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Dou Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Xue Y, Zhou Y, Liu Y, Zhang L, Shi R. Trends and Future Research in Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering in the Past Decade (2012-2022). Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2024; 30:130-141. [PMID: 38265015 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2023.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To learn about advances in skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) in recent years, we used VOSviewer and Citespace software to quantitatively analyze and visualize relevant literature in the Web of Science database during the period 2012-2022. By mapping high-frequency keyword relationship networks, keyword time zones, and journal article cocitations, we clarified the areas of great interest, evolutionary paths, and developmental trends in research on SMTE. We conducted an in-depth analysis of highly cited and representative articles at various stages to summarize the mainstream research areas of great interest in SMTE and discussed the future development and challenges in this field, intending to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of skeletal muscle injury repair. We found that a collaborative network of authors has formed in this field; the journals publishing SMTE articles belong to the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering, and open-access journals have played a key role in the promotion of the development of SMTE; and in the past decade, there has been rapid progress in SMTE research in terms of both depth and breadth. Impact statement Compared with the literature review method, bibliometrics can provide a comprehensive knowledge of a knowledge area based on a huge amount of literature. In this article, based on the Web of Science database, CiteSpace, and Vosviewer visualization tools were used to measure and analyze the literature reports in the field of skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE). The research hotspots and cutting-edge information on SMTE were mined in terms of the number of publications, the number of citations, the keywords, the authors, and the publishing institutions to understand the current status of the research on SMTE in the world, to provide a reference for related researchers, engineering research in the field of SMTE, to comprehensively understand the current status of global research in the field of SMTE, and to provide a reference for related researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Dou
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ling Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yun Xue
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - You Zhou
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Liu
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Rui Shi
- National Center for Orthopaedics, Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Ahmad K, Shaikh S, Chun HJ, Ali S, Lim JH, Ahmad SS, Lee EJ, Choi I. Extracellular matrix: the critical contributor to skeletal muscle regeneration-a comprehensive review. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:58. [PMID: 38008778 PMCID: PMC10680355 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The regenerative ability of skeletal muscle (SM) in response to damage, injury, or disease is a highly intricate process that involves the coordinated activities of multiple cell types and biomolecular factors. Of these, extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered a fundamental component of SM regenerative ability. This review briefly discusses SM myogenesis and regeneration, the roles played by muscle satellite cells (MSCs), other cells, and ECM components, and the effects of their dysregulations on these processes. In addition, we review the various types of ECM scaffolds and biomaterials used for SM regeneration, their applications, recent advances in ECM scaffold research, and their impacts on tissue engineering and SM regeneration, especially in the context of severe muscle injury, which frequently results in substantial muscle loss and impaired regenerative capacity. This review was undertaken to provide a comprehensive overview of SM myogenesis and regeneration, the stem cells used for muscle regeneration, the significance of ECM in SM regeneration, and to enhance understanding of the essential role of the ECM scaffold during SM regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chun
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
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Abalymov A, Pinchasik BE, Akasov RA, Lomova M, Parakhonskiy BV. Strategies for Anisotropic Fibrillar Hydrogels: Design, Cell Alignment, and Applications in Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4532-4552. [PMID: 37812143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cellular alignment in biomaterials presents a considerable challenge, demanding the refinement of appropriate material morphologies, while ensuring effective cell-surface interactions. To address this, biomaterials are continuously researched with diverse coatings, hydrogels, and polymeric surfaces. In this context, we investigate the influence of physicochemical parameters on the architecture of fibrillar hydrogels that significantly orient the topography of flexible hydrogel substrates, thereby fostering cellular adhesion and spatial organization. Our Review comprehensively assesses various techniques for aligning polymer fibrils within hydrogels, specifically interventions applied during and after the cross-linking process. These methodologies include mechanical strains, precise temperature modulation, controlled fluidic dynamics, and chemical modulators, as well as the use of magnetic and electric fields. We highlight the intrinsic appeal of these methodologies in fabricating cell-aligning interfaces and discuss their potential implications within the fields of biomaterials and tissue engineering, particularly concerning the pursuit of optimal cellular alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii Abalymov
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bat-El Pinchasik
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Sechenov University and Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" of Russian Academy of Sciences, 101000 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Lomova
- Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, 410012 Saratov, Russia
| | - Bogdan V Parakhonskiy
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Borisov V, Gili Sole L, Reid G, Milan G, Hutter G, Grapow M, Eckstein FS, Isu G, Marsano A. Upscaled Skeletal Muscle Engineered Tissue with In Vivo Vascularization and Innervation Potential. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:800. [PMID: 37508827 PMCID: PMC10376693 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering functional tissues of clinically relevant size (in mm-scale) in vitro is still a challenge in tissue engineering due to low oxygen diffusion and lack of vascularization. To address these limitations, a perfusion bioreactor was used to generate contractile engineered muscles of a 3 mm-thickness and a 8 mm-diameter. This study aimed to upscale the process to 50 mm in diameter by combining murine skeletal myoblasts (SkMbs) with human adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells, providing high neuro-vascular potential in vivo. SkMbs were cultured on a type-I-collagen scaffold with (co-culture) or without (monoculture) SVF. Large-scale muscle-like tissue showed an increase in the maturation index over time (49.18 ± 1.63% and 76.63 ± 1.22%, at 9 and 11 days, respectively) and a similar force of contraction in mono- (43.4 ± 2.28 µN) or co-cultured (47.6 ± 4.7 µN) tissues. Four weeks after implantation in subcutaneous pockets of nude rats, the vessel length density within the constructs was significantly higher in SVF co-cultured tissues (5.03 ± 0.29 mm/mm2) compared to monocultured tissues (3.68 ± 0.32 mm/mm2) (p < 0.005). Although no mature neuromuscular junctions were present, nerve-like structures were predominantly observed in the engineered tissues co-cultured with SVF cells. This study demonstrates that SVF cells can support both in vivo vascularization and innervation of contractile muscle-like tissues, making significant progress towards clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Borisov
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laia Gili Sole
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Reid
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Milan
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Hutter
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Immunotherapy, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Grapow
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Stefan Eckstein
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Isu
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Marsano
- Laboratory of Cardiac Surgery and Engineering, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Aljaber MB, Verisqa F, Keskin-Erdogan Z, Patel KD, Chau DYS, Knowles JC. Influence of Gelatin Source and Bloom Number on Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels Mechanical and Biological Properties for Muscle Regeneration. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050811. [PMID: 37238681 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of an adult human's body weight is made up of muscles. Thus, restoring the functionality and aesthetics of lost muscle tissue is critical. The body is usually able to repair minor muscle injuries. However, when volumetric muscle loss occurs due to tumour extraction, for instance, the body will form fibrous tissue instead. Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been applied for drug delivery, tissue adhesive, and various tissue engineering applications due to their tuneable mechanical properties. Here, we have synthesised GelMA from different gelatin sources (i.e., porcine, bovine, and fish) with varying bloom numbers, which refers to the gel strength, and investigated for the influence of the source of gelatin and the bloom number on biological activities and mechanical properties. The results indicated that the source of the gelatin and variable bloom numbers have an impact on GelMA hydrogel properties. Furthermore, our findings established that the bovine-derived gelatin methacryloyl (B-GelMA) has better mechanical properties than the other varieties composed of porcine and fish with 60 kPa, 40 kPa, and 10 kPa in bovine, porcine, and fish, respectively. Additionally, it showed a noticeably greater swelling ratio (SR) ~1100% and a reduced rate of degradation, improving the stability of hydrogels and giving cells adequate time to divide and proliferate to compensate for muscle loss. Furthermore, the bloom number of gelatin was also proven to influence the mechanical properties of GelMA. Interestingly, although GelMA made of fish had the lowest mechanical strength and gel stability, it demonstrated excellent biological properties. Overall, the results emphasise the importance of gelatin source and bloom number, allowing GelMA hydrogels to have a wide range of mechanical and excellent biological properties and making them suitable for various muscle tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Aljaber
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fiona Verisqa
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Zalike Keskin-Erdogan
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Kapil D Patel
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
| | - David Y S Chau
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, Royal Free Hospital Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science & BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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Harnessing conserved signaling and metabolic pathways to enhance the maturation of functional engineered tissues. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:44. [PMID: 36057642 PMCID: PMC9440900 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00246-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of induced-pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cell types offers promise for basic science, drug testing, disease modeling, personalized medicine, and translatable cell therapies across many tissue types. However, in practice many iPSC-derived cells have presented as immature in physiological function, and despite efforts to recapitulate adult maturity, most have yet to meet the necessary benchmarks for the intended tissues. Here, we summarize the available state of knowledge surrounding the physiological mechanisms underlying cell maturation in several key tissues. Common signaling consolidators, as well as potential synergies between critical signaling pathways are explored. Finally, current practices in physiologically relevant tissue engineering and experimental design are critically examined, with the goal of integrating greater decision paradigms and frameworks towards achieving efficient maturation strategies, which in turn may produce higher-valued iPSC-derived tissues.
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Colapicchioni V, Millozzi F, Parolini O, Palacios D. Nanomedicine, a valuable tool for skeletal muscle disorders: Challenges, promises, and limitations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1777. [PMID: 35092179 PMCID: PMC9285803 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a group of rare genetic disorders characterized by progressive muscle weakness, which, in the most severe forms, leads to the patient's death due to cardiorespiratory problems. There is still no cure available for these diseases and significant effort is being placed into developing new strategies to either correct the genetic defect or to compensate muscle loss by stimulating skeletal muscle regeneration. However, the vast anatomical extension of the target tissue poses great challenges to these goals, highlighting the need for complementary strategies. Nanomedicine is an actively evolving field that merges nanotechnologies with biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences. It holds great potential in regenerative medicine, both in supporting tissue engineering and regeneration, and in optimizing drug and oligonucleotide delivery and gene therapy strategies. In this review, we will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art in the field of nanomedicine applied to skeletal muscle regeneration. We will discuss the recent work toward the development of nanopatterned scaffolds for tissue engineering, the efforts in the synthesis of organic and inorganic nanoparticles for gene therapy and drug delivery applications, as well as their use as immune modulators. Although nanomedicine holds great promise for muscle and other degenerative diseases, many challenges still need to be systematically addressed to assure a smooth transition from the bench to the bedside. This article is categorized under:Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colapicchioni
- Italian National Research Council, Institute for Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Rome, Italy.,Mhetra LLC, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Francesco Millozzi
- Histology and Embryology Unit, DAHFMO, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Palacios
- Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Jiang Y, Torun T, Maffioletti SM, Serio A, Tedesco FS. Bioengineering human skeletal muscle models: Recent advances, current challenges and future perspectives. Exp Cell Res 2022; 416:113133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Blake C, Massey O, Boyd-Moss M, Firipis K, Rifai A, Franks S, Quigley A, Kapsa R, Nisbet DR, Williams RJ. Replace and repair: Biomimetic bioprinting for effective muscle engineering. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031502. [PMID: 34258499 PMCID: PMC8270648 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effects of muscle damage, either through ischemic injury or volumetric muscle loss (VML), can have significant impacts on patients, and yet there are few effective treatments. This challenge arises when function is degraded due to significant amounts of skeletal muscle loss, beyond the regenerative ability of endogenous repair mechanisms. Currently available surgical interventions for VML are quite invasive and cannot typically restore function adequately. In response to this, many new bioengineering studies implicate 3D bioprinting as a viable option. Bioprinting for VML repair includes three distinct phases: printing and seeding, growth and maturation, and implantation and application. Although this 3D bioprinting technology has existed for several decades, the advent of more advanced and novel printing techniques has brought us closer to clinical applications. Recent studies have overcome previous limitations in diffusion distance with novel microchannel construct architectures and improved myotubule alignment with highly biomimetic nanostructures. These structures may also enhance angiogenic and nervous ingrowth post-implantation, though further research to improve these parameters has been limited. Inclusion of neural cells has also shown to improve myoblast maturation and development of neuromuscular junctions, bringing us one step closer to functional, implantable skeletal muscle constructs. Given the current state of skeletal muscle 3D bioprinting, the most pressing future avenues of research include furthering our understanding of the physical and biochemical mechanisms of myotube development and expanding our control over macroscopic and microscopic construct structures. Further to this, current investigation needs to be expanded from immunocompromised rodent and murine myoblast models to more clinically applicable human cell lines as we move closer to viable therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper Blake
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Oliver Massey
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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