for non-compliant cities in China: A case study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113529. [PMID: 34426226 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The northern part of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China suffers from high concentrations of fine particular matter (PM2.5) during the past years yet received much less attention compared to the other parts of the YRD region. In this study, we integrated observational data, control policies and strategies, and air quality simulations to develop PM2.5 attainment demonstration by year 2030 for the city of Bengbu, which represents a typical non-compliant city in the northern YRD region. In 2018, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu was 51.8 μg/m3, which was 48 % higher than the standard of 35 μg/m3 set by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Different future emission scenarios were developed for year 2025 as mid-term and year 2030 as long-term. Integrated meteorology and air quality modeling system together with monitoring data was applied to predict the air quality under the future emission scenarios. Results show that when a conservative emission reduction ratio of 40 % was assumed for surrounding regions, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu could meet the target value by 2030, in which case emissions of SO2, NOx, PM2.5, VOCs, and NH3 need to be reduced by 70.6 %, 43.5 %, 47.2 %, 33.4 %, and 47.5 %, respectively. PM2.5 concentration in Bengbu is not only controlled by local emission reductions but also affected by emission reductions of surrounding regions as well as contribution from long-range transport. More attentions need to be paid to the control of VOCs emissions in the near future to avoid increase of ozone concentrations while reducing PM2.5. Our results provide scientific support for the local government to formulate future air pollution prevention and control strategies, sub-regional joint-control among surrounding cities, as well as trans-regional joint-control between the north China and the YRD region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Ling
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li Qing
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xu Jian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Shi Lishu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Li Liang
- Bengbu Municipal Bureau of Ecology and Environment, Bengbu, Anhui, 233040, China
| | - Wang Qian
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Wang Yangjun
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Ge Chaojun
- Bengbu Environmental Monitoring Station, Bengbu, Anhui, 233040, China
| | - Zhang Hong
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230071, China
| | - Yang Qiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhu Sen
- Anhui Academy of Environmental Science, Hefei, Anhui, 230071, China
| | - Zhou Guozhu
- Bengbu Environmental Monitoring Station, Bengbu, Anhui, 233040, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Sahoo PK, Mangla S, Pathak AK, Salãmao GN, Sarkar D. Pre-to-post lockdown impact on air quality and the role of environmental factors in spreading the COVID-19 cases - a study from a worst-hit state of India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:205-222. [PMID: 33034718 PMCID: PMC7544766 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-020-02019-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to examine the changes in air quality during different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, including the lockdown (LD1-4) and unlock period (UL1-2) (post-lockdown) as compared to pre-lockdown (PL1-3) and to establish the relationships of the environmental and demographic variables with COVID-19 cases in the state of Maharashtra, the worst-hit state in India. Atmospheric pollutants such as PM2.5, PM10, NOx, and CO were substantially reduced during the lockdown and unlock phases with the greatest reduction in cities having larger traffic volumes. Compared with the immediate pre-lockdown period (PL3), the averaged PM2.5 and PM10 reduced by up to 51% and 47% respectively during the lockdown periods, which resulted in 'satisfactory' level of air quality index (AQI) as a result of reduced vehicular traffic and industrial closing. These parameters continued to reduce as much as 80% during the unlock periods due to the additive impact of weather (rainfall and temperature) combined with the lockdown conditions. Kendall's correlation matrix showed a significant negative correlation between temperature and air pollutants (r= - 0.35 to - 057). Conversely, SO2 and O3 did not improve, and in some cases, they increased during the lockdown and unlocking. COVID-19 spreading incidences were strongly and positively correlated with temperature (r < 0.62) and dew point (r < 0.73). Thus, this indicates that the increase in temperature and dew point cannot weaken the transmission of this virus. The number of COVID-19 cases relative to air pollutants was negatively correlated (r = - 0.33 to - 0.74), which may be a mere coincidence as a result of lockdown. However, based on pre-lockdown air quality data and demographic factors, it was found that particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and population density are closely linked with higher morbidity and mortality although a more in-depth research is required in this direction to validate this finding. The onset of COVID-19 has allowed us to determine that 'immediate' changes in air quality within densely populated/industrialized areas can improve livelihood based on pollution mitigation. These findings could be used by policymakers to set new benchmarks for air pollution that would improve the quality of life for major sectors of the World's population. COVID-19 has shown us that we can make changes when necessary, and findings may pave the way for future research to inform policy on the tough choices we will have to make between quality of life and survival. Also, our results will enrich the ongoing discussion on the role of environmental factors on the transmission of COVID-19 and will help to take necessary steps for its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India.
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Belém, PA, 66055-090, Brazil.
| | - Sherry Mangla
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Pathak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Gabriel Negreiros Salãmao
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geologia e Geoquímica (PPGG), Instituto de Geociências (IG), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Dibyendu Sarkar
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Ocean Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on Hudson, Hoboken, NJ, 07030, USA
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Modeling Ozone Source Apportionment and Performing Sensitivity Analysis in Summer on the North China Plain. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, air quality issues due to fine particulate matter have been sufficiently treated. However, ozone (O3) has now become the primary pollutant in summer on the North China Plain (NCP). In this study, a three-dimensional chemical transport model (the Nested Air Quality Prediction Model System, NAQPMS) coupled with an online source apportionment module was applied to investigate the sources of O3 pollution over the NCP. Generally, the NAQPMS adequately captured the observed spatiotemporal features of O3 during the period of July 1st to August 31st in 2017 on the NCP. The results of the source apportionment indicated that the contributions of local emissions and transport from the NCP accounted for the largest proportion of O3, with magnitudes of 25% and 39%, respectively. Compared with those in the average monthly results, the local contribution and regional transport during O3 episodes on the NCP increased by 7% and 10%, respectively. Based on sensitivity tests, two thresholds of the sensitivity indicator P(H2O2)/P(HNO3) were detected, at 0.08 and 0.2. Ozone formation in the urban sites of Beijing, Tianjin, and the southern part of Hebei Province was controlled by VOCs, while the other sites were mainly controlled by NOX. Biogenic emissions contributed approximately 18% to O3 formation in July in the southwestern part of Hebei Province.
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