1
|
Carvalho JS, do Nascimento RDKS, Cintra JVFDRF, da Rosa NLC, Grosseli GM, Fadini PS, Urban RC. Source apportionment and health impact assessment of atmospheric particulate matter in the city of São Carlos, Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138450. [PMID: 36940826 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, positive matrix factorization method was used for source apportionment of PM10 in the city of São Carlos from 2015 to 2018. The annual mean concentrations of PM10, 15 PAHs, 4 oxy-PAHs, 6 nitro-PAHs, 21 saccharides, and 17 ions in these samples were in the ranges 18.1 ± 6.99 to 25.0 ± 11.3 μg m-3 for PM10, 9.80 × 10-1 ± 2.06 to 2.03 ± 8.54 × 10-1 ng m-3 for ΣPAHs, 83.9 ± 35.7 to 683 ± 521 pg m-3 for Σoxy-PAHs, 1.79 × 10-2 ± 1.23 × 10-1 to 7.12 ± 4.90 ng m-3 for Σnitro-PAHs, 83.3 ± 44.7 to 142 ± 85.9 ng m-3 for Σsaccharides, and 3.80 ± 1.54 to 5.66 ± 4.52 μg m-3 for Σions. For most species, the concentrations were higher in the dry season than in the rainy. This was related not only to the low rainfall and relative humidity characteristic of the dry season but also to an increase in fire spots recorded in the region between April and September every year from 2015 to 2018. A 4-factor solution provided the best description of the dataset, with the four identified sources of PM10 being soil resuspension (28%), biogenic emissions (27%), biomass burning (27%), and vehicle exhaust together with secondary PM (18%). Although the PM10 concentrations were not above the limit established by local legislation, the epidemiological study showed that by reducing PM2.5 concentrations to the level recommended by the WHO, approximately 35 premature deaths per 100,000 population could be avoided annually. The results revealed that biomass burning continues to be one of the main anthropic sources of emissions to the atmosphere in the region, so it needs to be incorporated into the existing guidelines and policies to reduce the concentration of particulate matter to within the limits recommended by the WHO, in order to avoid premature deaths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro Sergio Fadini
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Cerasi Urban
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hassan SK, Alghamdi MA, Khoder MI. Effect of restricted emissions during COVID-19 on atmospheric aerosol chemistry in a Greater Cairo suburb: Characterization and enhancement of secondary inorganic aerosol production. ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 13:101587. [PMID: 36340245 PMCID: PMC9627639 DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2022.101587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To prevent the rapid spreading of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Egyptian government had imposed partial lockdown restrictions which led emissions reduction. This served as ideal conditions for a natural experiment, for study the effect of partial lockdown on the atmospheric aerosol chemistry and the enhanced secondary inorganic aerosol production in a semi-desert climate area like Egypt. To achieve this objective, SO2, NO2, and PM2.5 and their chemical compositions were measured during the pre-COVID, COVID partial lockdown, and post-COVID periods in 2020 in a suburb of Greater Cairo, Egypt. Our results show that the SO2, NO2, PM2.5 and anthropogenic elements concentrations follow the pattern pre-COVID > post-COVID > COVID partial lockdown. SO2 and NO2 reductions were high compared with their secondary products during the COVID partial lockdown compared with pre-COVID. Although, PM2.5, anthropogenic elements, NO2, SO2, SO4 2-, NO3 -, and NH4 + decreased by 39%, 38-55%, 38%, 32.9%. 9%, 14%, and 4.3%, respectively, during the COVID partial lockdown compared with pre-COVID, with the secondary inorganic ions (SO4 2-, NO3 -, and NH4 +) being the dominant components in PM2.5 during the COVID partial lockdown. Moreover, the enhancement of NO3 - and SO4 2- formation during the COVID partial lockdown was high compared with pre-COVID. SO4 2- and NO3 - formation enhancements were significantly positive correlated with PM2.5 concentration. Chemical forms of SO4 2- and NO3 - were identified in PM2.5 based on their NH4 +/SO4 2- molar ratio and correlation between NH4 + and both NO3 - and SO4 2-. The particles during the COVID partial lockdown were more acidic than those in pre-COVID.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mansour A Alghamdi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh I Khoder
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental and Climate Change Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Behooth Str., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Analysis of the Diurnal Changes in the Water-Soluble Ion Concentration in Wuhan between 2016 and 2019. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study uses online monitoring data from the Hubei Environmental Monitoring Center’s Atmospheric Compound Pollution Automatic Monitoring Station from 2016 to 2019 to analyze the diurnal changes in the concentration of water-soluble ions in particulate matter in Wuhan. During the study period, the concentrations of SO2, NO3−, and SO42− changed significantly, while those of NH4+, NH3, and Ca2+ exhibited minimal differences. SO2 and NO3− showed an annually increasing trend, while NH4+ and SO42− exhibited an annually decreasing trend. The ion concentration was generally higher in the winter and spring and lower in the summer and autumn. The concentration of water-soluble ions was generally higher during the day than at night. However, the “weekend effect” on the change in ion concentrations was substantial and higher during the day than at night. This effect was the strongest for NO3− and the weakest for NH3. These changes in the weekend effect of water-soluble ions in particulate matter clearly revealed the impact of periodic human activities on atmospheric pollution. Taken together, the results of this novel study reveal the diurnal pollution characteristics and “weekend effect” of water-soluble ions with high concentrations in atmospheric aerosols in Wuhan over a four-year period, thus providing relevant insights for Wuhan’s atmospheric mitigation plan.
Collapse
|
4
|
Characterization, Pollution Sources, and Health Risk of Ionic and Elemental Constituents in PM2.5 of Wuhan, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11070760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5 samples from Wuhan, China were collected during a winter period of February and a summer period of August in 2018. The average PM2.5 mass concentration in winter reached 112 μg/m3—about two-fold higher than that found in summer. Eight ionic species constituted 1/3 of PM2.5, whereas more than 85% represented secondary ionic aerosols (NO3−, SO42− and NH4+). Higher ratios of NO3−/SO42− (0.95–2.62) occurred in winter and lower ratios (0.11–0.42) occurred in summer showing the different contribution for mobile and stationary sources. Seventeen elemental species constituted about 10% of PM2.5, with over 95% Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, K and Zn. Higher K-concentration occurred in winter indicating greater contribution from biomass and firework-burning. Carcinogenic risks by Cr, As, Cd, Ni and Pb in PM2.5 indicated that about 6.94 children and 46.5 adults among per million may risk getting cancer via inhalation during surrounding winter atmospheric sampling, while about 5.41 children and 36.6 adults have the same risk during summer. Enrichment factors (EFs) and elemental ratios showed that these hazardous elements were mainly from anthropogenic sources like coal and oil combustion, gasoline and diesel vehicles.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang G, Ding C, Jiang X, Pan G, Wei X, Sun Y. Chemical Compositions and Sources Contribution of Atmospheric Particles at a Typical Steel Industrial Urban Site. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7654. [PMID: 32376844 PMCID: PMC7203122 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Online monitoring concentrations of PM at five sites were obtained from 01/01/2016 to 31/12/2016 in Laiwu, China, and PM2.5 filters were manually sampled for total 34 days at the same sites in four seasons in 2016. PM pollution sources, including soil dust, urban dust, construction dust, coal-fired power plants dust, steel plant dust and motor vehicle exhaust dust were sampled, respectively. The overall mean PM2.5/PM10 ratio (0.57) in Laiwu was at a relatively lower level compared with that in other Chinese cities, which was higher in winter, indicating fine particulate was the main contributor of atmospheric pollution in this period. NH4+ mainly existed in the form of NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 during the sampling periods. Higher sulfate and NH4+ concentrations were in summer while higher nitrate concentrations prevailed in winter. The annual value of OC/EC was (5.38 ± 1.70), higher in summer and lower in winter, and the calculated SOC/OC value (%) was (43.68 ± 12.98)%. The characteristic components were Si, Fe and Ca in urban dust and soil dust; Ca, Mg, and NH4+ in construction dust; Fe, Ca and SO42- in steel dust; OC, EC and Si in motor vehicle exhaust dust; SO42-, Al and NH4+ in power plant dust. Compared with other cities at home and abroad, it was found that the concentrations of metal elements in Laiwu were significantly higher than those in foreign cities, and at a medium level in China. With the improved CRAESCMB model, the urban dust was regarded as the receptor and the source of PM2.5 and apportioned its secondary sources contributions to PM2.5. The CMB results showed the contributions of secondary sources including sulfate (17%), nitrate (17%) and SOC (13%) to PM2.5 accounted for nearly half of all sources. Therefore, more attentions should be paid on secondary sources from the primary emission sources of the motor vehicle exhaust, coal combustion sources especially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Ding
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojing Jiang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Guang Pan
- Atmospheric environment department, Shandong Provincial Eco-environment Monitoring Center, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wei
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Youmin Sun
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Assessments of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions and Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Dustfall and Topsoil in Lanzhou, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082970. [PMID: 32344714 PMCID: PMC7216019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chemical features of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil in the same region could reflect the processes of the migration, transport, and diffusion of pollutants in the atmospheric-soil system. Samples of atmospheric dustfall and topsoil were collected in Lanzhou City. The contents and correlation of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and heavy metals in dustfall and topsoil were analyzed, the sources of heavy metals and WSIIs in dustfall were distinguished, and the potential ecological risks of heavy metals in dustfall and topsoil were evaluated. The highest contents of WSIIs are SO42− (18,594 mg·kg−1) and Ca2+ (10,070 mg·kg−1) in dustfall, and for SO42− (8271 mg·kg−1) and Na+ (1994 mg·kg−1) in topsoil. The concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, and Ni) in dustfall are considerably higher than those in topsoil. Combustion of biomass and coal, transportation and industrial activities are the major anthropogenic sources of WSIIs and heavy metals in Lanzhou. Pollution of heavy metals except Cr and Ni in dustfall, and Cu, Cr, and Ni in topsoil was up to different degrees, where the pollution of Cd was serious. The risk of Cd in dustfall is high while moderate in topsoil. This research could offer a reference for the atmospheric particle pollution prevention and control in Lanzhou.
Collapse
|
8
|
Qin J, Mbululo Y, Yang M, Yuan Z, Nyihirani F, Zheng X. Chemical Composition and Deposition Fluxes of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions on Dry and Wet Deposition Samples in Wuhan, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16010132. [PMID: 30621337 PMCID: PMC6339243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of PM2.5 concentration, dry and wet deposition of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII) and their deposition flux was carried out. During sampling, a total number of 31 samples of PM2.5, five wet deposition samples and seven dry deposition samples were collected. The analyses results showed that the average concentration of PM2.5 was 122.95 µg/m³ whilst that of WSII was 51.63 µg/m³, equivalent to 42% of the total mass of PM2.5. The correlation coefficients between WSII in samples of PM2.5 was significant (r = 0.50 and p-value of 0.0019). Ions of SO 4 2 - , NO 3 - , Cl - , and NH 4 + were dominant in the entire samples (PM2.5, dry and wet depositions), nevertheless, the average concentration of both SO 4 2 - and Cl - were below the China environmental quality standard for surface water. The ratio of dominant anions in wet deposition ( SO 4 2 - / NO 3 - ) was 1.59, whilst that for dry deposition ( SO 4 2 - / Cl - ) was 1.4, indicating that acidity was mainly derived from sulphate. In the case of dominant cations, the dry and wet deposition ratios ( Ca 2 + / NH 4 + ) were 1.36 and 1.37, respectively, suggesting the alkaline substances were mainly dominated by calcium salts. Days with higher recorded concentrations of PM2.5 were accompanied by dry and warm boundary layer structure, weak low-level wind and strong inversion layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Qin
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Yassin Mbululo
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 3038, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Muyi Yang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhengxuan Yuan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Fatuma Nyihirani
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
- Centre for Environment, Poverty and Sustainable Development, Mzumbe University, P.O. Box 83, Morogoro, Tanzania.
| | - Xiang Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lu Mo Road, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang H, Cheng S, Li J, Yao S, Wang X. Investigating the aerosol mass and chemical components characteristics and feedback effects on the meteorological factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:495-502. [PMID: 30366297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The measurement of aerosols (PM1.0 and PM2.5) was conducted during 2016 and 2017 in Beijing, Tangshan and Shijiazhuang, investigating the spatial and temporal variations of aerosols and major chemical components. The WRF-Chem model was applied to simulate the impacts of aerosol direct and semi-direct feedbacks on meteorological factors and identify the source of PM2.5. The results showed that the average annual concentrations were 63.3-88.7 μg/m3 for PM1.0 and 81.3-112 μg/m3 for PM2.5 at the three study cities, and the average seasonal concentration ratios of PM1.0/PM2.5 ranged from 64.3% to 86.0%. PM1.0 and PM2.5 showed a good correlation that the squared correlation coefficients were all higher than 0.9, indicating both mainly came from the same emission sources. Water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous components were major chemical species in PM1.0 and PM2.5, accounting for 48.9%-54.1% and 25.6%-27.8% in PM1.0, 48.1%-52.3% and 22.7%-24.7% in PM2.5. Those chemical species showed spatially similar characteristics but pronounced seasonal differences, with higher concentrations in autumn and winter, lower in spring and summer. Aerosol feedbacks had different effects on various meteorological factors. Three study cities monthly-mean incoming solar radiation decreased by 40.6 W/m2, 82.2 W/m2, 38.4 W/m2, and 49.9 W/m2; planetary boundary layer height reduced by 54.0 m, 109 m, 32.2 m and 85.2 m; temperature at 2 m decreased by 0.5 °C, 0.8 °C, 0.5 °C and 1.3 °C; relative humidity increased by 1.5%, 2.6%, 1.3% and 4.7% in April, July, October and January, respectively, while wind speed changes were relatively smaller than above factors. Additionally, the major sources of PM2.5 in January were identified as transportation in Beijing, while industrial and domestic sources in Tangshan and Shijiazhuang. The obtained results will provide more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of aerosol pollution and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jianbing Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, British Columbia, V2N 4Z9, Canada
| | - Sen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu L, Zhang Q, Jin D, Xu Q, Hu X. A promising voltammetric biosensor based on glutamate dehydrogenase/Fe 3O 4/graphene/chitosan nanobiocomposite for sensitive ammonium determination in PM 2.5. Talanta 2018; 197:622-630. [PMID: 30771985 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel NH4+ voltammetric electrochemical biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)/Fe3O4/graphene (GR)/chitosan (CS) nanobiocomposite onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). On the GLDH/Fe3O4/GR/CS/GCE, GLDH catalyzed the reversible reaction, i.e., the reductive amination of α-ketoglutaric acid and the oxidative deamination of L-glutamate. The electrons produced in the enzymatic reactions were transferred to the surface of the electrode via the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- couple, which helped for the amplification of the electrochemical signal. The electrochemical detection of NH4+ was based on the fact that the enhanced response current was proportional to the NH4+ concentration. Owing to the combination of the advantages of the synergistic effects of Fe3O4 nanospheres, GR and CS, a promising platform for NH4+ sensing was provided. Under optimum conditions, the introduced biosensor had a linear range of 0.4-2.0 μM for NH4+ with the detection and quantification limits of 0.08 and 0.27 μM, respectively. Moreover, the biosensor exhibited good sensitivity and excellent reproducibility. It could retain 91.8% of its original response after two weeks of storage at 4 °C, suggesting satisfactory stability. Additionally, the proposed biosensor was successfully applied to detect NH4+ levels in PM2.5 samples, indicating its feasibility for application in NH4+monitoring in the environmental fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangyun Yu
- College of Chemistry and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China; College of Textiles and Clothing, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Building Materials and Environmental Protection Equipments, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Ecological Building Materials and Environmental Protection Equipments, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, PR China
| | - Dangqin Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Qin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- College of Chemistry and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rezaei S, Naddafi K, Hassanvand MS, Nabizadeh R, Yunesian M, Ghanbarian M, Atafar Z, Faraji M, Nazmara S, Mahmoudi B, Ghozikali MG, ghanbarian M, Gholampour A. Physiochemical characteristics and oxidative potential of ambient air particulate matter (PM 10) during dust and non-dust storm events: a case study in Tehran, Iran. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2018; 16:147-158. [PMID: 30728987 PMCID: PMC6277329 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-018-0303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of metal(loid)s, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxidative potential (OP) in PM10 during dust and non-dust days in a rural and an urban area in Tehran. Water-soluble ions, metal(loid)s, PAHs, and OP were measured using ion chromatography (IC), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and dithiothreitol (DTT) assay respectively. The results showed that the average concentrations of ambient PM10 were 284 ± 90.4 and 123 ± 31.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in urban areas respectively, and were 258 ± 48.3 and 124 ± 41.4 μg m-3 on dusty and regular days in rural areas, respectively; these values were 95% above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline level. The crustal elements Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Al, Si, Fe and Ti were the dominant for PM10 on dusty days, and NO- 3 and SO4 2- were dominant for PM10 on regular days. The average ± SD concentrations of total PAHs were 34.3 ± 22.5 and 55.1 ± 28.3 ng m-3 on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the maximum value occurring on inversion days. The average OP was 8.90 ± 7.15 and 1.41 ± 0.35 and was 11.4 ± 3.97 and 19.9 ± 8.67 (nmol min-1 μg PM10 -1) for water and methanol extracts on dusty and regular days, respectively, with the lowest value occurring on dusty days. The OP was highly associated with Cu and Mn. Briefly; the results of this study demonstrate that OP is mass independent and consequence a promising proxy for PM mass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Rezaei
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Methodology and Data Analysis Department, Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghanbarian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Atafar
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Faraji
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghanbari Ghozikali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, East Azerbaijan Province Health Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Akbar Gholampour
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang HH, Li Z, Liu Y, Xinag P, Cui XY, Ye H, Hu BL, Lou LP. Physical and chemical characteristics of PM 2.5 and its toxicity to human bronchial cells BEAS-2B in the winter and summer. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2018; 19:317-326. [PMID: 29616507 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1700123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing occurrence of haze during the summer, the physicochemical characteristics and toxicity differences in PM2.5 in different seasons are of great concern. Hangzhou is located in an area that has a subtropical monsoon climate where the humidity is very high during both the summer and winter. However, there are limited studies on the seasonal differences in PM2.5 in these weather conditions. In this test, PM2.5 samples were collected in the winter and summer, the morphology and chemical composition of PM2.5 were analyzed, the toxicity of PM2.5 to human bronchial cells BEAS-2B was compared, and the correlation between PM2.5 toxicity and the chemical composition was discussed. The results showed that during both the winter and summer, the main compounds in the PM2.5 samples were water-soluble ions, particularly SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+, followed by organic components, while heavy metals were present at lower levels. The higher the mass concentration of PM2.5, the greater its impact on cell viability and ROS levels. However, when the mass concentration of PM2.5 was similar, the water extraction from the summer samples showed a greater impact on BEAS-2B than that from the winter samples. The cytotoxicity of PM2.5 was closely associated with heavy metals and organic pollutants but less related to water-soluble ions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Zhang
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Xinag
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xin-Yi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Hui Ye
- Hangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou 310007, China
| | - Bao-Lan Hu
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Research Center of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Ping Lou
- College of Environmental & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Research Center of Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sources and Formation Processes of Short-Chain Saturated Diacids (C2–C4) in Inhalable Particles (PM10) from Huangshi City, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8110213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
14
|
Characteristics and Source Analysis of Water-Soluble Inorganic Ions in PM10 in a Typical Mining City, Central China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8040074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
15
|
Water-Soluble Ionic Composition of Aerosols at Urban Location in the Foothills of Himalaya, Pokhara Valley, Nepal. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7080102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|