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Chua RW, Song KP, Ting ASY. Characterization and identification of antimicrobial compounds from endophytic Fusarium incarnatum isolated from Cymbidium orchids. Int Microbiol 2024; 27:977-992. [PMID: 37975992 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-023-00442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized and identified the antimicrobial compounds from an endophytic fungus (Fusarium incarnatum (C4)) isolated from the orchid, Cymbidium sp. Chromatographic techniques were employed to separate the bioactive compounds from the crude extracts of F. incarnatum (C4). Following bio-guided fractionation, two fractionated extracts (fractions 1 and 2) of F. incarnatum (C4) exhibited antibacterial and antifungal activities against Bacillus cereus (MIC: 0.156 mg/mL) and Ganoderma boninense (MIC: 0.3125 mg/mL), respectively. The active fractions were discovered to comprise of a variety of bioactive compounds with pharmacological importance (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, peptides and fatty acids). Liquid chromatography mass-spectrometry (LCMS) analysis detected the presence of antibacterial (kanzonol N, rifaximin, linoleic acid (d4), cannabisativine, docosanedioic acid, and stearamide) and antifungal components (3-methyl-quinolin-2-ol, prothiocarb, kanzonol N, peganine, 5Z-tridecene, and tetronasin) in fractions 1 and 2, respectively, which may have contributed to the antimicrobial effects. Findings from this study highlighted the important potential of fungal endophytes from medicinal hosts as producers of antimicrobials and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wei Chua
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keang Peng Song
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Takahashi JA, de Queiroz LL, Vidal DM. A Close View of the Production of Bioactive Fungal Metabolites Mediated by Chromatin Modifiers. Molecules 2024; 29:3536. [PMID: 39124942 PMCID: PMC11314158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by fungi are well known for their biological properties, which play important roles in medicine. These metabolites aid in managing infections and treating chronic illnesses, thereby contributing substantially to human health improvement. Despite this extensive knowledge, the vast biodiversity and biosynthetic potential of fungi is still largely unexplored, highlighting the need for further research in natural products. In this review, several secondary metabolites of fungal origin are described, emphasizing novel structures and skeletons. The detection and characterization of these metabolites have been significantly facilitated by advancements in analytical systems, particularly modern hyphenated liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. These improvements have primarily enhanced sensitivity, resolution, and analysis flow velocity. Since the in vitro production of novel metabolites is often lower than the re-isolation of known metabolites, understanding chromatin-based alterations in fungal gene expression can elucidate potential pathways for discovering new metabolites. Several protocols for inducing metabolite production from different strains are discussed, demonstrating the need for uniformity in experimental procedures to achieve consistent biosynthetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Aparecida Takahashi
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil; (L.L.d.Q.); (D.M.V.)
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dela Cruz TEE, Timbreza LP, Sangvichien E, Notarte KIR, Santiago KAA. Comparative Study on the Antimicrobial Activities and Metabolic Profiles of Five Usnea Species from the Philippines. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1117. [PMID: 37998922 PMCID: PMC10672636 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of resistant bacteria is occurring worldwide, endangering the efficacy of antibiotics. Hence, there is a need to search for new sources of antibiotics that either exhibit novel structures or express a new mechanism of action. The lichen Usnea, with its wide range of unique, biologically potent secondary metabolites, may solve this problem. In this study, Usnea species were collected in the Northern Philippines, identified through combined morphological and biochemical characterization, and tested for antimicrobial activities against the multidrug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens, i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter cloacae, two standard antibiotic-sensitive test bacteria, and a yeast. A total of 46 lichen specimens were collected and later identified as Usnea baileyi (10), U. diffracta (10), U. glabrata (12), U. longissima (4), and U. rubicunda (10). The results show that the crude extracts of the Usnea species exhibited promising in vitro inhibitory activities against standard antibiotic-sensitive (E. faecalis ATCC 29212) and multidrug-resistant (methicillin-resistant S. aureus and E. faecalis) Gram-positive bacteria. Additionally, lichen compounds of representative specimens per species were identified and profiled using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The detection of lichen acids (LA) via HPLC showed the presence of 24 peaks of lichen acids. TLC-bioautography identified the bioactive lichen acids as alectronic acid, connorstictic acid, consalazinic acid, diffractaic acid, echinocarpic acid, erythrin acid, galbinic acid, hypoconstictic acid, hyposalazinic acid, hypostictic acid, lobaric acid, menegazzaic acid, micareic acid, pannarin, salazinic acid, stictic acid, and usnic acid. Our study highlighted the wide spectrum of opportunities for using lichens for the discovery of potential antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Fungal Biodiversity, Ecogenomics and Systematics-Metabolomics (FBeS) Group, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Lawrence P. Timbreza
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines;
- Fungal Biodiversity, Ecogenomics and Systematics-Metabolomics (FBeS) Group, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
| | - Ek Sangvichien
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Hua Mark Bangkapi, Bangkok 10240, Thailand;
| | - Kin Israel R. Notarte
- Fungal Biodiversity, Ecogenomics and Systematics-Metabolomics (FBeS) Group, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd., Manila 1015, Philippines
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Ricaño-Rodríguez J, Ricaño-Rodríguez C, Luis-Yong D, Guzmán-López O. [First evidence of nitrilase enzymatic activity of Xylaria sp. and its relationship with the biosynthesis of indole-3-acetic acid]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2023; 55:214-225. [PMID: 37024343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi inhabit plant tissues internally and asymptomatically, and many of them are involved in the synthesis of bioactive metabolites of antifungal and therapeutic nature, as well as other compounds of biotechnological importance including indole derivatives, among many others. Ecologically, they provide some benefits to plants including protection against phytopathogens and promotion of root growth. In this sense, Xylaria sp. is a cellulose-decomposing fungus with biotechnological potential. It is worth mentioning that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) also plays an extremely important role in plant-micro-organism interactions, as it is essential for physiology and proper plant morphological development. It is known that nitrile-hydrolytic enzymes (nitrilases) are involved in the synthesis of plant indole compounds; however, relatively little information is available concerning the nature of these enzymes in the fungal kingdom. In view of the above, through a biochemical and molecular-genetic approach, it has been demonstrated for the first time that Xylaria sp. carries out nitrile-hydrolytic enzyme activity using nitrogen and carbon-rich compounds as substrate. The studied strain increased its relative gene expression levels and showed mycelial growth, both in the presence of chemical compounds such as cyanobenzene and KCN. Thus, the results of this work suggest that the micro-organism is capable of degrading complex nitrogenous molecules. On the other hand, through fungal biofertilization, it was observed that Xylaria sp. promotes the development of the root system of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings, in addition to synthesizing IAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Ricaño-Rodríguez
- Centro de EcoAlfabetización y Diálogo de Saberes, Universidad Veracruzana, Campus USBI, Xalapa, Veracruz, México; Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - Celeste Ricaño-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Daniela Luis-Yong
- Centro de Investigación en Micología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Oswaldo Guzmán-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, México
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Mukherjee D, Ghosal I, Dhar D, Das S, Chakraborty SB. Bioactive compounds from four Indian medicinal plants have different potency to induce sex reversal in Nile tilapia: A chromatographic, molecular docking and in silico analysis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116263. [PMID: 36781056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbal plants such as Basella alba (Family: Basellaceae), Tribulus terrestris (Family: Zygophyllaceae), Asparagus racemosus (Family: Asparagaceae) and Mucuna pruriens (Family: Fabaceae) are mentioned in Indian traditional system of medicine Ayurveda to possess androgenic activity and increase male virility. The plants have been reported to improve testosterone level and sperm production in experimental male rodents as well. AIM OF THE STUDY Male Nile tilapias grow more quickly than females and hence are preferred for monosex Nile tilapia culture. Ethanol extracts of B. alba leaves (EB) and T. terrestris seeds (ET), and methanol extract of A. racemosus roots (MA) and M. pruriens seeds (MM) were found effective to induce masculinization in Nile tilapia. The present study intends to evaluate the anti-aromatase activity of EB, ET, MA and MM, to identify the androgenic bioactive compounds in the extracts, and to determine their pharmacokinetics. The study may validate the use of those plant extracts and their major bioactive phytoconstituents in the field of aquaculture and pharmaceuticals. MATERIALS AND METHODS The four crude plant extracts were first fractioned through column and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Three days old Nile tilapia juveniles (mean weight 0.025 ± 0.009g; mean length 12.50 ± 0.12 mm; n = 50 fish/replicate, 3 replicates/treatment) were then fed diets fortified with the obtained fractions for 30 days. After 30 days, fish were sacrificed and gonad aromatase mRNA expression, and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) and estradiol (E2) levels were measured. Fractions yielding the highest male percentage for each plant were subject to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The in silico docking and SwissADME study were conducted with the components showing higher peak percentage in chromatogram. RESULTS After column chromatography and TLC analysis, EB, ET, MM and MA yielded 6 (EB1 - EB6), 8 (ET1- ET8), 14 (MM1-MM14) and 5 (MA1- MA5) fractions, respectively. Fish fed EB2, ET2, MA2 and MM13 fraction fortified diets showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher male percentage (92.32%-98.39%) compared to other treatment groups. EB2, ET2, MA2 and MM13 fed fish showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher 11-KT level compared to control male (+247.52 - +397.76%) and lower E2 level compared to control female (-95.92% to -90.65%). Aromatase mRNA expression was significantly (p < 0.05) down-regulated by all these four fractions (-1.32 to -5.65 fold) with respect to control female. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 1-Octadecene (OD) in EB2, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (PD) in ET2 and MA2, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (ODDA) in MM13. In silico molecular docking indicated that PD is more effective than ODDA and OD to inhibit aromatase. In addition, PD showed better pharmacokinetics and more drug-likeness compared to OD and ODDA in SwissADME analysis. CONCLUSION The present results indicate that ET and MA are more potent to produce all-male tilapia by means of aromatase inhibition. PD can be an ideal compound to achieve masculinization in Nile tilapia through dietary administration, but further investigation is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debosree Mukherjee
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
| | - Indranath Ghosal
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India; Laboratoire de Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France.
| | - Dipanjana Dhar
- Department of Natural History Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Souvik Das
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
| | - Suman Bhusan Chakraborty
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
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de Moraes Pontes JG, da Silva Pinheiro MS, Fill TP. Unveiling Chemical Interactions Between Plants and Fungi Using Metabolomics Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1439:1-20. [PMID: 37843803 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-41741-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics has been extensively used in clinical studies in the search for new biomarkers of human diseases. However, this approach has also been highlighted in agriculture and biological sciences, once metabolomics studies have been assisting researchers to deduce new chemical mechanisms involved in biological interactions that occur between microorganisms and plants. In this sense, the knowledge of the biological role of each metabolite (virulence factors, signaling compounds, antimicrobial metabolites, among others) and the affected biochemical pathways during the interaction contribute to a better understand of different ecological relationships established in nature. The current chapter addresses five different applications of the metabolomics approach in fungal-plant interactions research: (1) Discovery of biomarkers in pathogen-host interactions, (2) plant diseases diagnosis, (3) chemotaxonomy, (4) plant defense, and (5) plant resistance; using mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, which are the techniques most used in metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme de Moraes Pontes
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LaBioQuiMi), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayra Suelen da Silva Pinheiro
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LaBioQuiMi), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Taícia Pacheco Fill
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Instituto de Química, Laboratório de Biologia Química Microbiana (LaBioQuiMi), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Kalra R, Conlan XA, Goel M. Recent advances in research for potential utilization of unexplored lichen metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108072. [PMID: 36464145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Several research studies have shown that lichens are productive organisms for the synthesis of a broad range of secondary metabolites. Lichens are a self-sustainable stable microbial ecosystem comprising an exhabitant fungal partner (mycobiont) and at least one or more photosynthetic partners (photobiont). The successful symbiosis is responsible for their persistence throughout time and allows all the partners (holobionts) to thrive in many extreme habitats, where without the synergistic relationship they would be rare or non-existent. The ability to survive in harsh conditions can be directly correlated with the production of some unique metabolites. Despite the potential applications, these unique metabolites have been underutilised by pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries due to their slow growth, low biomass availability and technical challenges involved in their artificial cultivation. However, recent development of biotechnological tools such as molecular phylogenetics, modern tissue culture techniques, metabolomics and molecular engineering are opening up a new opportunity to exploit these compounds within the lichen holobiome for industrial applications. This review also highlights the recent advances in culturing the symbionts and the computational and molecular genetics approaches of lichen gene regulation recognized for the enhanced production of target metabolites. The recent development of multi-omics novel biodiscovery strategies aided by synthetic biology in order to study the heterologous expressed lichen-derived biosynthetic gene clusters in a cultivatable host offers a promising means for a sustainable supply of specialized metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishu Kalra
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India
| | - Xavier A Conlan
- Deakin University, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mayurika Goel
- Sustainable Agriculture Program, The Energy and Resources Institute, Gurugram, Haryana, India.
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Reveglia P, Raimondo ML, Masi M, Cimmino A, Nuzzo G, Corso G, Fontana A, Carlucci A, Evidente A. Untargeted and Targeted LC-MS/MS Based Metabolomics Study on In Vitro Culture of Phaeoacremonium Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8010055. [PMID: 35049995 PMCID: PMC8780456 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) can be affected by many different biotic agents, including tracheomycotic fungi such as Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium minimum, which are the main causal agent of Esca and Petri diseases. Both fungi produce phytotoxic naphthalenone polyketides, namely scytalone and isosclerone, that are related to symptom development. The main objective of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites produced by three Phaeoacremonium species and to assess their phytotoxicity by in vitro bioassay. To this aim, untargeted and targeted LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics were performed. High resolution mass spectrometer UHPLC-Orbitrap was used for the untargeted profiling and dereplication of secondary metabolites. A sensitive multi reaction monitoring (MRM) method for the absolute quantification of scytalone and isosclerone was developed on a UPLC-QTrap. Different isolates of P. italicum, P. alvesii and P. rubrigenum were grown in vitro and the culture filtrates and organic extracts were assayed for phytotoxicity. The toxic effects varied within and among fungal isolates. Isosclerone and scytalone were dereplicated by matching retention times and HRMS and MS/MS data with pure standards. The amount of scytalone and isosclerone differed within and among fungal species. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that applies an approach of LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics to investigate differences in the metabolic composition of organic extracts of Phaeoacremonium species culture filtrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Reveglia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Raimondo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Marco Masi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Genoveffa Nuzzo
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
| | - Gaetano Corso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Viale Pinto 1, 71121 Foggia, Italy; (P.R.); (G.C.)
| | - Angelo Fontana
- Institute of Bio-Molecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ICB-CNR), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (G.N.); (A.F.)
- Laboratory of Bio-Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Biology, University of Napoli Federico II, Via Cupa Nuova Cinthia 21, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (A.E.)
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Rondilla RRL, dela Cruz TEE, Chang FR, Nonato MG. <i>Annulohypoxylon stygium</i>, a <i>Pandanus simplex-</i>associated fungal endophyte with α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. STUDIES IN FUNGI 2022. [DOI: 10.48130/sif-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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10
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Charria-Girón E, Espinosa MC, Zapata-Montoya A, Méndez MJ, Caicedo JP, Dávalos AF, Ferro BE, Vasco-Palacios AM, Caicedo NH. Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts Obtained From Cultivation of Native Endophytic Fungi Belonging to a Tropical Montane Rainforest in Colombia. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:716523. [PMID: 34603244 PMCID: PMC8485978 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.716523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive secondary metabolite production from endophytic fungi has gained a recurring research focus in recent decades as these microorganisms represent an unexplored biological niche for their diverse biotechnological potential. Despite this focus, studies involving tropical endophytes remain scarce, particularly those isolated from medicinal plants of these ecosystems. In addition, the state of the art of the pharmaceutical industry has experienced stagnation in the past 30years, which has pushed pathogenic infections to get one step ahead, resulting in the development of resistance to existing treatments. Here, five fungal endophytes were isolated from the medicinal plant Otoba gracilipes (Myristicaceae), which corresponded to the genera Xylaria and Diaporthe, and screened to demonstrate the promissory potential of these microorganisms for producing bioactive secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum antibacterial activities. Thus, the evaluation of crude organic extracts obtained from the mycelia and exhaust medium allowed the elucidation of Xylaria sp. and Diaporthe endophytica potential toward providing crude extracellular extracts with promising bioactivities against reference strains of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), according to the determined half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) with values down to 3.91 and 10.50mg/ml against each pathogen, respectively. Follow-up studies provided insights into the polarity nature of bioactive compounds in the crude extracts through bioactivity guided fractionation using a polymeric resin absorbent alternative extraction procedure. In addition, evaluation of the co-culturing methods demonstrated how this strategy can enhance endophytes biosynthetic capacity and improve their antibacterial potential with a 10-fold decrease in the IC50 values against both pathogens compared to the obtained values in the preliminary evaluations of Xylaria sp. and D. endophytica crude extracts. These results support the potential of Colombian native biodiversity to provide new approaches concerning the global emergence of antibiotics resistance and future production of undiscovered compounds different from the currently used antibiotics classes and simultaneously call for the value of preserving native habitats due to their promising ecosystemic applications in the biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Charria-Girón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - María C Espinosa
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrea Zapata-Montoya
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - María J Méndez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Juan P Caicedo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Andrés F Dávalos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Beatriz E Ferro
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Medicina Comunitaria, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Aida M Vasco-Palacios
- Grupo de Microbiología Ambiental - BioMicro, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia.,Asociación Colombiana de Micología (ASCOLMIC), Medellin, Colombia
| | - Nelson H Caicedo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.,Centro BioInc, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Wethalawe AN, Alwis YV, Udukala DN, Paranagama PA. Antimicrobial Compounds Isolated from Endolichenic Fungi: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133901. [PMID: 34202392 PMCID: PMC8271976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A lichen is a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism, which is algae or cyanobacteria. Endolichenic fungi are a group of microfungi that resides asymptomatically within the thalli of lichens. Endolichenic fungi can be recognized as luxuriant metabolic artists that produce propitious bioactive secondary metabolites. More than any other time, there is a worldwide search for new antibiotics due to the alarming increase in microbial resistance against the currently available therapeutics. Even though a few antimicrobial compounds have been isolated from endolichenic fungi, most of them have moderate activities, implying the need for further structural optimizations. Recognizing this timely need and the significance of endolichenic fungi as a promising source of antimicrobial compounds, the activity, sources and the structures of 31 antibacterial compounds, 58 antifungal compounds, two antiviral compounds and one antiplasmodial (antimalarial) compound are summarized in this review. In addition, an overview of the common scaffolds and structural features leading to the corresponding antimicrobial properties is provided as an aid for future studies. The current challenges and major drawbacks of research related to endolichenic fungi and the remedies for them have been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Nethma Wethalawe
- Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, College of Chemical Sciences, Rajagiriya 10100, Sri Lanka; (A.N.W.); (Y.V.A.); (D.N.U.)
| | - Y. Vindula Alwis
- Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, College of Chemical Sciences, Rajagiriya 10100, Sri Lanka; (A.N.W.); (Y.V.A.); (D.N.U.)
| | - Dinusha N. Udukala
- Institute of Chemistry Ceylon, College of Chemical Sciences, Rajagiriya 10100, Sri Lanka; (A.N.W.); (Y.V.A.); (D.N.U.)
| | - Priyani A. Paranagama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya 11600, Sri Lanka
- Correspondence:
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