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Kirkham MN, Cooper C, Broberg E, Robertson P, Clarke D, Pickett BE, Bikman B, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA. Different Lengths of Gestational Exposure to Secondhand Smoke or e-Cigarette Vapor Induce the Development of Placental Disease Symptoms. Cells 2024; 13:1009. [PMID: 38920640 PMCID: PMC11201565 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke is known to induce disease during pregnancy. Recent evidence showed that exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) negatively impacts fetal and placental weights, leading to the development of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Electronic cigarettes (eCigs) represent a phenomenon that has recently emerged, and their use is also steadily rising. Even so, the effects of SHS or eCigs during gestation remain limited. In the present study, we wanted to characterize the effects of SHS or eCig exposure at two different important gestational points during mouse pregnancy. C57/Bl6 mice were exposed to SHS or eCigs via a nose-only delivery system for 4 days (from 14.5 to 17.5 gestational days (dGA) or for 6 days (from 12.5 dGA to 17.5 dGA)). At the time of necropsy (18.5 dGA), placental and fetal weights were recorded, maternal blood pressure was determined, and a dipstick test to measure proteinuria was performed. Placental tissues were collected, and inflammatory molecules in the placenta were identified. Treatment with SHS showed the following: (1) a significant decrease in placental and fetal weights following four days of exposure, (2) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure following six days of exposure, and (3) increased proteinuria after six days of exposure. Treatment with eCigs showed the following: (1) a significant decrease in placental weight and fetal weight following four or six days of exposure, (2) higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure following six days of exposure, and (3) increased proteinuria after six days of exposure. We also observed different inflammatory markers associated with the development of IUGR or PE. We conclude that the detrimental effects of SHS or eCig treatment coincide with the length of maternal exposure. These results could be beneficial in understanding the long-term effects of SHS or eCig exposure in the development of placental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison N. Kirkham
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Christian Cooper
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Emily Broberg
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Peter Robertson
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Derek Clarke
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Brett E. Pickett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Benjamin Bikman
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Paul R. Reynolds
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
| | - Juan A. Arroyo
- Lung and Placenta Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA (E.B.)
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Lin Z, Wu S, Jiang Y, Chen Z, Huang X, Wen Z, Yuan Y. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms driving enhanced invasion capability of extravillous trophoblast cells: a comprehensive review. J Assist Reprod Genet 2024; 41:591-608. [PMID: 38315418 PMCID: PMC10957806 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-024-03036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Precise extravillous trophoblast (EVT) invasion is crucial for successful placentation and pregnancy. This review focuses on elucidating the mechanisms that promote heightened EVT invasion. We comprehensively summarize the pivotal roles of hormones, angiogenesis, hypoxia, stress, the extracellular matrix microenvironment, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), immunity, inflammation, programmed cell death, epigenetic modifications, and microbiota in facilitating EVT invasion. The molecular mechanisms underlying enhanced EVT invasion may provide valuable insights into potential pathogenic mechanisms associated with diseases characterized by excessive invasion, such as the placenta accreta spectrum (PAS), thereby offering novel perspectives for managing pregnancy complications related to deficient EVT invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Lin
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Jiang
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoye Huang
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuofeng Wen
- The Sixth Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- School of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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