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Cai Y, Irie H, Damiani A, Itahashi S, Takemura T, Khatri P. Detectability of the potential climate change effect on transboundary air pollution pathways in the downwind area of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173490. [PMID: 38796018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) datasets focused on the Pacific Ocean in the downwind area of China over a 19-year period from 2003 to 2021 were derived from satellite observations, reanalysis datasets, and numerical simulations. Considering the significant year-to-year changes in the amounts of aerosols transported from China to the Pacific Ocean during this period, we proposed a metric named RAOD. This is defined as the AOD over the ocean relative to that near the eastern coast of China within the same latitude band (25-30°N). RAOD was identified as a valuable metric for quantifying the long-term changes in transboundary air pollution pathways. Our analysis revealed a clear exponential decrease in RAOD values from China toward the Pacific Ocean; this was consistent with the prevailing meteorological conditions observed over the 19-year period. However, the possible long-term changes in RAOD due to climate change were found to be insignificant and were overshadowed by much larger year-to-year variations in the meteorological field. Additionally, significant seasonal variations in the absolute slope of the linear regression between RAOD and longitude were observed, and there correlated with wind patterns in the lower troposphere. Elevated slope values in the spring and winter suggested a west-to-east aerosol transport facilitated by strong winds, whereas the lower slope values in summer and autumn indicated a northward aerosol movement under weaker winds. In recent years, aerosols have become less likely to be transported far eastward from the coast of China. Based on these findings, to enhance the detectability of the climate change impacts on meteorological field affecting transboundary air pollution pathways, the RAOD metric derived using a continued long-term satellite observation of aerosols is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Irie
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Pradeep Khatri
- Department of Science and Engineering for Sustainable Innovation, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Soka University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
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2
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Damiani A, Carrasco J, Karas C, Wang C, Kraamwinkel CT, Beaulieu A. Extreme fire weather in Chile driven by climate change and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Sci Rep 2024; 14:1974. [PMID: 38263390 PMCID: PMC10806187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52481-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A string of fierce fires broke out in Chile in the austral summer 2023, just six years after the record-breaking 2017 fire season. Favored by extreme weather conditions, fire activity has dramatically risen in recent years in this Andean country. A total of 1.7 million ha. burned during the last decade, tripling figures of the prior decade. Six of the seven most destructive fire seasons on record occurred since 2014. Here, we analyze the progression during the last two decades of the weather conditions associated with increased fire risk in Central Chile (30°-39° S). Fire weather conditions (including high temperatures, low humidity, dryness, and strong winds) increase the potential for wildfires, once ignited, to rapidly spread. We show that the concurrence of El Niño and climate-fueled droughts and heatwaves boost the local fire risk and have decisively contributed to the intense fire activity recently seen in Central Chile. Our results also suggest that the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean variability modulates the seasonal fire weather in the country, driving in turn the interannual fire activity. The signature of the warm anomalies in the Niño 1 + 2 region (0°-10° S, 90° W-80° W) is apparent on the burned area records seen in Central Chile in 2017 and 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Jorge Carrasco
- University of Magallanes, Av. Manuel Bulnes 1855, 621-0427, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Cyrus Karas
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chenghao Wang
- School of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73072, USA
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Clarisse T Kraamwinkel
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Beaulieu
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
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3
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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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4
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Barnes PW, Robson TM, Zepp RG, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Ossola R, Wang QW, Robinson SA, Foereid B, Klekociuk AR, Martinez-Abaigar J, Hou WC, Mackenzie R, Paul ND. Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1049-1091. [PMID: 36723799 PMCID: PMC9889965 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone and climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the context of the Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess effects on terrestrial organisms, agriculture and food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services and feedbacks to the climate system. Emphasis is placed on the role of extreme climate events in altering the exposure to UV radiation of organisms and ecosystems and the potential effects on biodiversity. We also address the responses of plants to increased temporal variability in solar UV radiation, the interactive effects of UV radiation and other climate change factors (e.g. drought, temperature) on crops, and the role of UV radiation in driving the breakdown of organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) and biocides (pesticides and herbicides). Our assessment indicates that UV radiation and climate interact in various ways to affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and that by protecting the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a vital role in maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems on land that sustain life on Earth. Furthermore, the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment are mitigating some of the negative environmental consequences of climate change by limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting the carbon sequestration potential of vegetation and the terrestrial carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, USA.
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK.
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - R Ossola
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S A Robinson
- Global Challenges Program & School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - R Mackenzie
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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5
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Damiani A, Redondas A, Carrasco J, Sepúlveda E, Jorquera J, Fernandoy F, Llanillo P, Rowe PM, Seckmeyer G. Persistent extreme ultraviolet irradiance in Antarctica despite the ozone recovery onset. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1266. [PMID: 35075240 PMCID: PMC8786956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributable to the Montreal Protocol, the most successful environmental treaty ever, human-made ozone-depleting substances are declining and the stratospheric Antarctic ozone layer is recovering. However, the Antarctic ozone hole continues to occur every year, with the severity of ozone loss strongly modulated by meteorological conditions. In late November and early December 2020, we measured at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula the highest ultraviolet (UV) irradiances recorded in the Antarctic continent in more than two decades. On Dec. 2nd, the noon-time UV index on King George Island peaked at 14.3, very close to the largest UV index ever recorded in the continent. On Dec. 3rd, the erythemal daily dose at the same site was among the highest on Earth, only comparable to those recorded at high altitude sites in the Atacama Desert, near the Tropic of Capricorn. Here we show that, despite the Antarctic ozone recovery observed in early spring, the conditions that favor these extreme surface UV events persist in late spring, when the biologically effective UV radiation is more consequential. These conditions include long-lasting ozone holes (attributable to the polar vortex dynamics) that often bring ozone-depleted air over the Antarctic Peninsula in late spring. The fact that these conditions have been occurring at about the same frequency during the last two decades explains the persistence of extreme surface UV events in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, 8911 CE, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Alberto Redondas
- State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrasco
- University of Magallanes, Av. Manuel Bulnes 1855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Llanillo
- Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Barnes PW, Bornman JF, Pandey KK, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Neale RE, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Madronich S, Wilson SR, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Robinson SA. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5681-5683. [PMID: 34392574 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer, preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface, and reducing global warming. While ongoing and projected changes in UV-B radiation and climate still pose a threat to human health, food security, air and water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and construction materials and fabrics, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a critical role in protecting Earth's inhabitants and ecosystems by addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Barnes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Janet F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Alkiviadis F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rachel E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Richard G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Sasha Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Stephen R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L Andrady
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Sharon A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program & School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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7
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Aguayo R, León-Muñoz J, Garreaud R, Montecinos A. Hydrological droughts in the southern Andes (40-45°S) from an ensemble experiment using CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5530. [PMID: 33750825 PMCID: PMC7943561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The decrease in freshwater input to the coastal system of the Southern Andes (40-45°S) during the last decades has altered the physicochemical characteristics of the coastal water column, causing significant environmental, social and economic consequences. Considering these impacts, the objectives were to analyze historical severe droughts and their climate drivers, and to evaluate the hydrological impacts of climate change in the intermediate future (2040-2070). Hydrological modelling was performed in the Puelo River basin (41°S) using the Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model. The hydrological response and its uncertainty were compared using different combinations of CMIP projects (n = 2), climate models (n = 5), scenarios (n = 3) and univariate statistical downscaling methods (n = 3). The 90 scenarios projected increases in the duration, hydrological deficit and frequency of severe droughts of varying duration (1 to 6 months). The three downscaling methodologies converged to similar results, with no significant differences between them. In contrast, the hydroclimatic projections obtained with the CMIP6 and CMIP5 models found significant climatic (greater trends in summer and autumn) and hydrological (longer droughts) differences. It is recommended that future climate impact assessments adapt the new simulations as more CMIP6 models become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Centro EULA, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge León-Muñoz
- grid.412876.e0000 0001 2199 9982Departamento de Química Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile ,Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - René Garreaud
- grid.443909.30000 0004 0385 4466Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile ,Centro de Ciencia del Clima y la Resiliencia (CR2), Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Montecinos
- grid.5380.e0000 0001 2298 9663Departamento de Geofísica, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile ,Centro de Recursos Hídricos para la Agricultura y Minería (CRHIAM), Concepción, Chile
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8
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Sepúlveda E, Cordero RR, Damiani A, Feron S, Pizarro J, Zamorano F, Kivi R, Sánchez R, Yela M, Jumelet J, Godoy A, Carrasco J, Crespo JS, Seckmeyer G, Jorquera JA, Carrera JM, Valdevenito B, Cabrera S, Redondas A, Rowe PM. Evaluation of Antarctic Ozone Profiles derived from OMPS-LP by using Balloon-borne Ozonesondes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4288. [PMID: 33619291 PMCID: PMC7900121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting radiative forcing due to Antarctic stratospheric ozone recovery requires detecting changes in the ozone vertical distribution. In this endeavor, the Limb Profiler of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-LP), aboard the Suomi NPP satellite, has played a key role providing ozone profiles over Antarctica since 2011. Here, we compare ozone profiles derived from OMPS-LP data (version 2.5 algorithm) with balloon-borne ozonesondes launched from 8 Antarctic stations over the period 2012-2020. Comparisons focus on the layer from 12.5 to 27.5 km and include ozone profiles retrieved during the Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event registered in Spring 2019. We found that, over the period December-January-February-March, the root mean square error (RMSE) tends to be larger (about 20%) in the lower stratosphere (12.5-17.5 km) and smaller (about 10%) within higher layers (17.5-27.5 km). During the ozone hole season (September-October-November), RMSE values rise up to 40% within the layer from 12.5 to 22 km. Nevertheless, relative to balloon-borne measurements, the mean bias error of OMPS-derived Antarctic ozone profiles is generally lower than 0.3 ppmv, regardless of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2210, USA.
| | - Jaime Pizarro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rigel Kivi
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Sodankylä, Finland
| | | | - Margarita Yela
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Jumelet
- LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jose A Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Carrera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sergio Cabrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Redondas
- Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
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9
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Neale RE, Barnes PW, Robson TM, Neale PJ, Williamson CE, Zepp RG, Wilson SR, Madronich S, Andrady AL, Heikkilä AM, Bernhard GH, Bais AF, Aucamp PJ, Banaszak AT, Bornman JF, Bruckman LS, Byrne SN, Foereid B, Häder DP, Hollestein LM, Hou WC, Hylander S, Jansen MAK, Klekociuk AR, Liley JB, Longstreth J, Lucas RM, Martinez-Abaigar J, McNeill K, Olsen CM, Pandey KK, Rhodes LE, Robinson SA, Rose KC, Schikowski T, Solomon KR, Sulzberger B, Ukpebor JE, Wang QW, Wängberg SÅ, White CC, Yazar S, Young AR, Young PJ, Zhu L, Zhu M. Environmental effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, UV radiation, and interactions with climate change: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2020. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1-67. [PMID: 33721243 PMCID: PMC7816068 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595-828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Neale
- Population Health Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environmental Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - P J Neale
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA
| | - C E Williamson
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - S Madronich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - A L Andrady
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - A M Heikkilä
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G H Bernhard
- Biospherical Instruments Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A F Bais
- Department of Physics, Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P J Aucamp
- Ptersa Environmental Consultants, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A T Banaszak
- Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, México
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
| | - L S Bruckman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - S N Byrne
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, Discipline of Applied Medical Science, Sydney, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - D-P Häder
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Möhrendorf, Germany
| | - L M Hollestein
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - S Hylander
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems-EEMiS, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - M A K Jansen
- School of BEES, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J B Liley
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Lauder, New Zealand
| | - J Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Lucas
- National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | | | - C M Olsen
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K K Pandey
- Department of Wood Properties and Uses, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - L E Rhodes
- Photobiology Unit, Dermatology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S A Robinson
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Global Challenges Program and School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - K C Rose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Institute of Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - K R Solomon
- Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J E Ukpebor
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S-Å Wängberg
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - C C White
- Bee America, 5409 Mohican Rd, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Yazar
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - A R Young
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Young
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Zhu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
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