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Cordero RR, Feron S, Sepúlveda E, Damiani A, Jorquera J, Rowe PM, Carrasco J, Rayas JA, Llanillo P, MacDonell S, Seckmeyer G. Ground-based measurements of the weather-driven sky radiance distribution in the Southern Hemisphere. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286397. [PMID: 37314973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The angular distribution of the sky radiance determines the energy generation of solar power technologies as well as the ultraviolet (UV) doses delivered to the biosphere. The sky-diffuse radiance distribution depends on the wavelength, the solar elevation, and the atmospheric conditions. Here, we report on ground-based measurements of the all-sky radiance at three sites in the Southern Hemisphere across a transect of about 5,000 km: Santiago (33°S, a mid-latitude city of 6 million inhabitants with endemic poor air quality), King George Island (62°S, at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the cloudiest regions on Earth), and Union Glacier (79°S, a snow-covered glacier in the vast interior of Western Antarctica). The sites were strategically selected for studying the influence of urban aerosols, frequent and thick clouds, and extremely high albedo on the sky-diffuse radiance distribution. Our results show that, due to changing site-specific atmospheric conditions, the characterization of the weather-driven sky radiance distribution may require ground-based measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Knowledge Infrastructure, University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
| | | | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Climate Change Adaptation, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Penny M Rowe
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Juan A Rayas
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica A. C., León, Gto, México
| | | | - Shelley MacDonell
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Damiani A, Redondas A, Carrasco J, Sepúlveda E, Jorquera J, Fernandoy F, Llanillo P, Rowe PM, Seckmeyer G. Persistent extreme ultraviolet irradiance in Antarctica despite the ozone recovery onset. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1266. [PMID: 35075240 PMCID: PMC8786956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attributable to the Montreal Protocol, the most successful environmental treaty ever, human-made ozone-depleting substances are declining and the stratospheric Antarctic ozone layer is recovering. However, the Antarctic ozone hole continues to occur every year, with the severity of ozone loss strongly modulated by meteorological conditions. In late November and early December 2020, we measured at the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula the highest ultraviolet (UV) irradiances recorded in the Antarctic continent in more than two decades. On Dec. 2nd, the noon-time UV index on King George Island peaked at 14.3, very close to the largest UV index ever recorded in the continent. On Dec. 3rd, the erythemal daily dose at the same site was among the highest on Earth, only comparable to those recorded at high altitude sites in the Atacama Desert, near the Tropic of Capricorn. Here we show that, despite the Antarctic ozone recovery observed in early spring, the conditions that favor these extreme surface UV events persist in late spring, when the biologically effective UV radiation is more consequential. These conditions include long-lasting ozone holes (attributable to the polar vortex dynamics) that often bring ozone-depleted air over the Antarctic Peninsula in late spring. The fact that these conditions have been occurring at about the same frequency during the last two decades explains the persistence of extreme surface UV events in Antarctica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, 8911 CE, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Alberto Redondas
- State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrasco
- University of Magallanes, Av. Manuel Bulnes 1855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Llanillo
- Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile,, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
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3
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Cordero RR, Feron S, Sepúlveda E, Damiani A, Carrera JM, Jorquera J, Alfonso JA, Fuenzalida R, Rivas M, MacDonell S, Seckmeyer G, Wang C, Ouyang Z, Lhermitte S. Evaluation of MODIS-derived estimates of the albedo over the Atacama Desert using ground-based spectral measurements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19822. [PMID: 34615892 PMCID: PMC8494836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface albedo is an important forcing parameter that drives the radiative energy budget as it determines the fraction of the downwelling solar irradiance that the surface reflects. Here we report on ground-based measurements of the spectral albedo (350-2200 nm) carried out at 20 sites across a North-South transect of approximately 1300 km in the Atacama Desert, from latitude 18° S to latitude 30° S. These spectral measurements were used to evaluate remote sensing estimates of the albedo derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). We found that the relative mean bias error (RMBE) of MODIS-derived estimates was within ± 5% of ground-based measurements in most of the Atacama Desert (18-27° S). Although the correlation between MODIS-derived estimates and ground-based measurements remained relatively high (R= 0.94), RMBE values were slightly larger in the southernmost part of the desert (27-30° S). Both MODIS-derived data and ground-based measurements show that the albedo at some bright spots in the Atacama Desert may be high enough (up to 0.25 in visible range) for considerably boosting the performance of bifacial photovoltaic technologies (6-12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
- University of Groningen, Wirdumerdijk 34, 8911 CE, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
| | - Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Inage Ward, 1-33 Yayoicho, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Juan M Carrera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan A Alfonso
- Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas (IVIC), Apartado, Caracas, 20632, Venezuela
| | - Rosalino Fuenzalida
- Universidad Arturo Prat, Avenida Arturo Prat 2120, Casilla 121, Iquique, Chile
| | - Miguel Rivas
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Avenida General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - Shelley MacDonell
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Chenghao Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Zutao Ouyang
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stef Lhermitte
- Department of Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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4
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Feron S, Cordero RR, Damiani A, Malhotra A, Seckmeyer G, Llanillo P. Warming events projected to become more frequent and last longer across Antarctica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19564. [PMID: 34599225 PMCID: PMC8486840 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Summer temperatures are often above freezing along the Antarctic coastline, which makes ice shelves and coastal snowpacks vulnerable to warming events (understood as periods of consecutive days with warmer than usual conditions). Here, we project changes in the frequency, duration and amplitude of summertime warming events expected until end of century according to two emission scenarios. By using both global and regional climate models, we found that these events are expected to be more frequent and last longer, continent-wide. By end of century, the number of warming events is projected to double in most of West Antarctica and to triple in the vast interior of East Antarctica, even under a moderate-emission scenario. We also found that the expected rise of warming events in coastal areas surrounding the continent will likely lead to enhanced surface melt, which may pose a risk for the future stability of several Antarctic ice shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Feron
- University of Groningen, Leeuwarden, 8911 CE, Netherlands. .,Universidad de Santiago, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Raúl R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago, Av. Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Alessandro Damiani
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inage Ward, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan
| | - Avni Malhotra
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Pedro Llanillo
- Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany
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5
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Sepúlveda E, Cordero RR, Damiani A, Feron S, Pizarro J, Zamorano F, Kivi R, Sánchez R, Yela M, Jumelet J, Godoy A, Carrasco J, Crespo JS, Seckmeyer G, Jorquera JA, Carrera JM, Valdevenito B, Cabrera S, Redondas A, Rowe PM. Evaluation of Antarctic Ozone Profiles derived from OMPS-LP by using Balloon-borne Ozonesondes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4288. [PMID: 33619291 PMCID: PMC7900121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting radiative forcing due to Antarctic stratospheric ozone recovery requires detecting changes in the ozone vertical distribution. In this endeavor, the Limb Profiler of the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS-LP), aboard the Suomi NPP satellite, has played a key role providing ozone profiles over Antarctica since 2011. Here, we compare ozone profiles derived from OMPS-LP data (version 2.5 algorithm) with balloon-borne ozonesondes launched from 8 Antarctic stations over the period 2012-2020. Comparisons focus on the layer from 12.5 to 27.5 km and include ozone profiles retrieved during the Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) event registered in Spring 2019. We found that, over the period December-January-February-March, the root mean square error (RMSE) tends to be larger (about 20%) in the lower stratosphere (12.5-17.5 km) and smaller (about 10%) within higher layers (17.5-27.5 km). During the ozone hole season (September-October-November), RMSE values rise up to 40% within the layer from 12.5 to 22 km. Nevertheless, relative to balloon-borne measurements, the mean bias error of OMPS-derived Antarctic ozone profiles is generally lower than 0.3 ppmv, regardless of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Sepúlveda
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raul R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
| | | | - Sarah Feron
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305-2210, USA.
| | - Jaime Pizarro
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Rigel Kivi
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Sodankylä, Finland
| | | | - Margarita Yela
- Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julien Jumelet
- LATMOS/IPSL, Sorbonne Université, UVSQ, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhauser Strasse 2, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jose A Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Carrera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Sergio Cabrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto Redondas
- Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (IARC), State Meteorological Agency (AEMET), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Penny M Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Av. B. O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
- NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, USA
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6
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Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie Vitamin-D3-gewichtete UV-Exposition eines aufrecht stehenden Menschen wurde für ausgewählte urbane Umgebungen bestimmt, um den Einfluss der Verschattung durch Gebäude oder Bewuchs auf die Exposition zu untersuchen. Die Exposition wird berechnet unter Berücksichtigung der Strahldichte, also der Strahlungsenergie von direkter Sonnenstrahlung und diffuser Himmelsstrahlung aus verschiedenen Einfalls- und Azimutwinkeln und der 3 D-Geometrie eines Modellmenschen. Die Verschattung wird durch Hemisphären-Bilder bestimmt, die mithilfe einer Fotokamera mit Fischaugenobjektiv aufgenommen wurden, wobei angenommen wird, dass die Strahlung verschatteter Himmelssegmente vernachlässigbar klein ist. Dadurch werden den Himmel verdeckende Hindernisse räumlich hochaufgelöst erfasst und als Input in das Expositionsmodell eingegeben. Die Vitamin-D3-gewichtete Exposition betrug an einer bebauten Straße am 21. Dezember zu Sonnenhöchststand ungefähr 50 % und am 21. März 70 % von der Exposition einer hindernisfreien Umgebung.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schrempf
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover
| | - N. Thuns
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover
| | - K. Lange
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover
| | - G. Seckmeyer
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover
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Schrempf M, Haluza D, Simic S, Riechelmann S, Graw K, Seckmeyer G. Is Multidirectional UV Exposure Responsible for Increasing Melanoma Prevalence with Altitude? A Hypothesis Based on Calculations with a 3D-Human Exposure Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2016; 13:ijerph13100961. [PMID: 27690069 PMCID: PMC5086700 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, melanoma incidence rates for Austrian inhabitants living at higher altitudes were found to increase by as much as 30% per 100 m altitude. This strong increase cannot simply be explained by the known increase of erythemally-weighted irradiance with altitude, which ranges between 0.5% and 4% per 100 m. We assume that the discrepancy is partially explainable by upwelling UV radiation; e.g., reflected by snow-covered surfaces. Therefore, we present an approach where the human UV exposure is derived by integrating incident radiation over the 3D geometry of a human body, which enables us to take upwelling radiation into account. Calculating upwelling and downwelling radiance with a radiative transfer model for a snow-free valley and for snow-covered mountain terrain (with albedo of 0.6) yields an increase in UV exposure by 10% per 100 m altitude. The results imply that upwelling radiation plays a significant role in the increase of melanoma incidence with altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schrempf
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
| | - Daniela Haluza
- Institute of Environmental Health, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria.
| | - Stana Simic
- Institute of Meteorology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna 1190, Austria.
| | - Stefan Riechelmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig 38116, Germany.
| | - Kathrin Graw
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach 63067, Germany.
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover 30419, Germany.
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8
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Cordero RR, Damiani A, Seckmeyer G, Jorquera J, Caballero M, Rowe P, Ferrer J, Mubarak R, Carrasco J, Rondanelli R, Matus M, Laroze D. The Solar Spectrum in the Atacama Desert. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22457. [PMID: 26932150 PMCID: PMC4773812 DOI: 10.1038/srep22457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Atacama Desert has been pointed out as one of the places on earth where the highest surface irradiance may occur. This area is characterized by its high altitude, prevalent cloudless conditions and relatively low columns of ozone and water vapor. Aimed at the characterization of the solar spectrum in the Atacama Desert, we carried out in February-March 2015 ground-based measurements of the spectral irradiance (from the ultraviolet to the near infrared) at seven locations that ranged from the city of Antofagasta (on the southern pacific coastline) to the Chajnantor Plateau (5,100 m altitude). Our spectral measurements allowed us to retrieve the total ozone column, the precipitable water, and the aerosol properties at each location. We found that changes in these parameters, as well as the shorter optical path length at high-altitude locations, lead to significant increases in the surface irradiance with the altitude. Our measurements show that, in the range 0–5100 m altitude, surface irradiance increases with the altitude by about 27% in the infrared range, 6% in the visible range, and 20% in the ultraviolet range. Spectral measurements carried out at the Izaña Observatory (Tenerife, Spain), in Hannover (Germany) and in Santiago (Chile), were used for further comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Cordero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - A Damiani
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile.,Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - G Seckmeyer
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Jorquera
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Caballero
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Rowe
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Ferrer
- Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Ave Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Mubarak
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Carrasco
- Universidad de Magallanes, Avenida Bulnes 01855, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - R Rondanelli
- Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Climate and Resilience Research (CR)2, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Matus
- Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile
| | - D Laroze
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7D, Arica, Chile
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Seckmeyer G, Schrempf M, Stührmann A, Niedzwiedz A. Solar Simulators for Healthy Vitamin D Synthesis. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:1423-1428. [PMID: 26977046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The angular distribution of solar radiance and its spectral characteristics is required for the determination of vitamin D3 production in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vitamin D3 weighted exposure can be calculated by integrating the incident solar spectral radiance over all relevant parts of the human body. A novel instrument allowing simultaneous measurements of spectral radiance from more than 100 directions has been developed. A large solar simulator for controlled experiments is described. RESULTS In summer it is relatively easy to obtain sufficient vitamin D because sun exposure times are short. In winter solstice vitamin D3 cannot be obtained with realistic clothing even if the exposure were extended to all daylight hours. CONCLUSION Improved and controlled experiments to determine vitamin D3 production are required to assess the positive effects of solar UV radiation and to assess its natural variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Schrempf
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ansgar Stührmann
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Niedzwiedz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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10
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Reichrath J, Berg K, Emmert S, Lademann J, Seckmeyer G, Zastrow L, Vogt T, Holick MF. Biologic Effects of Light: An Enlighting Prospective. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:1339-1343. [PMID: 26977035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Reichrath
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital Montebello, Oslo, Norway
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute for Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonhard Zastrow
- Center of Experimental and Applied Cutaneous Physiology, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Center for Clinical and Experimental Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael F Holick
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA, U.S.A
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11
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Cordero RR, Seckmeyer G, Damiani A, Riechelmann S, Rayas J, Labbe F, Laroze D. The world's highest levels of surface UV. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2014; 13:70-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Seckmeyer G, Schrempf M, Wieczorek A, Riechelmann S, Graw K, Seckmeyer S, Zankl M. A novel method to calculate solar UV exposure relevant to vitamin D production in humans. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 89:974-83. [PMID: 23517086 DOI: 10.1111/php.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel method to calculate vitamin D3 -weighted exposure by integrating the incident solar spectral radiance over all relevant parts of the human body. Earlier investigations are based on the irradiance on surfaces, whereas our calculated exposure of a voxel model of a human takes into account the complex geometry of the radiation field. Assuming that sufficient vitamin D3 (1000 international units) can be produced within the human body in one minute for a completely uncovered body in vertical posture in summer at midlatitudes (e.g. Rome, June 21, noon, UV index of 10), we calculate the exposure times needed in other situations or seasons to gain enough vitamin D3 . Our calculations show that the UV index is not a good indicator for the exposure which depends on the orientation of the body (e.g. vertical (standing) or horizontal (lying down) posture). Without clothing the exposure is dominated by diffuse sky radiation and it is nearly irrelevant how the body in vertical posture is oriented toward the sun. At the winter solstice (December 21, noon, cloudy) at least in central Europe sufficient vitamin D3 cannot be obtained with realistic clothing, even if the exposure were extended to all daylight hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Tohsing K, Schrempf M, Riechelmann S, Schilke H, Seckmeyer G. Measuring high-resolution sky luminance distributions with a CCD camera. Appl Opt 2013; 52:1564-1573. [PMID: 23478758 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe how sky luminance can be derived from a newly developed hemispherical sky imager (HSI) system. The system contains a commercial compact charge coupled device (CCD) camera equipped with a fish-eye lens. The projection of the camera system has been found to be nearly equidistant. The luminance from the high dynamic range images has been calculated and then validated with luminance data measured by a CCD array spectroradiometer. The deviation between both datasets is less than 10% for cloudless and completely overcast skies, and differs by no more than 20% for all sky conditions. The global illuminance derived from the HSI pictures deviates by less than 5% and 20% under cloudless and cloudy skies for solar zenith angles less than 80°, respectively. This system is therefore capable of measuring sky luminance with the high spatial and temporal resolution of more than a million pixels and every 20 s respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korntip Tohsing
- Institut für Meteorologie und Klimatologie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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14
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Seckmeyer G, Klingebiel M, Riechelmann S, Lohse I, McKenzie RL, Liley JB, Allen MW, Siani AM, Casale GR. A critical assessment of two types of personal UV dosimeters. Photochem Photobiol 2011; 88:215-22. [PMID: 22017203 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01018.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Doses of erythemally weighted irradiances derived from polysulphone (PS) and electronic ultraviolet (EUV) dosimeters have been compared with measurements obtained using a reference spectroradiometer. PS dosimeters showed mean absolute deviations of 26% with a maximum deviation of 44%, the calibrated EUV dosimeters showed mean absolute deviations of 15% (maximum 33%) around noon during several test days in the northern hemisphere autumn. In the case of EUV dosimeters, measurements with various cut-off filters showed that part of the deviation from the CIE erythema action spectrum was due to a small, but significant sensitivity to visible radiation that varies between devices and which may be avoided by careful preselection. Usually the method of calibrating UV sensors by direct comparison to a reference instrument leads to reliable results. However, in some circumstances the quality of measurements made with simple sensors may be over-estimated. In the extreme case, a simple pyranometer can be used as a UV instrument, providing acceptable results for cloudless skies, but very poor results under cloudy conditions. It is concluded that while UV dosimeters are useful for their design purpose, namely to estimate personal UV exposures, they should not be regarded as an inexpensive replacement for meteorological grade instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Seckmeyer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Pissulla D, Seckmeyer G, Cordero RR, Blumthaler M, Schallhart B, Webb A, Kift R, Smedley A, Bais AF, Kouremeti N, Cede A, Herman J, Kowalewski M. Comparison of atmospheric spectral radiance measurements from five independently calibrated systems. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:516-27. [DOI: 10.1039/b817018e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Seckmeyer G, Glandorf M, Wichers C, McKenzie R, Henriques D, Carvalho F, Webb A, Siani AM, Bais A, Kjeldstad B, Brogniez C, Werle P, Koskela T, Lakkala K, Gröbner J, Slaper H, denOuter P, Feister U. Europe's darker atmosphere in the UV-B. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2008; 7:925-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b804109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Seckmeyer G, Pissulla D, Glandorf M, Henriques D, Johnsen B, Webb A, Siani AM, Bais A, Kjeldstad B, Brogniez C, Lenoble J, Gardiner B, Kirsch P, Koskela T, Kaurola J, Uhlmann B, Slaper H, den Outer P, Janouch M, Werle P, Gröbner J, Mayer B, de la Casiniere A, Simic S, Carvalho F. Variability of UV Irradiance in Europe. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 84:172-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bais AF, Kazadzis S, Garane K, Kouremeti N, Gröbner J, Blumthaler M, Seckmeyer G, Webb AR, Koskela T, Görts P, Schreder J. Portable device for characterizing the angular response of UV spectroradiometers. Appl Opt 2005; 44:7136-43. [PMID: 16318185 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.007136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper introduces a device that was developed to measure the angular response of UV spectroradiometers in the field. This device is designed to be used at the operating position of spectroradiometers; thus the derived angular response also includes any effects from imperfect leveling of the diffuser and corresponds to the actual operational angular response. The design and characterization of the device and the results from its application on 11 different spectroradiometers that operate at different European UV stations are presented. Various sources of uncertainties that were identified result in a combined uncertainty in determining the angular response, which ranges between approximately 1.5% and 10%, depending on the incidence angle and the characteristics of the diffuser. For the 11 instruments, the error in reporting the diffuse irradiance ranges between 2% and - 13%, assuming isotropic distribution of the downwelling radiances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alkiviadis F Bais
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Campus Box 149, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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20
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Gröbner J, Schreder J, Kazadzis S, Bais AF, Blumthaler M, Görts P, Tax R, Koskela T, Seckmeyer G, Webb AR, Rembges D. Traveling reference spectroradiometer for routine quality assurance of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements. Appl Opt 2005; 44:5321-31. [PMID: 16149356 DOI: 10.1364/ao.44.005321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A transportable reference spectroradiometer for measuring spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance has been developed and validated. The expanded uncertainty of solar irradiance measurements with this reference spectroradiometer, based on the described methodology, is 8.8% to 4.6%, depending on the wavelength and the solar zenith angle. The accuracy of the spectroradiometer was validated by repeated site visits to two European UV monitoring sites as well as by regular comparisons with the reference spectroradiometer of the European Reference Centre for UV radiation measurements in Ispra, Italy. The spectral solar irradiance measurements of the Quality Assurance of Spectral Ultraviolet Measurements in Europe through the Development of a Transportable Unit (QASUME) spectroradiometer and these three spectroradiometers have agreed to better than 6% during the ten intercomparison campaigns held from 2002 to 2004. If the differences in irradiance scales of as much as 2% are taken into account, the agreement is of the order of 4% over the wavelength range of 300-400 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gröbner
- European Reference Centre for Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
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21
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Abstract
The improved algorithm surface irradiance derived from a range of satellite-based sensors (SIDES) is presented in this article. It calculates various types of surface UV intensities, such as biologically weighted or unweighted UV spectra, integrated doses or irradiance at specific wavelengths, using data from satellite instruments. These surface UV data are mainly useful for environmental impact or process studies where high accuracy or a high temporal resolution is required. In contrast to several previous studies, SIDES has been validated with spectral measurements. By this method an averaging of positive or negative deviations over the complete wavelength range is avoided. This is especially important for UV wavelengths around 300 nm where biological effectiveness is highest. The results of SIDES deviate less than 7% from ground-based observations for wavelengths between 295 and 400 nm. In contrast, the corresponding deviations of the joint research center algorithm escalate for shorter wavelengths, reaching 35% at 295 nm. This large deviation is due to an inaccurate interpolation procedure that has been detected by spectral analysis. Thus, spectral validation is demonstrated to be an appropriate tool to detect weaknesses in such an algorithm and provides information essential for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Wuttke
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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22
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McKenzie RL, Seckmeyer G, Bais AF, Kerr JB, Madronich S. Satellite retrievals of erythemal UV dose compared with ground-based measurements at northern and southern midlatitudes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Bais AF, Gardiner BG, Slaper H, Blumthaler M, Bernhard G, McKenzie R, Webb AR, Seckmeyer G, Kjeldstad B, Koskela T, Kirsch PJ, Gröbner J, Kerr JB, Kazadzis S, Leszczynski K, Wardle D, Josefsson W, Brogniez C, Gillotay D, Reinen H, Weihs P, Svenoe T, Eriksen P, Kuik F, Redondas A. SUSPEN intercomparison of ultraviolet spectroradiometers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gröbner J, Albold A, Blumthaler M, Cabot T, De la Casiniere A, Lenoble J, Martin T, Masserot D, Müller M, Philipona R, Pichler T, Pougatch E, Rengarajan G, Schmucki D, Seckmeyer G, Sergent C, Touré ML, Weihs P. Variability of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance in an Alpine environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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26
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van Weele M, Martin TJ, Blumthaler M, Brogniez C, den Outer PN, Engelsen O, Lenoble J, Mayer B, Pfister G, Ruggaber A, Walravens B, Weihs P, Gardiner BG, Gillotay D, Haferl D, Kylling A, Seckmeyer G, Wauben WMF. From model intercomparison toward benchmark UV spectra for six real atmospheric cases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd901103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schwander H, Mayer B, Ruggaber A, Albold A, Seckmeyer G, Koepke P. Method to determine snow albedo values in the ultraviolet for radiative transfer modeling. Appl Opt 1999; 38:3869-3875. [PMID: 18319993 DOI: 10.1364/ao.38.003869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For many cases modeled and measured UV global irradiances agree to within +/-5% for cloudless conditions, provided that all relevant parameters for describing the atmosphere and the surface are well known. However, for conditions with snow-covered surfaces this agreement is usually not achievable, because on the one hand the regional albedo, which has to be used in a model, is only rarely available and on the other hand UV irradiance alters with different snow cover of the surface by as much as 50%. Therefore a method is given to determine the regional albedo values for conditions with snow cover by use of a parameterization on the basis of snow depth and snow age, routinely monitored by the weather services. An algorithm is evolved by multiple linear regression between the snow data and snow-albedo values in the UV, which are determined from a best fit of modeled and measured UV irradiances for an alpine site in Europe. The resulting regional albedo values in the case of snow are in the 0.18-0.5 range. Since the constants of the regression depend on the area conditions, they have to be adapted if the method is applied for other sites. Using the algorithm for actual cases with different snow conditions improves the accuracy of modeled UV irradiances considerably. Compared with the use of an average, constant snow albedo, the use of actual albedo values, provided by the algorithm, halves the average deviations between measured and modeled UV global irradiances.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Schwander
- Meteorological Institute of the University of Munich, Theresienstrasse 37, D-80333, München, Germany.
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28
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Mayer B, Kylling A, Madronich S, Seckmeyer G. Enhanced absorption of UV radiation due to multiple scattering in clouds: Experimental evidence and theoretical explanation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Bernhard G, Seckmeyer G, McKenzie RL, Johnston PV. Ratio spectra as a quality control tool for solar spectral UV measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd02703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Koepke P, Bais A, Balis D, Buchwitz M, Backer H, Cabo X, Eckert P, Eriksen P, Gillotay D, Heikkilä A, Koskela T, Lapeta B, Litynska Z, Lorente J, Mayer B, Renaud A, Ruggaber A, Schauberger G, Seckmeyer G, Seifert P, Schmalwieser A, Schwander H, Vanicek K, Weber M. Comparison of Models Used for UV Index Calculations. Photochem Photobiol 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1998.tb09109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Koepke P, Bais A, Balis D, Buchwitz M, De Backer H, de Cabo X, Eckert P, Eriksen P, Gillotay D, Heikkilä A, Koskela T, Lapeta B, Litynska Z, Lorente J, Mayer B, Renaud A, Ruggaber A, Schauberger G, Seckmeyer G, Seifert P, Schmalwieser A, Schwander H, Vanicek K, Weber M. Comparison of models used for UV index calculations. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 67:657-62. [PMID: 9687266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Eighteen radiative transfer models in use for calculation of UV index are compared with respect to their results for more that 100 cloud-free atmospheres, which describe present, possible future and extreme conditions. The comparison includes six multiple-scattering spectral models, eight fast spectral models and four empirical models. Averages of the results of the six participating multiple-scattering spectral models are taken as a basis for assessment. The agreement among the multiple-scattering models is within +/- 0.5 UV index values for more than 80% of chosen atmospheric parameters. The fast spectral models have very different agreement, between +/- 1 and up to 12 UV index values. The results of the empirical models agree reasonably well with the reference models but only for the atmospheres for which they have been developed. The data to describe the atmospheric conditions, which are used for the comparison, together with the individual results of all participating models and model descriptions are available on the Internet: http://www.meteo.physik.uni-muenchen.de/++ +strahlung/cost/.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Koepke
- Meteorologisches Institut Ludwig-Maximillians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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33
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34
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Mayer B, Seckmeyer G, Kylling A. Systematic long-term comparison of spectral UV measurements and UVSPEC modeling results. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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35
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36
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37
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Horneck G, Rettberg P, Rabbow E, Strauch W, Seckmeyer G, Facius R, Reitz G, Strauch K, Schott JU. Biological dosimetry of solar radiation for different simulated ozone column thicknesses. J Photochem Photobiol B 1996; 32:189-96. [PMID: 8622182 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the Spacelab mission D-2, in the experiment RD-UVRAD, precalibrated biofilms consisting of dry monolayers of immobilised spores of Bacillus subtilis (strain Marburg) were exposed, for defined intervals, to extraterrestrial solar radiation filtered through an optical filtering system, to simulate different ozone column thicknesses. After the mission, the biofilms were processed and optical densities indicative of any biological activity were determined for each exposure condition by image analysis. For the different simulated ozone column thicknesses, biologically effective irradiances were experimentally determined from the biofilm data and compared with calculated data using a radiative transfer model and the known biofilm action spectrum. The data show a strong increase in biologically effective solar UV irradiance with decreasing (simulated) ozone concentrations. The full spectrum of extraterrestrial solar radiation leads to an increment of the biologically effective irradiance by nearly three orders of magnitude compared with the solar spectrum at the surface of the Earth for average total ozone columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Horneck
- Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Abteilung Strahlenbiologie, Köln, Germany
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38
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Seckmeyer G, Thiel S, Blumthaler M, Fabian P, Gerber S, Gugg-Helminger A, Häder DP, Huber M, Kettner C, Köhler U, Köpke P, Maier H, Schäfer J, Suppan P, Tamm E, Thomalla E. Intercomparison of spectral-UV-radiation measurement systems. Appl Opt 1994; 33:7805-7812. [PMID: 20962993 DOI: 10.1364/ao.33.007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The results of what is to our knowledge the first intercomparison of seven independent spectroradiometers measuring solar UV irradiances are presented. The intercomparison was carried out in the GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg (near Munich, Germany), on 13 July 1990. The spectroradiometric measurements were supplemented by other meteorological, optical, and chemical measurements at the same time. As this day was cloudless, the data can be compared with the measurements taken by Bener in Switzerland in the 1960's and with the results of radiative transfer models. The measured irradiances at noon differed by factors of up to 100. These large differences demonstrate the great difficulties with this type of measurement. Some instrument systems, however, ranged within tolerances of ±10%, thus allowing us to make recommendations for the spectroradiometry of solar UV irradiances.
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39
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Häusler G, Seckmeyer G, Weiss T. Chaos and cooperation in nonlinear pictorial feedback systems. 2: Stability. Appl Opt 1986; 25:4664. [PMID: 18235840 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.004664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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40
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Häusler G, Seckmeyer G, Weiss T. Chaos and cooperation in nonlinear pictorial feedback systems. 3: Quantized feedback systems. Appl Opt 1986; 25:4668. [PMID: 18235841 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.004668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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41
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Häusler G, Seckmeyer G, Weiss T. Chaos and cooperation in nonlinear pictorial feedback systems. 1: Experiments. Appl Opt 1986; 25:4656. [PMID: 18235839 DOI: 10.1364/ao.25.004656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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