1
|
LeBar K, Liu W, Chicco AJ, Wang Z. Role of Microtubule Network in the Passive Anisotropic Viscoelasticity of Healthy Right Ventricle. J Biomech Eng 2024; 146:071003. [PMID: 38329431 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are viscoelastic and key determinants of right ventricle (RV) mechanics. Intracellularly, microtubules are found to impact the viscoelasticity of isolated cardiomyocytes or trabeculae; whether they contribute to the tissue-level viscoelasticity is unknown. Our goal was to reveal the role of the microtubule network in the passive anisotropic viscoelasticity of the healthy RV. Equibiaxial stress relaxation tests were conducted in healthy RV free wall (RVFW) under early (6%) and end (15%) diastolic strain levels, and at sub- and physiological stretch rates. The viscoelasticity was assessed at baseline and after the removal of microtubule network. Furthermore, a quasi-linear viscoelastic (QLV) model was applied to delineate the contribution of microtubules to the relaxation behavior of RVFW. After removing the microtubule network, RVFW elasticity and viscosity were reduced at the early diastolic strain level and in both directions. The reduction in elasticity was stronger in the longitudinal direction, whereas the degree of changes in viscosity were equivalent between directions. There was insignificant change in RVFW viscoelasticity at late diastolic strain level. Finally, the modeling showed that the tissue's relaxation strength was reduced by the removal of the microtubule network, but the change was present only at a later time scale. These new findings suggest a critical role of cytoskeleton filaments in RVFW passive mechanics in physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen LeBar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 80523
| | - Adam J Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roth K, Liu W, LeBar K, Ahern M, Wang Z. Establishment of a Biaxial Testing System for Characterization of Right Ventricle Viscoelasticity Under Physiological Loadings. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2024:10.1007/s13239-024-00722-5. [PMID: 38468114 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-024-00722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies have indicated an impact of cardiac muscle viscoelasticity on systolic and diastolic functions. However, the studies of ventricular free wall viscoelasticity, particularly for that of right ventricles (RV), are limited. Moreover, investigations on ventricular passive viscoelasticity have been restricted to large animals and there is a lack of data on rodent species. To fill this knowledge gap, this study aims to develop a biaxial tester that induces high-speed physiological deformations to characterize the passive viscoelasticity of rat RVs. METHODS The biaxial testing system was fabricated so that planar deformation of rat ventricle tissues at physiological strain rates was possible. The testing system was validated using isotropic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheets. Next, viscoelastic measurements were performed in healthy rat RV free walls by equibiaxial cyclic sinusoidal loadings and stress relaxation. RESULTS The biaxial tester's consistency, accuracy, and stability was confirmed from the PDMS samples measurements. Moreover, significant viscoelastic alterations of the RV were found between sub-physiological (0.1 Hz) and physiological frequencies (1-8 Hz). From hysteresis loop analysis, we found as the frequency increased, the elasticity and viscosity were increased in both directions. Interestingly, the ratio of storage energy to dissipated energy (Wd/Ws) remained constant at 0.1-5 Hz. We did not observe marked differences in healthy RV viscoelasticity between longitudinal and circumferential directions. CONCLUSION This work provides a new experimental tool to quantify the passive, biaxial viscoelasticity of ventricle free walls in both small and large animals. The dynamic mechanical tests showed frequency-dependent elastic and viscous behaviors of healthy rat RVs. But the ratio of dissipated energy to stored energy was maintained between frequencies. These findings offer novel baseline information on the passive viscoelasticity of healthy RVs in adult rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellan Roth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristen LeBar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Matt Ahern
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garvin AM, Katwa LC. Primary cardiac fibroblast cell culture: methodological considerations for physiologically relevant conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 325:H869-H881. [PMID: 37624100 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00224.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Primary cardiac fibroblast (CF) tissue culture is a necessary tool for interrogating specific signaling mechanisms that dictate the phenotypic heterogeneity observed in vivo in different disease states. Traditional approaches that use tissue culture plastic and nutrient-rich medium have been shown to induce CF activation and, therefore, alter CF subpopulation composition. This shift away from in vivo phenotypes complicate the interpretation of results through the lens of the animal model. As the field works to identify CF diversity, these methodological flaws have begun to be addressed and more studies are focused on the dynamic interaction of CFs with their environment. This review focuses on the aspects of tissue culture that impact CF activation and, therefore, require consideration when designing in vitro experiments. The complexity of CF biology overlaid onto diverse model systems highlight the need for study-specific optimization and validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Garvin
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laxmansa C Katwa
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu W, LeBar K, Roth K, Pang J, Ayers J, Chicco AJ, Puttlitz CM, Wang Z. Alterations of biaxial viscoelastic properties of the right ventricle in pulmonary hypertension development in rest and acute stress conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1182703. [PMID: 37324443 PMCID: PMC10266205 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1182703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The right ventricle (RV) mechanical property is an important determinant of its function. However, compared to its elasticity, RV viscoelasticity is much less studied, and it remains unclear how pulmonary hypertension (PH) alters RV viscoelasticity. Our goal was to characterize the changes in RV free wall (RVFW) anisotropic viscoelastic properties with PH development and at varied heart rates. Methods: PH was induced in rats by monocrotaline treatment, and the RV function was quantified by echocardiography. After euthanasia, equibiaxial stress relaxation tests were performed on RVFWs from healthy and PH rats at various strain-rates and strain levels, which recapitulate physiological deformations at varied heart rates (at rest and under acute stress) and diastole phases (at early and late filling), respectively. Results and Discussion: We observed that PH increased RVFW viscoelasticity in both longitudinal (outflow tract) and circumferential directions. The tissue anisotropy was pronounced for the diseased RVs, not healthy RVs. We also examined the relative change of viscosity to elasticity by the damping capacity (ratio of dissipated energy to total energy), and we found that PH decreased RVFW damping capacity in both directions. The RV viscoelasticity was also differently altered from resting to acute stress conditions between the groups-the damping capacity was decreased only in the circumferential direction for healthy RVs, but it was reduced in both directions for diseased RVs. Lastly, we found some correlations between the damping capacity and RV function indices and there was no correlation between elasticity or viscosity and RV function. Thus, the RV damping capacity may be a better indicator of RV function than elasticity or viscosity alone. These novel findings on RV dynamic mechanical properties offer deeper insights into the role of RV biomechanics in the adaptation of RV to chronic pressure overload and acute stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Liu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kristen LeBar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kellan Roth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jassia Pang
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Jessica Ayers
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Adam J. Chicco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Christian M. Puttlitz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schimmel K, Ichimura K, Reddy S, Haddad F, Spiekerkoetter E. Cardiac Fibrosis in the Pressure Overloaded Left and Right Ventricle as a Therapeutic Target. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:886553. [PMID: 35600469 PMCID: PMC9120363 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.886553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is a remodeling process of the extracellular matrix (ECM) following cardiac stress. "Replacement fibrosis" is a term used to describe wound healing in the acute phase of an injury, such as myocardial infarction. In striking contrast, ECM remodeling following chronic pressure overload insidiously develops over time as "reactive fibrosis" leading to diffuse interstitial and perivascular collagen deposition that continuously perturbs the function of the left (L) or the right ventricle (RV). Examples for pressure-overload conditions resulting in reactive fibrosis in the LV are systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis, whereas pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) or congenital heart disease with right sided obstructive lesions such as pulmonary stenosis result in RV reactive fibrosis. In-depth phenotyping of cardiac fibrosis has made it increasingly clear that both forms, replacement and reactive fibrosis co-exist in various etiologies of heart failure. While the role of fibrosis in the pathogenesis of RV heart failure needs further assessment, reactive fibrosis in the LV is a pathological hallmark of adverse cardiac remodeling that is correlated with or potentially might even drive both development and progression of heart failure (HF). Further, LV reactive fibrosis predicts adverse outcome in various myocardial diseases and contributes to arrhythmias. The ability to effectively block pathological ECM remodeling of the LV is therefore an important medical need. At a cellular level, the cardiac fibroblast takes center stage in reactive fibrotic remodeling of the heart. Activation and proliferation of endogenous fibroblast populations are the major source of synthesis, secretion, and deposition of collagens in response to a variety of stimuli. Enzymes residing in the ECM are responsible for collagen maturation and cross-linking. Highly cross-linked type I collagen stiffens the ventricles and predominates over more elastic type III collagen in pressure-overloaded conditions. Research has attempted to identify pro-fibrotic drivers causing fibrotic remodeling. Single key factors such as Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) have been described and subsequently targeted to test their usefulness in inhibiting fibrosis in cultured fibroblasts of the ventricles, and in animal models of cardiac fibrosis. More recently, modulation of phenotypic behaviors like inhibition of proliferating fibroblasts has emerged as a strategy to reduce pathogenic cardiac fibroblast numbers in the heart. Some studies targeting LV reactive fibrosis as outlined above have successfully led to improvements of cardiac structure and function in relevant animal models. For the RV, fibrosis research is needed to better understand the evolution and roles of fibrosis in RV failure. RV fibrosis is seen as an integral part of RV remodeling and presents at varying degrees in patients with PAH and animal models replicating the disease of RV afterload. The extent to which ECM remodeling impacts RV function and thus patient survival is less clear. In this review, we describe differences as well as common characteristics and key players in ECM remodeling of the LV vs. the RV in response to pressure overload. We review pre-clinical studies assessing the effect of anti-fibrotic drug candidates on LV and RV function and their premise for clinical testing. Finally, we discuss the mode of action, safety and efficacy of anti-fibrotic drugs currently tested for the treatment of left HF in clinical trials, which might guide development of new approaches to target right heart failure. We touch upon important considerations and knowledge gaps to be addressed for future clinical testing of anti-fibrotic cardiac therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schimmel
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Kenzo Ichimura
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Sushma Reddy
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Pediatric Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Francois Haddad
- Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Edda Spiekerkoetter
- Division Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Edda Spiekerkoetter,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Villalba-Orero M, Jiménez-Riobóo RJ, Gontán N, Sanderson D, López-Olañeta M, García-Pavía P, Desco M, Lara-Pezzi E, Gómez-Gaviro MV. Assessment of myocardial viscoelasticity with Brillouin spectroscopy in myocardial infarction and aortic stenosis models. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21369. [PMID: 34725389 PMCID: PMC8560820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00661-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are associated with changes in the biomechanical properties of the myocardial wall. However, there is no modality available to assess myocardial stiffness directly. Brillouin microspectroscopy (mBS) is a consolidated mechanical characterization technique, applied to the study of the viscoelastic and elastic behavior of biological samples and may be a valuable tool for assessing the viscoelastic properties of the cardiac tissue. In this work, viscosity and elasticity were assessed using mBS in heart samples obtained from healthy and unhealthy mice (n = 6 per group). Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) was performed to evaluate heart deformation. We found that mBS was able to detect changes in stiffness in the ventricles in healthy myocardium. The right ventricle showed reduced stiffness, in agreement with its increased compliance. mBS measurements correlated strongly with STE data, highlighting the association between displacement and stiffness in myocardial regions. This correlation was lost in pathological conditions studied. The scar region in the infarcted heart presented changes in stiffness when compared to the rest of the heart, and the hypertrophied left ventricle showed increased stiffness following aortic stenosis, compared to the right ventricle. We demonstrate that mBS can be applied to determine myocardial stiffness, that measurements correlate with functional parameters and that they change with disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Villalba-Orero
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael J Jiménez-Riobóo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Gontán
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanderson
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina López-Olañeta
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Pavía
- Hospital Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Francisco de Vitoria (UFV), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique Lara-Pezzi
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Victoria Gómez-Gaviro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain. .,Departamento de Bioingeniería e Ingeniería Aeroespacial, Universidad Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Doctor Esquerdo 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emig R, Zgierski-Johnston CM, Timmermann V, Taberner AJ, Nash MP, Kohl P, Peyronnet R. Passive myocardial mechanical properties: meaning, measurement, models. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:587-610. [PMID: 34765043 PMCID: PMC8555034 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive mechanical tissue properties are major determinants of myocardial contraction and relaxation and, thus, shape cardiac function. Tightly regulated, dynamically adapting throughout life, and affecting a host of cellular functions, passive tissue mechanics also contribute to cardiac dysfunction. Development of treatments and early identification of diseases requires better spatio-temporal characterisation of tissue mechanical properties and their underlying mechanisms. With this understanding, key regulators may be identified, providing pathways with potential to control and limit pathological development. Methodologies and models used to assess and mimic tissue mechanical properties are diverse, and available data are in part mutually contradictory. In this review, we define important concepts useful for characterising passive mechanical tissue properties, and compare a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques that allow one to assess tissue mechanics. We give definitions of key terms, and summarise insight into determinants of myocardial stiffness in situ. We then provide an overview of common experimental models utilised to assess the role of environmental stiffness and composition, and its effects on cardiac cell and tissue function. Finally, promising future directions are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Emig
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Callum M. Zgierski-Johnston
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Timmermann
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrew J. Taberner
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P. Nash
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter Kohl
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rémi Peyronnet
- Institute for Experimental Cardiovascular Medicine, University Heart Center Freiburg, Bad Krozingen, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Salem T, Frankman Z, Churko J. Tissue engineering techniques for iPSC derived three-dimensional cardiac constructs. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:891-911. [PMID: 34476988 PMCID: PMC9419978 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in applied developmental physiology have provided well-defined methodologies for producing human stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes produced in this way have become commonplace as cardiac physiology research models. This accessibility has also allowed for the development of tissue engineered human heart constructs for drug screening, surgical intervention, and investigating cardiac pathogenesis. However, cardiac tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary field that involves complex engineering and physiological concepts, which limits its accessibility. This review provides a readable, broad reaching, and thorough discussion of major factors to consider for the development of cardiovascular tissues from stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. This review will examine important considerations in undertaking a cardiovascular tissue engineering project, and will present, interpret, and summarize some of the recent advancements in this field. This includes reviewing different forms of tissue engineered constructs, a discussion on cardiomyocyte sources, and an in-depth discussion of the fabrication and maturation procedures for tissue engineered heart constructs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tori Salem
- University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, 22165, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, United States;
| | - Zachary Frankman
- University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, 22165, Biomedical Engineering, Tucson, Arizona, United States;
| | - Jared Churko
- University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, 22165, 1501 N Campbell RD, SHC 6143, Tucson, Arizona, United States, 85724-5128;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu W, Nguyen-Truong M, Ahern M, Labus KM, Puttlitz CM, Wang Z. Different Passive Viscoelastic Properties Between the Left and Right Ventricles in Healthy Adult Ovine. J Biomech Eng 2021; 143:1115540. [PMID: 34350934 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ventricle dysfunction is the most common cause of heart failure, which leads to high mortality and morbidity. The mechanical behavior of the ventricle is critical to its physiological function. It is known that the ventricle is anisotropic and viscoelastic. However, the understanding of ventricular viscoelasticity is much less than that of its elasticity. Moreover, the left and right ventricles (LV&RV) are different in embryologic origin, anatomy, and function, but whether they distinguish in viscoelastic properties is unclear. We hypothesized that passive viscoelasticity is different between healthy LVs and RVs. Ex vivo cyclic biaxial tensile mechanical tests (1, 0.1, 0.01 Hz) and stress relaxation (strain of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15%) were performed for ventricles from healthy adult sheep. Outflow track direction was defined as the longitudinal direction. Hysteresis stress-strain loops and stress relaxation curves were obtained to quantify the viscoelastic properties. We found that the RV had more pronounced frequency-dependent viscoelastic changes than the LV. Under the physiological frequency (1 Hz), the LV was more anisotropic in the elasticity and stiffer than the RV in both directions, whereas the RV was more anisotropic in the viscosity and more viscous than the LV in the longitudinal direction. The LV was quasi-linear viscoelastic in the longitudinal but not circumferential direction, and the RV was nonlinear viscoelastic in both directions. This study is the first to investigate passive viscoelastic differences in healthy LVs and RVs, and the findings will deepen the understanding of biomechanical mechanisms of ventricular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Michael Nguyen-Truong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Matt Ahern
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Kevin M Labus
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery,Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Christian M Puttlitz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Zhijie Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1374 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1376 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523; 1301 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caporizzo MA, Prosser BL. Need for Speed: The Importance of Physiological Strain Rates in Determining Myocardial Stiffness. Front Physiol 2021; 12:696694. [PMID: 34393820 PMCID: PMC8361601 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.696694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is viscoelastic, meaning its compliance is inversely proportional to the speed at which it stretches. During diastolic filling, the left ventricle rapidly expands at rates where viscoelastic forces impact ventricular compliance. In heart disease, myocardial viscoelasticity is often increased and can directly impede diastolic filling to reduce cardiac output. Thus, treatments that reduce myocardial viscoelasticity may provide benefit in heart failure, particularly for patients with diastolic heart failure. Yet, many experimental techniques either cannot or do not characterize myocardial viscoelasticity, and our understanding of the molecular regulators of viscoelasticity and its impact on cardiac performance is lacking. Much of this may stem from a reliance on techniques that either do not interrogate viscoelasticity (i.e., use non-physiological rates of strain) or techniques that compromise elements that contribute to viscoelasticity (i.e., skinned or permeabilized muscle preparations that compromise cytoskeletal integrity). Clinically, cardiac viscoelastic characterization is challenging, requiring the addition of strain-rate modulation during invasive hemodynamics. Despite these challenges, data continues to emerge demonstrating a meaningful contribution of viscoelasticity to cardiac physiology and pathology, and thus innovative approaches to characterize viscoelasticity stand to illuminate fundamental properties of myocardial mechanics and facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Caporizzo
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Benjamin L Prosser
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mashali MA, Saad NS, Canan BD, Elnakish MT, Milani-Nejad N, Chung JH, Schultz EJ, Kiduko SA, Huang AW, Hare AN, Peczkowski KK, Fazlollahi F, Martin BL, Murray JD, Campbell CM, Kilic A, Whitson BA, Mokadam NA, Mohler PJ, Janssen PML. Impact of etiology on force and kinetics of left ventricular end-stage failing human myocardium. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 156:7-19. [PMID: 33766524 PMCID: PMC8217133 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is associated with highly significant morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. Despite the significant advances in therapies and prevention, HF remains associated with poor clinical outcomes. Understanding the contractile force and kinetic changes at the level of cardiac muscle during end-stage HF in consideration of underlying etiology would be beneficial in developing targeted therapies that can help improve cardiac performance. OBJECTIVE Investigate the impact of the primary etiology of HF (ischemic or non-ischemic) on left ventricular (LV) human myocardium force and kinetics of contraction and relaxation under near-physiological conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS Contractile and kinetic parameters were assessed in LV intact trabeculae isolated from control non-failing (NF; n = 58) and end-stage failing ischemic (FI; n = 16) and non-ischemic (FNI; n = 38) human myocardium under baseline conditions, length-dependent activation, frequency-dependent activation, and response to the β-adrenergic stimulation. At baseline, there were no significant differences in contractile force between the three groups; however, kinetics were impaired in failing myocardium with significant slowing down of relaxation kinetics in FNI compared to NF myocardium. Length-dependent activation was preserved and virtually identical in all groups. Frequency-dependent activation was clearly seen in NF myocardium (positive force frequency relationship [FFR]), while significantly impaired in both FI and FNI myocardium (negative FFR). Likewise, β-adrenergic regulation of contraction was significantly impaired in both HF groups. CONCLUSIONS End-stage failing myocardium exhibited impaired kinetics under baseline conditions as well as with the three contractile regulatory mechanisms. The pattern of these kinetic impairments in relation to NF myocardium was mainly impacted by etiology with a marked slowing down of kinetics in FNI myocardium. These findings suggest that not only force development, but also kinetics should be considered as a therapeutic target for improving cardiac performance and thus treatment of HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Mashali
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Nancy S Saad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Benjamin D Canan
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Mohammad T Elnakish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nima Milani-Nejad
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jae-Hoon Chung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Eric J Schultz
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Salome A Kiduko
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Amanda W Huang
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Austin N Hare
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kyra K Peczkowski
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Farbod Fazlollahi
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brit L Martin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jason D Murray
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Courtney M Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ahmet Kilic
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bryan A Whitson
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Nahush A Mokadam
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Peter J Mohler
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
James EC, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Crook JM. Bioengineering Clinically Relevant Cardiomyocytes and Cardiac Tissues from Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063005. [PMID: 33809429 PMCID: PMC8001925 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The regenerative capacity of cardiomyocytes is insufficient to functionally recover damaged tissue, and as such, ischaemic heart disease forms the largest proportion of cardiovascular associated deaths. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have enormous potential for developing patient specific cardiomyocytes for modelling heart disease, patient-based cardiac toxicity testing and potentially replacement therapy. However, traditional protocols for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes yield mixed populations of atrial, ventricular and nodal-like cells with immature cardiac properties. New insights gleaned from embryonic heart development have progressed the precise production of subtype-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes; however, their physiological immaturity severely limits their utility as model systems and their use for drug screening and cell therapy. The long-entrenched challenges in this field are being addressed by innovative bioengingeering technologies that incorporate biophysical, biochemical and more recently biomimetic electrical cues, with the latter having the potential to be used to both direct hiPSC differentiation and augment maturation and the function of derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac tissues by mimicking endogenous electric fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Claire James
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Jeremy Micah Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia;
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Department of Surgery, St Vincent’s Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy 3065, Australia
- Correspondence: (E.T.-C.); (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nguyen-Truong M, Li YV, Wang Z. Mechanical Considerations of Electrospun Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue and Regenerative Engineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E122. [PMID: 33022929 PMCID: PMC7711753 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials to facilitate the restoration of cardiac tissue is of emerging importance. While there are many aspects to consider in the design of biomaterials, mechanical properties can be of particular importance in this dynamically remodeling tissue. This review focuses on one specific processing method, electrospinning, that is employed to generate materials with a fibrous microstructure that can be combined with material properties to achieve the desired mechanical behavior. Current methods used to fabricate mechanically relevant micro-/nanofibrous scaffolds, in vivo studies using these scaffolds as therapeutics, and common techniques to characterize the mechanical properties of the scaffolds are covered. We also discuss the discrepancies in the reported elastic modulus for physiological and pathological myocardium in the literature, as well as the emerging area of in vitro mechanobiology studies to investigate the mechanical regulation in cardiac tissue engineering. Lastly, future perspectives and recommendations are offered in order to enhance the understanding of cardiac mechanobiology and foster therapeutic development in myocardial regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nguyen-Truong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.N.-T.); (Y.V.L.)
| | - Yan Vivian Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.N.-T.); (Y.V.L.)
- Department of Design and Merchandising, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
- School of Advanced Materials Discovery, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; (M.N.-T.); (Y.V.L.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Introduction to the Special Issue on Advances in Biological Tissue Biomechanics. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030095. [PMID: 32824476 PMCID: PMC7552630 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
15
|
Nguyen‐Truong M, Liu W, Boon J, Nelson B, Easley J, Monnet E, Wang Z. Establishment of adult right ventricle failure in ovine using a graded, animal-specific pulmonary artery constriction model. Animal Model Exp Med 2020; 3:182-192. [PMID: 32613177 PMCID: PMC7323700 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricle failure (RVF) is associated with serious cardiac and pulmonary diseases that contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of patients. Currently, the mechanisms of RVF are not fully understood and it is partly due to the lack of large animal models in adult RVF. In this study, we aim to establish a model of RVF in adult ovine and examine the structure and function relations in the RV. METHODS RV pressure overload was induced in adult male sheep by revised pulmonary artery constriction (PAC). Briefly, an adjustable hydraulic occluder was placed around the main pulmonary artery trunk. Then, repeated saline injection was performed at weeks 0, 1, and 4, where the amount of saline was determined in an animal-specific manner. Healthy, age-matched male sheep were used as additional controls. Echocardiography was performed bi-weekly and on week 11 post-PAC, hemodynamic and biological measurements were obtained. RESULTS This PAC methodology resulted in a marked increase in RV systolic pressure and decreases in stroke volume and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, indicating signs of RVF. Significant increases in RV chamber size, wall thickness, and Fulton's index were observed. Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen accumulation (particularly type III collagen) were evident, and these structural changes were correlated with RV dysfunction. CONCLUSION In summary, the animal-specific, repeated PAC provided a robust approach to induce adult RVF, and this ovine model will offer a useful tool to study the progression and treatment of adult RVF that is translatable to human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - June Boon
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Brad Nelson
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Jeremiah Easley
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Eric Monnet
- Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Clinical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Zhijie Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| |
Collapse
|