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Zheng H, Harcum SW, Pei J, Xie W. Stochastic biological system-of-systems modelling for iPSC culture. Commun Biol 2024; 7:39. [PMID: 38191636 PMCID: PMC10774284 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Large-scale manufacturing of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is essential for cell therapies and regenerative medicines. Yet, iPSCs form large cell aggregates in suspension bioreactors, resulting in insufficient nutrient supply and extra metabolic waste build-up for the cells located at the core. Since subtle changes in micro-environment can lead to a heterogeneous cell population, a novel Biological System-of-Systems (Bio-SoS) framework is proposed to model cell-to-cell interactions, spatial and metabolic heterogeneity, and cell response to micro-environmental variation. Building on stochastic metabolic reaction network, aggregation kinetics, and reaction-diffusion mechanisms, the Bio-SoS model characterizes causal interdependencies at individual cell, aggregate, and cell population levels. It has a modular design that enables data integration and improves predictions for different monolayer and aggregate culture processes. In addition, a variance decomposition analysis is derived to quantify the impact of factors (i.e., aggregate size) on cell product health and quality heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zheng
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Jinxiang Pei
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Wei Xie
- Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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2
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Abubakar M, Masood MF, Javed I, Adil H, Faraz MA, Bhat RR, Fatima M, Abdelkhalek AM, Buccilli B, Raza S, Hajjaj M. Unlocking the Mysteries, Bridging the Gap, and Unveiling the Multifaceted Potential of Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration: A Narrative Review of Current Literature, Ethical Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Cureus 2023; 15:e41533. [PMID: 37551212 PMCID: PMC10404462 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Revolutionary advancements in regenerative medicine have brought stem cell therapy to the forefront, offering promising prospects for the regeneration of ischemic cardiac tissue. Yet, its full efficacy, safety, and role in treating ischemic heart disease (IHD) remain limited. This literature review explores the intricate mechanisms underlying stem cell therapy. Furthermore, we unravel the innovative approaches employed to bolster stem cell survival, enhance differentiation, and seamlessly integrate them within the ischemic cardiac tissue microenvironment. Our comprehensive analysis uncovers how stem cells enhance cell survival, promote angiogenesis, and modulate the immune response. Stem cell therapy harnesses a multifaceted mode of action, encompassing paracrine effects and direct cell replacement. As our review progresses, we underscore the imperative for standardized protocols, comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies, and careful regulatory considerations. Lastly, we explore the integration of tissue engineering and genetic modifications, envisioning a future where stem cell therapy reigns supreme in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abubakar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
- Department of Internal Medicine, Siddique Sadiq Memorial Trust Hospital, Gujranwala, PAK
| | | | - Izzah Javed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Hira Adil
- Department of Community Medicine, Khyber Girls Medical College, Hayatabad, PAK
| | - Muhammad Ahmad Faraz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Rakshita Ramesh Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mangalore Institute of Oncology, Mangalore, IND
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, IND
| | - Mahek Fatima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Osmania Medical College, Hyderabad, IND
| | | | - Barbara Buccilli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, ITA
| | - Saud Raza
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ameer-Ud-Din Medical College, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Mohsin Hajjaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Lahore, PAK
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Teale MA, Schneider S, Eibl D, van den Bos C, Neubauer P, Eibl R. Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cell-based therapeutics: a comparison. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4. [PMID: 37246986 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12583-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based cell therapeutics and especially those based on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are said to have enormous developmental potential in the coming years. Their applications range from the treatment of orthopedic disorders and cardiovascular diseases to autoimmune diseases and even cancer. However, while more than 27 hMSC-derived therapeutics are currently commercially available, hiPSC-based therapeutics have yet to complete the regulatory approval process. Based on a review of the current commercially available hMSC-derived therapeutic products and upcoming hiPSC-derived products in phase 2 and 3, this paper compares the cell therapy manufacturing process between these two cell types. Moreover, the similarities as well as differences are highlighted and the resulting impact on the production process discussed. Here, emphasis is placed on (i) hMSC and hiPSC characteristics, safety, and ethical aspects, (ii) their morphology and process requirements, as well as (iii) their 2- and 3-dimensional cultivations in dependence of the applied culture medium and process mode. In doing so, also downstream processing aspects are covered and the role of single-use technology is discussed. KEY POINTS: • Mesenchymal and induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit distinct behaviors during cultivation • Single-use stirred bioreactor systems are preferred for the cultivation of both cell types • Future research should adapt and modify downstream processes to available single-use devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha A Teale
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
| | - Samuel Schneider
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Dieter Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Neubauer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Berlin, ACK24, Ackerstraße 76, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine Eibl
- Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Cell Cultivation Techniques, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Grüentalstrasse 14, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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Handral HK, Wyrobnik TA, Lam ATL. Emerging Trends in Biodegradable Microcarriers for Therapeutic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061487. [PMID: 36987266 PMCID: PMC10057597 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcarriers (MCs) are adaptable therapeutic instruments that may be adjusted to specific therapeutic uses, making them an appealing alternative for regenerative medicine and drug delivery. MCs can be employed to expand therapeutic cells. MCs can be used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, as well as providing a 3D milieu that replicates the original extracellular matrix, facilitating cell proliferation and differentiation. Drugs, peptides, and other therapeutic compounds can be carried by MCs. The surface of the MCs can be altered, to improve medication loading and release, and to target specific tissues or cells. Allogeneic cell therapies in clinical trials require enormous volumes of stem cells, to assure adequate coverage for several recruitment locations, eliminate batch to batch variability, and reduce production costs. Commercially available microcarriers necessitate additional harvesting steps to extract cells and dissociation reagents, which reduces cell yield and quality. To circumvent such production challenges, biodegradable microcarriers have been developed. In this review, we have compiled key information relating to biodegradable MC platforms, for generating clinical-grade cells, that permit cell delivery at the target site without compromising quality or cell yields. Biodegradable MCs could also be employed as injectable scaffolds for defect filling, supplying biochemical signals for tissue repair and regeneration. Bioinks, coupled with biodegradable microcarriers with controlled rheological properties, might improve bioactive profiles, while also providing mechanical stability to 3D bioprinted tissue structures. Biodegradable materials used for microcarriers have the ability to solve in vitro disease modeling, and are advantageous to the biopharmaceutical drug industries, because they widen the spectrum of controllable biodegradation and may be employed in a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish K. Handral
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Correspondence:
| | - Tom Adam Wyrobnik
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138668, Singapore
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alan Tin-Lun Lam
- Stem Cell Bioprocessing, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore 138668, Singapore
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Nair A, Horiguchi I, Fukumori K, Kino-oka M. Development of instability analysis for the filling process of human-induced pluripotent stem cell products. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Development of a 48-Well Dynamic Suspension Culture System for Pancreatic Differentiation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 18:1423-1433. [PMID: 34855111 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10312-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have started to emerge as a potential tool with application in fields of drug discovery, disease modelling and cell therapy. A variety of protocols for culturing and differentiating pluripotent stem cells into pancreatic β like cells have been published. However, small-scale dynamic suspension culture systems, which could be applied toward systematically optimizing production strategies for cell replacement therapies to accelerate the pace of their discovery and development toward the clinic, are overlooked. METHODS Human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line H9 was used to establish the novel 48-well dynamic suspension culture system. The effects of various rotational speeds and culture medium volumes on cell morphology, cell proliferation, cell viability and cell phenotype were evaluated. Effect of cell density on the pancreatic differentiation efficiency from H9 cells in 48-well plates was further investigated. In vitro the function of pancreatic β like cells was assessed by measuring glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. MAIN RESULTS A 48-well dynamic suspension culture system for hESC expansion as cell aggregates was developed. With optimized rotational speed and culture medium volume, hESCs maintained normal karyotype, viability and pluripotency. Furthermore, the system can also support the hESC aggregates subsequent differentiation into functional pancreatic β like cells after optimizing initial cell seeding density. CONCLUSION A controllable 48-well suspension culture system in microplates for hESCs maintenance, expansion and pancreatic differentiation was developed, which may provide an efficient platform for high-throughput drug screening.
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Morrissey J, Mesquita FCP, Hochman-Mendez C, Taylor DA. Whole Heart Engineering: Advances and Challenges. Cells Tissues Organs 2021; 211:395-405. [PMID: 33640893 DOI: 10.1159/000511382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineering a solid organ for organ replacement is a growing endeavor in regenerative medicine. Our approach - recellularization of a decellularized cadaveric organ scaffold with human cells - is currently the most promising approach to building a complex solid vascularized organ to be utilized in vivo, which remains the major unmet need and a key challenge. The 2008 publication of perfusion-based decellularization and partial recellularization of a rat heart revolutionized the tissue engineering field by showing that it was feasible to rebuild an organ using a decellularized extracellular matrix scaffold. Toward the goal of clinical translation of bioengineered tissues and organs, there is increasing recognition of the underlying need to better integrate basic science domains and industry. From the perspective of a research group focusing on whole heart engineering, we discuss the current approaches and advances in whole organ engineering research as they relate to this multidisciplinary field's 3 major pillars: organ scaffolds, large numbers of cells, and biomimetic bioreactor systems. The success of whole organ engineering will require optimization of protocols to produce biologically-active scaffolds for multiple organ systems, and further technological innovation both to produce the massive quantities of high-quality cells needed for recellularization and to engineer a bioreactor with physiologic stimuli to recapitulate organ function. Also discussed are the challenges to building an implantable vascularized solid organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelynn Morrissey
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fernanda C P Mesquita
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Camila Hochman-Mendez
- Regenerative Medicine Research Department, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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Clough DW, King JL, Li F, Shea LD. Integration of Islet/Beta-Cell Transplants with Host Tissue Using Biomaterial Platforms. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5902435. [PMID: 32894299 PMCID: PMC8253249 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are emerging for type I diabetes mellitus (T1D), an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells, as a means to provide long-term restoration of glycemic control. Biomaterial scaffolds provide an opportunity to enhance the manufacturing and transplantation of islets or stem cell-derived β-cells. In contrast to encapsulation strategies that prevent host contact with the graft, recent approaches aim to integrate the transplant with the host to facilitate glucose sensing and insulin distribution, while also needing to modulate the immune response. Scaffolds can provide a supportive niche for cells either during the manufacturing process or following transplantation at extrahepatic sites. Scaffolds are being functionalized to deliver oxygen, angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, or trophic factors, and may facilitate cotransplantation of cells that can enhance engraftment or modulate immune responses. This local engineering of the transplant environment can complement systemic approaches for maximizing β-cell function or modulating immune responses leading to rejection. This review discusses the various scaffold platforms and design parameters that have been identified for the manufacture of human pluripotent stem cell-derived β-cells, and the transplantation of islets/β-cells to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Clough
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica L King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Feiran Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Lonnie D. Shea, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. E-mail:
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Shahin H, Elmasry M, Steinvall I, Söberg F, El-Serafi A. Vascularization is the next challenge for skin tissue engineering as a solution for burn management. BURNS & TRAUMA 2020; 8:tkaa022. [PMID: 32766342 PMCID: PMC7396265 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Skin regeneration represents a promising line of management for patients with skin loss, including burn victims. The current approach of spraying single cells over the defective areas results in variable success rates in different centers. The modern approach is to synthesize a multilayer skin construct that is based on autologous stem cells. One of the main complications with different types of transplants is sloughing due to the absence of proper vascularization. Ensuring proper vascularization will be crucial for the integration of skin constructs with the surrounding tissues. Combination of the right cells with scaffolds of proper physico-chemical properties, vascularization can be markedly enhanced. The material effect, pore size and adsorption of certain proteins, as well as the application of appropriate growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factors, can have an additive effect. A selection of the most effective protocols is discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hady Shahin
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping University Hospital, 581 83, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- Faculty of Biotechnology, MSA University, 26 July Mehwar Road, 125 85, 6th October City. Egypt
| | - Moustafa Elmasry
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping University Hospital, 581 83, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Steinvall
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping University Hospital, 581 83, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Folke Söberg
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping University Hospital, 581 83, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Ahmed El-Serafi
- Department of Hand Surgery and Plastic Surgery and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, 581 85, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
- The Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping University Hospital, 581 83, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden
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Cabral JM, da Silva CL, Diogo MM. Stem Cell Bioprocessing and Manufacturing. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030084. [PMID: 32751782 PMCID: PMC7552634 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The next healthcare revolution will apply regenerative medicines using human cells and tissues [...].
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