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Zhang Q, Yuan Z, Song R, Xue H, Tu J, Fan Z, Guo X, Zheng Y, Zhang D. Optimized acoustic streaming generated at oblique incident angles to improve ultrasound thrombolysis effect. Med Phys 2022; 49:5728-5741. [PMID: 35860901 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combined with thrombolytic drugs and/or microbubbles (MBs), ultrasound (US) has been regarded as a useful tool for thrombolysis treatment by taking its advantages of non-invasive, non-ionization, low cost and accurate targeting of tissues deep in body. Recently, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), which can cause fewer complications by stable cavitation and acoustic streaming other than more violent effects, has attracted broad attention. PURPOSE However, the thrombolysis effect in practice might not achieve expectation because there is not an ideal parallel multilayer structure between the skin and the targeted vessel. Therefore, the current work aims to better elucidate the influence of US incident angle on the generation of acoustic streaming and thrombolysis effect. METHODS Systemic numerical and experimental studies, viz., finite element modeling (FEM), particle image velocimetry (PIV) and in vitro thrombolysis measurements, were performed to estimate the acoustical/streaming field pattern, maximum flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, as well as the lysis rate generated at different conditions. These methods aim at verifying the hypothesis that streaming-induced vortices can further accelerate the dissolution of the thrombus and optimized thrombolysis effected can be achieved by adjusting US incident angles. RESULTS The pool data results showed that the variation trends of the flow velocity and shear stress obtained from FEM simulation and PIV experiments are qualitatively consistent with each other. There exists an optimal incident angle that can maximize the flow velocity and shear stress on the surface of thrombus, so that superior stirring and mixing effect can be generated. Furthermore, as the flow velocity and shear stress on thrombus surface are both highly correlated with the thrombolysis effect (the correlation coefficient R1 = 0.988, R2 = 0.958, respectively), the peak value of lysis rate (increase by at least 5.02%) also occurred at 10°. CONCLUSIONS The current results demonstrated that, with appropriately determined incident angle, higher thrombolysis rate could be achieved without increasing the driving pressure. It may shed the light on future US thrombolysis planning strategy that, if combined with other advanced technologies (e.g., machine-learning-based image analysis and image-guided adaptive US emission modulation), more efficient thrombolytic effect could be realized while minimizing undesired side-effects caused by excessively high pressure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Ziyan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Renjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Honghui Xue
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Juan Tu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Zheng Fan
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Xiasheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yinfei Zheng
- Research Center for Intelligent Sensing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, 311100, China.,Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics (MOE), Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100080, China
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Microfluidic-Based Novel Optical Quantification of Red Blood Cell Concentration in Blood Flow. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9060247. [PMID: 35735490 PMCID: PMC9219653 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9060247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The optical quantification of hematocrit (volumetric percentage of red blood cells) in blood flow in microfluidic systems provides enormous help in designing microfluidic biosensing platforms with enhanced sensitivity. Although several existing methods, such as centrifugation, complete blood cell count, etc., have been developed to measure the hematocrit of the blood at the sample preparation stage, these methods are impractical to measure the hematocrit in dynamic microfluidic blood flow cases. An easy-to-access optical method has emerged as a hematocrit quantification technique to address this limitation, especially for the microfluidic-based biosensing platform. A novel optical quantification method is demonstrated in this study, which can measure the hematocrit of the blood flow at a targeted location in a microchannel at any given instant. The images of the blood flow were shot using a high-speed camera through an inverted transmission microscope at various light source intensities, and the grayscale of the images was measured using an image processing code. By measuring the average grayscale of the images of blood flow at different luminous exposures, a relationship between hematocrit and grayscale has been developed. The quantification of the hematocrit in the microfluidic system can be instant and easy with this method. The innovative proposed technique has been evaluated with porcine blood samples with hematocrit ranging from 5% to 70%, flowing through 1000 µm wide and 100 µm deep microchannels. The experimental results obtained strongly supported the proposed optical technique of hematocrit measurement in microfluidic systems.
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Wang Y, Nunna BB, Talukder N, Etienne EE, Lee ES. Blood Plasma Self-Separation Technologies during the Self-Driven Flow in Microfluidic Platforms. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:94. [PMID: 34356201 PMCID: PMC8301051 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood plasma is the most commonly used biofluid in disease diagnostic and biomedical analysis due to it contains various biomarkers. The majority of the blood plasma separation is still handled with centrifugation, which is off-chip and time-consuming. Therefore, in the Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) field, an effective microfluidic blood plasma separation platform attracts researchers' attention globally. Blood plasma self-separation technologies are usually divided into two categories: active self-separation and passive self-separation. Passive self-separation technologies, in contrast with active self-separation, only rely on microchannel geometry, microfluidic phenomena and hydrodynamic forces. Passive self-separation devices are driven by the capillary flow, which is generated due to the characteristics of the surface of the channel and its interaction with the fluid. Comparing to the active plasma separation techniques, passive plasma separation methods are more considered in the microfluidic platform, owing to their ease of fabrication, portable, user-friendly features. We propose an extensive review of mechanisms of passive self-separation technologies and enumerate some experimental details and devices to exploit these effects. The performances, limitations and challenges of these technologies and devices are also compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wang
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Bharath Babu Nunna
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niladri Talukder
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Ernst Emmanuel Etienne
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
| | - Eon Soo Lee
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (Y.W.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (E.E.E.)
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