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Gao K, Koch HC, Zhou CW, Kanji ZA. The dependence of soot particle ice nucleation ability on its volatile content. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:2043-2069. [PMID: 36043854 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aviation soot can affect contrail and cirrus cloud formation and impact climate. A product of incomplete combustion, soot particles, are fractal and hydrophobic aggregates comprising carbonaceous spheres with complex physicochemical properties. In the cirrus cloud regime, the surface wettability and pore abundance of soot particles are important determinants for their ice nucleation ability via pore condensation and freezing. In the atmosphere, soot particles can undergo various ageing processes which modify their surface chemistry and porosity, thus acting as ice nucleating particles with varying abilities as a function of ageing. In this study, size-selected soot particles were treated by thermal denuding at 573 K in a pure nitrogen (N2) or synthetic air (N2 + O2) flow and then exposed to varying relative humidity conditions at a fixed temperature in the range from 218 to 243 K, to investigate the role of volatile content in the ice nucleation ability. Both organic-lean and organic-rich propane (C3H8) flame soot particles, as well as two types of commercially available carbon black soot particles with high and low surface wettability, were tested. The size and mass distribution of soot aerosol were monitored during the ice nucleation experiments. Bulk soot samples also prepared in pure N2 or synthetic air environments at 573 K were characterised by thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and dynamic vapour sorption measurements, to reveal the relation between denuding volatile content, associated soot particle property modifications and the ice nucleation ability. Our study shows that thermal denuding induces a change in soot particle porosity playing a dominant role in regulating its ice nucleation via the pore condensation and freezing mechanism. The enrichment in mesopore (2-50 nm) availability may enhance soot ice nucleation. The presence of O2 in the thermal denuding process may introduce new active sites on soot particles for water interaction and increase soot surface wettability. However, these active sites only facilitate soot ice nucleation when mesopore structures are available. We conclude that a change in volatile content modifies both morphological properties and surface chemistry for soot particles, but porosity change plays the dominant role in regulating soot particle ice nucleation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Gao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
- Shenyuan Honours College of Beihang University, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
| | | | - Chong-Wen Zhou
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zamin A Kanji
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland.
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Bhandari J, China S, Chandrakar KK, Kinney G, Cantrell W, Shaw RA, Mazzoleni LR, Girotto G, Sharma N, Gorkowski K, Gilardoni S, Decesari S, Facchini MC, Zanca N, Pavese G, Esposito F, Dubey MK, Aiken AC, Chakrabarty RK, Moosmüller H, Onasch TB, Zaveri RA, Scarnato BV, Fialho P, Mazzoleni C. Extensive Soot Compaction by Cloud Processing from Laboratory and Field Observations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11824. [PMID: 31413342 PMCID: PMC6694138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Soot particles form during combustion of carbonaceous materials and impact climate and air quality. When freshly emitted, they are typically fractal-like aggregates. After atmospheric aging, they can act as cloud condensation nuclei, and water condensation or evaporation restructure them to more compact aggregates, affecting their optical, aerodynamic, and surface properties. Here we survey the morphology of ambient soot particles from various locations and different environmental and aging conditions. We used electron microscopy and show extensive soot compaction after cloud processing. We further performed laboratory experiments to simulate atmospheric cloud processing under controlled conditions. We find that soot particles sampled after evaporating the cloud droplets, are significantly more compact than freshly emitted and interstitial soot, confirming that cloud processing, not just exposure to high humidity, compacts soot. Our findings have implications for how the radiative, surface, and aerodynamic properties, and the fate of soot particles are represented in numerical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janarjan Bhandari
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
| | - Swarup China
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kamal Kant Chandrakar
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Greg Kinney
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Will Cantrell
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Raymond A Shaw
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Lynn R Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Chemistry, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Giulia Girotto
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
| | - Noopur Sharma
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Kyle Gorkowski
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zanca
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR-ISAC), Rome, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giulia Pavese
- Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis (CNR-IMAA), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Manvendra K Dubey
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Allison C Aiken
- Earth & Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Rajan K Chakrabarty
- Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Rahul A Zaveri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Paulo Fialho
- Instituto de Investigação em Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos - IVAR, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal
| | - Claudio Mazzoleni
- Atmospheric Sciences Program and Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
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Yuan Q, Xu J, Wang Y, Zhang X, Pang Y, Liu L, Bi L, Kang S, Li W. Mixing State and Fractal Dimension of Soot Particles at a Remote Site in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8227-8234. [PMID: 31251592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mixing state and fractal dimension (Df) of soot particles are two major factors affecting their absorption capacity and their climate effects. Here we investigated these factors of soot particles found in a typical valley of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau where wood burning in local villages was one major source of soot particles. Our motivation revealed Df and the aging property of soot particles in remote air and discussed their regional climatic implications. We found that 64% of total analyzed particles by number were soot-bearing particles and most of them aged with sulfate or organic coating. The Df sequence is bare-like soot (1.75 ± 0.08) < partly coated soot (1.82 ± 0.05) < embedded soot (1.88 ± 0.05). The aging process enlarged the overall size of the soot-bearing particles and increased the compactness of soot. Soot aging critically depended on high relative humidity (RH) during nighttime. Besides emission sources and coating processes, the coating aerosol phase under different RHs is another important factor affecting the soot Df.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
| | - Yuner Pang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Lei Bi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources , Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Lanzhou 730000 , Gansu , China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027 , Zhejiang , China
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