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Molina-Peñate E, Artola A, Sánchez A. Exploring biorefinery alternatives for biowaste valorization: a techno-economic assessment of enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with anaerobic digestion or solid-state fermentation for high-value bioproducts. Bioengineered 2024; 15:2307668. [PMID: 38265757 PMCID: PMC10810166 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2024.2307668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic waste is gaining relevance as a complementary technology to conventional biological treatments. Moreover, biorefineries are emerging as a sustainable scenario to integrate waste valorization and high-value bioproducts production. However, their application on municipal solid waste is still limited. This study systematically evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of the conversion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) into high-value bioproducts through enzymatic hydrolysis. Two key variables are examined: (a) the source of the enzymes: commercial or on-site produced using OFMSW, and (b) the treatment of the solid hydrolyzate fraction: solid-state fermentation (SSF) for the production of biopesticides or anaerobic digestion for the production of energy. As a result, four different biorefinery scenarios are generated and compared in terms of profitability. Results showed that the most profitable scenario was to produce enzymes on-site and valorize the solid fraction via SSF, with an internal rate of return of 13%. This scenario led to higher profit margins (74%) and a reduced payback time (6 years), in contrast with commercial enzymes that led to an unprofitable biorefinery. Also, the simultaneous production of higher-value bioproducts and energy reduced the economic dependence of OFMSW treatment on policy instruments while remaining energetically self-sufficient. The profitability of the biorefinery scenarios evaluated was heavily dependent on the enzyme price and the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process, highlighting the importance of cost-efficient enzyme production alternatives and high-quality OFMSW. This paper contributes to understanding the potential role of enzymes in future OFMSW biorefineries and offers economical insights on different configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Molina-Peñate
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Edifici Q, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adriana Artola
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Edifici Q, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- GICOM Research Group, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Edifici Q, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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González D, Barrena R, Moral-Vico J, Irigoyen I, Sánchez A. Addressing the gaseous and odour emissions gap in decentralised biowaste community composting. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:231-238. [PMID: 38412755 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Composting has demonstrated to be an effective and sustainable technology to valorise organic waste in the framework of circular economy, especially for biowaste. Composting can be performed in various technological options, from full-scale plants to community or even individual composters. However, there is scarce scientific information about the potential impact of community composting referred to gaseous emissions. This work examines the emissions of methane and nitrous oxide as main GHG, ammonia, VOC and odours from different active community composting sites placed in Spain, treating kitchen, leftovers and household biowaste. Expectedly, the gaseous emissions have an evident relation with the composting progress, represented mainly by its decrease as temperature or biological activity decreases. GHG and odour emission rates ranged from 5.3 to 815.2 mg CO2eq d-1 kg-1VS and from 69.8 to 1088.5 ou d-1 kg-1VS, respectively, generally being lower than those find in open-air full-scale composting. VOC characterization from the community composting gaseous emissions showed a higher VOC families' distribution in the emissions from initial composting phases, even though terpenes such as limonene, α-pinene and β-pinene were the most abundant VOC along the composting process occurring in the different sites studied. The results presented in this study can be the basis to evaluate systematically and scientifically the numerous current projects for a worldwide community composting implementation in decentralised biowaste management schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Barrena
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Moral-Vico
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Irigoyen
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnology and Food, Public University of Navarre, 31006 Pamplona-Iruña, Navarra, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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Batista-Barwinski MJ, Butzke-Souza N, Radetski-Silva R, Tiegs F, Laçoli R, Venturieri GA, Miller PRM, Branco JO, Ariente-Neto R, Radetski CM. Slaughterhouse by-products composting: can microorganisms inoculum addition mitigate final compost odor emission? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2024; 59:131-141. [PMID: 38314812 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2024.2312063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Small slaughterhouses generate biowaste, which for economic reasons, is generally destined for composting. Inoculating appropriate microorganisms can improve biodegradation efficiency and mitigate odor generation during the composting process and can give rise to composts with neutral or pleasant odors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the odor intensity reduction of compost generated with and without a formulated inoculum (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis, and Rhodopseudomonas palustris). A set of experimental data was collected and analyzed according to the German "Verein Deutscher Ingenieure" odor protocol. The results showed that adding microorganisms was effective in reducing unpleasant odors in all three composts generated from swine, cattle, and poultry slaughterhouse by-products during both summer and winter seasons. Additionally, soil odor was predominant in composts that were inoculated in the two tested seasons (i.e., summer and winter). On the other hand, composts without inoculation had odors similar to peat for swine compost, ammonia for cattle compost, and manure for poultry compost, regardless of the season tested. Overall, composting process with appropriate inoculum can help in the correct disposal of slaughterhouse wastes by transforming organic matter into composts, which can have economic and environmental value as a soil conditioner and/or fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolli Butzke-Souza
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Ramaiana Radetski-Silva
- Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Frankie Tiegs
- Curso de Mestrado em Tecnologia e Ambiente, Instituto Federal Catarinense - Campus Araquari, Araquari, Brazil
| | - Rosane Laçoli
- Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Giorgini A Venturieri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paul Richard M Miller
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agroecossistemas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Joaquim O Branco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
| | - Rafael Ariente-Neto
- Curso de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Campus Jandaia do Sul, Jandaia do Sul, Brazil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Itajaí, Brazil
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Cheng H, Lee W, Wen C, Dai H, Cheng F, Lu X. A sustainable integrated anoxic/aerobic bio-contactor process for simultaneously in-situ deodorization and pollutants removal from decentralized domestic sewage. Heliyon 2023; 9:e22339. [PMID: 38045187 PMCID: PMC10689935 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of anoxic filter and aerobic rotating biological contactor shows promise in treating rural domestic sewage. It offers high efficiency, low sludge production, and strong shock resistance. However, further optimization is needed for odor control, pollutant removal, and power consumption. In this study, the investigation on a one-pump-drive lab-scale device of retention anoxic filter (RAF) integrated with hydraulic rotating bio-contactor (HRBC) and its optimal operation mode were conducted. During the 50-day operation, optimal operation parameters were investigated. These parameters included a 175 % reflux ratio (RR), 5-h hydraulic retention time in the RAF (HRTRAF), and 2.5-h hydraulic retention time in the HRBC (HRTHRBC). Those conditions characterized a micro-aerobic environment (DO: 0.6-0.8 mg/L) in RAF, inducing improved deodorization (89.3 % sulfide removal) and denitrification (85.9 % nitrate removal) simultaneously. During the operation period, 84.79 ± 3.87 % COD, 82.71± 2.06 % NH 4 + -N, 74.83 ± 2.06 % TN, 91.68± 2.12 % S2-, and 89.04 ± 1.68 % TON were removed in RAF-HRBC. Based on large amount of operational data, organic loading rate curves of RAF-HRBC were validated and calibrated as a crucial reference to aid in full-scale designs and applications. The richness of microbial community was improved in both RAF and HRBC. In the RAF, the autotrophic sulfide-oxidizing nitrate-reducing bacteria (a-son) and heterotrophic sulfide-oxidizing nitrate-reducing bacteria (h-son) were selectively enriched, which intensified the sulfide removal and denitrification process. In the two-stage HRBC system, the 1st stage RBC was primarily composed of organics degraders, while the 2nd stage RBC consisted mainly of ammonium oxidizers. Overall, the integrated RAF-HRBC process holds significant potential for simultaneously improving pollutant removal and in-situ odor mitigation in decentralized domestic sewage treatment. This process specifically contributes to enhancing environmental sustainability and operational efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helai Cheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Yixing, Wuxi), No. 1 Puzhubeilu Road, Yixing, Wuxi 214226, China
| | - Wenhua Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Yixing, Wuxi), No. 1 Puzhubeilu Road, Yixing, Wuxi 214226, China
| | - Cangxiang Wen
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Yixing, Wuxi), No. 1 Puzhubeilu Road, Yixing, Wuxi 214226, China
| | - Hongliang Dai
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Fangkui Cheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang 212018, China
| | - Xiwu Lu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, No. 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
- ERC Taihu Lake Water Environment (Yixing, Wuxi), No. 1 Puzhubeilu Road, Yixing, Wuxi 214226, China
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Zou SP, Liu RS, Luo Y, Bo CT, Tang SQ, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Effects of fungal agents and biochar on odor emissions and microbial community dynamics during in-situ treatment of food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129095. [PMID: 37100303 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the co-addition of fungal agents and biochar on physicochemical properties, odor emissions, microbial community structure, and metabolic functions were investigated during the in-situ treatment of food waste. The combined addition of fungal agents and biochar decreased cumulative NH3, H2S, and VOCs emissions by 69.37%, 67.50%, and 52.02%, respectively. The predominant phyla throughout the process were Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Combined treatment significantly impacted the conversion and release of nitrogen from the perspective of the variation of nitrogen content between different forms. FAPROTAX analysis revealed that the combined application of fungal agents and biochar could effectively inhibit nitrite ammonification and reduce the emission of odorous gases. This work aims to clarify the combined effect of fungal agents and biochar on odor emission and provide a theoretical basis for developing an environmentally friendly in-situ efficient biological deodorization (IEBD) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ru-Sheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chun-Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Su-Qin Tang
- Hangzhou Environmental Group Company Limited, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Ruiz-Muñoz A, Siles JA, Márquez P, Toledo M, Gutiérrez MC, Martín MA. Odor emission assessment of different WWTPs with Extended Aeration Activated Sludge and Rotating Biological Contactor technologies in the province of Cordoba (Spain). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116741. [PMID: 36399884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, five urban WWTPs (Wastewater Treatment Plant) with different biological treatment (Extended Aeration Activated Sludge - EAAS; Rotating Biological Contactor - RBC), wastewater type (Urban; Industrial) and size, were jointly evaluated. The aim was twofold: (1) to analyze and compare their odor emissions, and (2) to identify the main causes of its generation from the relationships between physico-chemical, respirometric and olfactometric variables. The results showed that facilities with EAAS technology were more efficient than RBC, with elimination yields of organic matter higher than 90%. In olfactometric terms, sludge managements facilities (SMFs) were found to be the critical odor source in all WWTPs compared to the Inlet point (I) or Post primary treatment (PP), and for seasonal periods with ambient temperature higher than 25 °C. Moreover, the global odor emissions quantified in all SMFs revealed that facilities with EAAS (C-WWTP, V-WWTP and Z-WWTP) had a lower odor contribution (19,345, 14,800 and 11,029 ouE/s·m2, respectively) than for those with RBC technology (P-WWTP and NC-WWTP) which accounted for 19,747 ouE/s·m2 and 80,061 ouE/s·m2, respectively. In addition, chemometric analysis helped to find groupings and differences between the WWTPs considering the wastewater (71.27% of total variance explained) and sludge management (64.52% of total variance explained) lines independently. Finally, odor emissions were adequately predicted from the physico-chemical and respirometric variables in the wastewater (r2 = 0.8738) and sludge (r2 = 0.9373) lines, being pH, volatile acidity and temperature (wastewater line), and pH, moisture, temperature, SOUR (Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate) and OD20 (Cumulative Oxygen Demand at 20 h) (sludge line) the most influential variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Muñoz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J A Siles
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - P Márquez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Toledo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M C Gutiérrez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M A Martín
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Area of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Córdoba, Instituto Químico para La Energía y El Medioambiente (IQUEMA), Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Edificio Marie Curie, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
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