The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) in the Challenging Future of Cancer Therapy and Age-Related Diseases

Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence and Aging: Current State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Perspectives

Population aging has increased the global prevalence of aging-related diseases, including cancer, sarcopenia, neurological disease, arthritis, and heart disease. Understanding aging, a fundamental biological process, has led to breakthroughs in several fields. Cellular senescence, evinced by flattened cell bodies, vacuole formation, and cytoplasmic granules, ubiquitously plays crucial roles in tissue remodeling, embryogenesis, and wound repair as well as in cancer therapy and aging. The lack of universal biomarkers for detecting and quantifying senescent cells, in vitro and in vivo, constitutes a major limitation. The applications and limitations of major senescence biomarkers, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, telomere shortening, cell-cycle arrest, DNA methylation, and senescence-associated secreted phenotypes are discussed. Furthermore, explore senotherapeutic approaches for aging-associated diseases and cancer. In addition to the conventional biomarkers, this review highlighted the in vitro, in vivo, and disease models used for aging studies. Further, technologies from the current decade including multi-omics and computational methods used in the fields of senescence and aging are also discussed in this review. Understanding aging-associated biological processes by using cellular senescence biomarkers can enable therapeutic innovation and interventions to improve the quality of life of older adults.

Senescent cell-derived vaccines: a new concept towards an immune response against cancer and aging?

Two recent seminal works have untangled the intricate role of tumor-associated senescent cells in cancer progression, or regression, by guiding our immune system against cancer cells. The characterization of these unique, yet diverse cell populations, should be considered, particularly when contemplating the use of senolytics, which are drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells, in a cancer framework. Here, we will describe the current knowledge in this field. In particular, we will discuss how the presence of senescent cells in tumors could be used as a therapeutic target in immunogenic cancers and how we may hypothetically design an adaptive anti-aging vaccine.

Towards Healthy Longevity: Comprehensive Insights from Molecular Targets and Biomarkers to Biological Clocks

Aging is a complex and time-dependent decline in physiological function that affects most organisms, leading to increased risk of age-related diseases. Investigating the molecular underpinnings of aging is crucial to identify geroprotectors, precisely quantify biological age, and propose healthy longevity approaches. This review explores pathways that are currently being investigated as intervention targets and aging biomarkers spanning molecular, cellular, and systemic dimensions. Interventions that target these hallmarks may ameliorate the aging process, with some progressing to clinical trials. Biomarkers of these hallmarks are used to estimate biological aging and risk of aging-associated disease. Utilizing aging biomarkers, biological aging clocks can be constructed that predict a state of abnormal aging, age-related diseases, and increased mortality. Biological age estimation can therefore provide the basis for a fine-grained risk stratification by predicting all-cause mortality well ahead of the onset of specific diseases, thus offering a window for intervention. Yet, despite technological advancements, challenges persist due to individual variability and the dynamic nature of these biomarkers. Addressing this requires longitudinal studies for robust biomarker identification. Overall, utilizing the hallmarks of aging to discover new drug targets and develop new biomarkers opens new frontiers in medicine. Prospects involve multi-omics integration, machine learning, and personalized approaches for targeted interventions, promising a healthier aging population.

Fibronectin and vitronectin alleviate adipose-derived stem cells senescence during long-term culture through the AKT/MDM2/P53 pathway

Cellular senescence plays a role in the development of aging-associated degenerative diseases. Cell therapy is recognized as a candidate treatment for degenerative diseases. To achieve the goal of cell therapy, the quality and good characteristics of cells are concerned. Cell expansion relies on two-dimensional culture, which leads to replicative senescence of expanded cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of cell culture surface modification using fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) in adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) during long-term expansion. Our results showed that ADSCs cultured in FN and VN coatings significantly enhanced adhesion, proliferation, and slow progression of cellular senescence as indicated by lower SA-β-gal activities and decreased expression levels of genes including p16, p21, and p53. The upregulation of integrin α5 and αv genes influences phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), and AKT proteins. FN and VN coatings upregulated AKT and MDM2 leading to p53 degradation. Additionally, MDM2 inhibition by Nutlin-3a markedly elevated p53 and p21 expression, increased cellular senescence, and induced the expression of inflammatory molecules including HMGB1 and IL-6. The understanding of FN and VN coating surface influencing ADSCs, especially senescence characteristics, offers a promising and practical point for the cultivation of ADSCs for future use in cell-based therapies.

Cellular Aging and Senescence in Cancer: A Holistic Review of Cellular Fate Determinants

This comprehensive review navigates the complex relationship between cellular aging, senescence, and cancer, unraveling the determinants of cellular fate. Beginning with an overview of cellular aging's significance in cancer, the review explores processes, changes, and molecular pathways influencing senescence. The review explores senescence as a dual mechanism in cancer, acting as a suppressor and contributor, focusing on its impact on therapy response. This review highlights opportunities for cancer therapies that target cellular senescence. The review further examines the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and strategies to modulate cellular aging to influence tumor behavior. Additionally, the review highlights the mechanisms of senescence escape in aging and cancer cells, emphasizing their impact on cancer prognosis and resistance to therapy. The article addresses current advances, unexplored aspects, and future perspectives in understanding cellular aging and senescence in cancer.

Emerging Roles of Vitamin B12 in Aging and Inflammation

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is an essential nutrient for humans and animals. Metabolically active forms of B12-methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin are cofactors for the enzymes methionine synthase and mitochondrial methylmalonyl-CoA mutase. Malfunction of these enzymes due to a scarcity of vitamin B12 leads to disturbance of one-carbon metabolism and impaired mitochondrial function. A significant fraction of the population (up to 20%) is deficient in vitamin B12, with a higher rate of deficiency among elderly people. B12 deficiency is associated with numerous hallmarks of aging at the cellular and organismal levels. Cellular senescence is characterized by high levels of DNA damage by metabolic abnormalities, increased mitochondrial dysfunction, and disturbance of epigenetic regulation. B12 deficiency could be responsible for or play a crucial part in these disorders. In this review, we focus on a comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms through which vitamin B12 influences aging. We review new data about how deficiency in vitamin B12 may accelerate cellular aging. Despite indications that vitamin B12 has an important role in health and healthy aging, knowledge of the influence of vitamin B12 on aging is still limited and requires further research.

Neutrophil-activating secretome characterizes palbociclib-induced senescence of breast cancer cells

Senescent cells have a profound impact on the surrounding microenvironment through the secretion of numerous bioactive molecules and inflammatory factors. The induction of therapy-induced senescence by anticancer drugs is known, but how senescent tumor cells influence the tumor immune landscape, particularly neutrophil activity, is still unclear. In this study, we investigate the induction of cellular senescence in breast cancer cells and the subsequent immunomodulatory effects on neutrophils using the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib, which is approved for the treatment of breast cancer and is under intense investigation for additional malignancies. Our research demonstrates that palbociclib induces a reversible form of senescence endowed with an inflammatory secretome capable of recruiting and activating neutrophils, in part through the action of interleukin-8 and acute-phase serum amyloid A1. The activation of neutrophils is accompanied by the release of neutrophil extracellular trap and the phagocytic removal of senescent tumor cells. These findings may be relevant for the success of cancer therapy as neutrophils, and neutrophil-driven inflammation can differently affect tumor progression. Our results reveal that neutrophils, as already demonstrated for macrophages and natural killer cells, can be recruited and engaged by senescent tumor cells to participate in their clearance. Understanding the interplay between senescent cells and neutrophils may lead to innovative strategies to cope with chronic or tumor-associated inflammation.

The impact of the senescent microenvironment on tumorigenesis: Insights for cancer therapy

The growing global burden of cancer, especially among people aged 60 years and over, has become a key public health issue. This trend suggests the need for a deeper understanding of the various cancer types in order to develop universally effective treatments. A prospective area of research involves elucidating the interplay between the senescent microenvironment and tumor genesis. Currently, most oncology research focuses on adulthood and tends to ignore the potential role of senescent individuals on tumor progression. Senescent cells produce a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) that has a dual role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). While SASP components can remodel the TME and thus hinder tumor cell proliferation, they can also promote tumorigenesis and progression via pro-inflammatory and pro-proliferative mechanisms. To address this gap, our review seeks to investigate the influence of senescent microenvironment changes on tumor development and their potential implications for cancer therapies.

Tumor-Associated Senescent Macrophages, Their Markers, and Their Role in Tumor Microenvironment

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the most abundant population of immune cells infiltrating a tumor. TAMs can largely determine direction of anti-tumor immune response by promoting it or, conversely, contribute to formation of an immunosuppressive TME that allows tumors to evade immune control. Through interactions with tumor cells or other cells in the microenvironment and, as a result of action of anti-cancer therapy, macrophages can enter senescence. In this review, we have attempted to summarize information available in the literature on the role of senescent macrophages in tumors. With the recent development of senolytic therapeutic strategies aimed at removing senescent cells from an organism, it seems important to discuss functions of the senescent macrophages and potential role of the senolytic drugs in reprogramming TAMs to enhance anti-tumor immune response and improve efficacy of cancer treatment.

Osteoarthritis: Insights into Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Avenues, and the Potential of Natural Extracts

Osteoarthritis (OA) stands as a prevalent and progressively debilitating clinical condition globally, impacting joint structures and leading to their gradual deterioration through inflammatory mechanisms. While both non-modifiable and modifiable factors contribute to its onset, numerous aspects of OA pathophysiology remain elusive despite considerable research strides. Presently, diagnosis heavily relies on clinician expertise and meticulous differential diagnosis to exclude other joint-affecting conditions. Therapeutic approaches for OA predominantly focus on patient education for self-management alongside tailored exercise regimens, often complemented by various pharmacological interventions primarily targeting pain alleviation. However, pharmacological treatments typically exhibit short-term efficacy and local and/or systemic side effects, with prosthetic surgery being the ultimate resolution in severe cases. Thus, exploring the potential integration or substitution of conventional drug therapies with natural compounds and extracts emerges as a promising frontier in enhancing OA management. These alternatives offer improved safety profiles and possess the potential to target specific dysregulated pathways implicated in OA pathogenesis, thereby presenting a holistic approach to address the condition's complexities.

The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its physiological and pathological implications

Cellular senescence is a state of terminal growth arrest associated with the upregulation of different cell cycle inhibitors, mainly p16 and p21, structural and metabolic alterations, chronic DNA damage responses, and a hypersecretory state known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The SASP is the major mediator of the paracrine effects of senescent cells in their tissue microenvironment and of various local and systemic biological functions. In this Review, we discuss the composition, dynamics and heterogeneity of the SASP as well as the mechanisms underlying its induction and regulation. We describe the various biological properties of the SASP, its beneficial and detrimental effects in different physiological and pathological settings, and its impact on overall health span. Finally, we discuss the use of the SASP as a biomarker and of SASP inhibitors as senomorphic interventions to treat cancer and other age-related conditions.

Retinoic acid receptor activation reprograms senescence response and enhances anti-tumor activity of natural killer cells

Cellular senescence can exert dual effects in tumors, either suppressing or promoting tumor progression. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), released by senescent cells, plays a crucial role in this dichotomy. Consequently, the clinical challenge lies in developing therapies that safely enhance senescence in cancer, favoring tumor-suppressive SASP factors over tumor-promoting ones. Here, we identify the retinoic-acid-receptor (RAR) agonist adapalene as an effective pro-senescence compound in prostate cancer (PCa). Reactivation of RARs triggers a robust senescence response and a tumor-suppressive SASP. In preclinical mouse models of PCa, the combination of adapalene and docetaxel promotes a tumor-suppressive SASP that enhances natural killer (NK) cell-mediated tumor clearance more effectively than either agent alone. This approach increases the efficacy of the allogenic infusion of human NK cells in mice injected with human PCa cells, suggesting an alternative therapeutic strategy to stimulate the anti-tumor immune response in "immunologically cold" tumors.

The role of DNA damage in neural stem cells ageing

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are pluripotent stem cells with the potential to differentiate into a variety of nerve cells. NSCs are susceptible to both intracellular and extracellular insults, thus causing DNA damage. Extracellular insults include ultraviolet, ionizing radiation, base analogs, modifiers, alkyl agents and others, while intracellular factors include Reactive oxygen species (ROS) radicals produced by mitochondria, mismatches that occur during DNA replication, deamination of bases, loss of bases, and more. When encountered with DNA damage, cells typically employ three coping strategies: DNA repair, damage tolerance, and apoptosis. NSCs, like many other stem cells, have the ability to divide, differentiate, and repair DNA damage to prevent mutations from being passed down to the next generation. However, when DNA damage accumulates over time, it will lead to a series of alterations in the metabolism of cells, which will cause cellular ageing. The ageing and exhaustion of neural stem cell will have serious effects on the body, such as neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this review is to examine the processes by which DNA damage leads to NSCs ageing and the mechanisms of DNA repair in NSCs.

The senescence journey in cancer immunoediting

Cancer progression is continuously controlled by the immune system which can identify and destroy nascent tumor cells or inhibit metastatic spreading. However, the immune system and its deregulated activity in the tumor microenvironment can also promote tumor progression favoring the outgrowth of cancers capable of escaping immune control, in a process termed cancer immunoediting. This process, which has been classified into three phases, i.e. "elimination", "equilibrium" and "escape", is influenced by several cancer- and microenvironment-dependent factors. Senescence is a cellular program primed by cells in response to different pathophysiological stimuli, which is based on long-lasting cell cycle arrest and the secretion of numerous bioactive and inflammatory molecules. Because of this, cellular senescence is a potent immunomodulatory factor promptly recruiting immune cells and actively promoting tissue remodeling. In the context of cancer, these functions can lead to both cancer immunosurveillance and immunosuppression. In this review, the authors will discuss the role of senescence in cancer immunoediting, highlighting its context- and timing-dependent effects on the different three phases, describing how senescent cells promote immune cell recruitment for cancer cell elimination or sustain tumor microenvironment inflammation for immune escape. A potential contribution of senescent cells in cancer dormancy, as a mechanism of therapy resistance and cancer relapse, will be discussed with the final objective to unravel the immunotherapeutic implications of senescence modulation in cancer.

Senescence: A DNA damage response and its role in aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Senescence is a complicated, multi-factorial, irreversible cell cycle halt that has a tumor-suppressing effect in addition to being a significant factor in aging and neurological diseases. Damaged DNA, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and disrupted proteostasis are a few of the factors that cause senescence. Senescence is triggered by DNA damage which initiates DNA damage response. The DNA damage response, which includes the formation of DNA damage foci containing activated H2AX, which is a key factor in cellular senescence, is provoked by a double strand DNA break. Oxidative stress impairs cognition, inhibits neurogenesis, and has an accelerated aging effect. Senescent cells generate pro-inflammatory mediators known as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). These pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have an impact on neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and cell proliferation. While it is tempting to think of neurodegenerative diseases as manifestations of accelerated aging and senescence, this review will present information on brain ageing and neurodegeneration as a result of senescence and DNA damage response.

Autophagy and senescence facilitate the development of antiestrogen resistance in ER positive breast cancer

Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancer is the most common breast cancer diagnosed annually in the US with endocrine-based therapy as standard-of-care for this breast cancer subtype. Endocrine therapy includes treatment with antiestrogens, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), selective estrogen receptor downregulators (SERDs), and aromatase inhibitors (AIs). Despite the appreciable remission achievable with these treatments, a substantial cohort of women will experience primary tumor recurrence, subsequent metastasis, and eventual death due to their disease. In these cases, the breast cancer cells have become resistant to endocrine therapy, with endocrine resistance identified as the major obstacle to the medical oncologist and patient. To combat the development of endocrine resistance, the treatment options for ER+, HER2 negative breast cancer now include CDK4/6 inhibitors used as adjuvants to antiestrogen treatment. In addition to the dysregulated activity of CDK4/6, a plethora of genetic and biochemical mechanisms have been identified that contribute to endocrine resistance. These mechanisms, which have been identified by lab-based studies utilizing appropriate cell and animal models of breast cancer, and by clinical studies in which gene expression profiles identify candidate endocrine resistance genes, are the subject of this review. In addition, we will discuss molecular targeting strategies now utilized in conjunction with endocrine therapy to combat the development of resistance or target resistant breast cancer cells. Of approaches currently being explored to improve endocrine treatment efficacy and patient outcome, two adaptive cell survival mechanisms, autophagy, and "reversible" senescence, are considered molecular targets. Autophagy and/or senescence induction have been identified in response to most antiestrogen treatments currently being used for the treatment of ER+ breast cancer and are often induced in response to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Unfortunately, effective strategies to target these cell survival pathways have not yet been successfully developed. Thus, there is an urgent need for the continued interrogation of autophagy and "reversible" senescence in clinically relevant breast cancer models with the long-term goal of identifying new molecular targets for improved treatment of ER+ breast cancer.

Connecting epigenetics and inflammation in vascular senescence: state of the art, biomarkers and senotherapeutics

Vascular diseases pose major health challenges, and understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms is essential to advance therapeutic interventions. Cellular senescence, a hallmark of aging, is a cellular state characterized by cell-cycle arrest, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype macromolecular damage, and metabolic dysregulation. Vascular senescence has been demonstrated to play a key role in different vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, peripheral arterial disease, hypertension, stroke, diabetes, chronic venous disease, and venous ulcers. Even though cellular senescence was first described in 1961, significant gaps persist in comprehending the epigenetic mechanisms driving vascular senescence and its subsequent inflammatory response. Through a comprehensive analysis, we aim to elucidate these knowledge gaps by exploring the network of epigenetic alterations that contribute to vascular senescence. In addition, we describe the consequent inflammatory cascades triggered by these epigenetic modifications. Finally, we explore translational applications involving biomarkers of vascular senescence and the emerging field of senotherapy targeting this biological process.

Single-cell transcriptomics identifies senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) features of testicular aging in human

The male reproductive system experiences degradation with age, predominantly impacting the testes. Testicular aging can result in failure to produce physiological testosterone levels, normal sperm concentrations, or both. However, we cannot predict the onset of testicular aging in advance. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, we conducted cell-cell communication network of human testis between older and young group, indicating Leydig cells' potential role in spermatogenesis microenvironment of aging testis. And we depicted the senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) features of aging testis by identifying differentially expressed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP)-related genes between two group. Notably, IGFBP7 mainly expressed in Leydig cells of those differentially expressed SASP-related genes in aging testis. Furthermore, IGFBP7 protein located in the interstitial compartment of older mice confirmed by immunofluorescence and highly expressed in both human seminal plasma and mouse testis in the older group confirmed through Western blot. Together, our findings suggest that IGFBP7 may be a new biomarker of testicular aging.

MicroRNAs-associated with FOXO3 in cellular senescence and other stress responses

FOXO3 is a member of the FOXO transcription factor family and is known for regulating cellular survival in response to stress caused by various external and biological stimuli. FOXO3 decides cell fate by modulating cellular senescence, apoptosis and autophagy by transcriptional regulation of genes involved in DNA damage response and oxidative stress resistance. These cellular processes are tightly regulated physiologically, with FOXO3 acting as the hub that integrates signalling networks controlling them. The activity of FOXO3 is influenced by post-translational modifications, altering its subcellular localisation. In addition, FOXO3 can also be regulated directly or indirectly by microRNAs (miRNAs) or vice versa. This review discusses the involvement of various miRNAs in FOXO3-driven cellular responses such as senescence, apoptosis, autophagy, redox and inflammation defence. Given that these responses are linked and influence cell fate, a thorough understanding of the complex regulation by miRNAs would provide key information for developing therapeutic strategy and avoid unintended consequences caused by off-site targeting of FOXO3.

Anemonin ameliorates human diploid fibroblasts 2BS and IMR90 cell senescence by PARP1-NAD+-SIRT1 signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE

Aging becomes the most predominant risk factor for all age-associated pathological conditions with the increase of life expectancy and the aggravation of social aging. Slowing down the speed of aging is considered an effective way to improve health, but so far, effective anti-aging methods are relatively lacking.

METHODS

Anemonin (ANE) was screened from eight existing small-molecule compounds by cell viability assay. The function of ANE was determined by the analysis of cell proliferation, β -galactosidase (SA-β -Gal) activity, cell cycle, SASP secretion, NAD+/NADH ratio, and other aging-related indicators. The targets of ANE were predicted by Drug Target Prediction System (DTPS) and Swiss Targe Prediction System. The effect of ANE on PARP-1-NAD+-SIRT1 signaling pathway was assessed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blot, PARP1, NAD+ and SIRT1 activity detection.

RESULTS

ANE can delay cell senescence; PARP1 is one of the targets of ANE and plays a crucial role in ANE anti-aging; ANE release more NAD+ by inhibiting PARP1 activity, thereby conversely promoting the function of SIRT1 and delay cell senescence.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that ANE can delay cellular senescence through the PARP1-NAD+-SIRT1 signaling pathway, which may be considered as an effective anti-aging strategy.

Mechanisms of Melanoma Progression and Treatment Resistance: Role of Cancer Stem-like Cells

Melanoma is the third most common type of skin cancer, characterized by its heterogeneity and propensity to metastasize to distant organs. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, composed of genetically divergent subpopulations, including a small fraction of melanoma-initiating cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and many non-cancer stem cells (non-CSCs). CSCs are characterized by their unique surface proteins associated with aberrant signaling pathways with a causal or consequential relationship with tumor progression, drug resistance, and recurrence. Melanomas also harbor significant alterations in functional genes (BRAF, CDKN2A, NRAS, TP53, and NF1). Of these, the most common are the BRAF and NRAS oncogenes, with 50% of melanomas demonstrating the BRAF mutation (BRAFV600E). While the successful targeting of BRAFV600E does improve overall survival, the long-term efficacy of available therapeutic options is limited due to adverse side effects and reduced clinical efficacy. Additionally, drug resistance develops rapidly via mechanisms involving fast feedback re-activation of MAPK signaling pathways. This article updates information relevant to the mechanisms of melanoma progression and resistance and particularly the mechanistic role of CSCs in melanoma progression, drug resistance, and recurrence.

Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration

Microglia are resident macrophages of the central nervous system that have key functions in its development, homeostasis and response to damage and infection. Although microglia have been increasingly implicated in contributing to the pathology that underpins neurological dysfunction and disease, they also have crucial roles in neurological homeostasis and regeneration. This includes regulation of the maintenance and regeneration of myelin, the membrane that surrounds neuronal axons, which is required for axonal health and function. Myelin is damaged with normal ageing and in several neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer disease. Given the lack of approved therapies targeting myelin maintenance or regeneration, it is imperative to understand the mechanisms by which microglia support and restore myelin health to identify potential therapeutic approaches. However, the mechanisms by which microglia regulate myelin loss or integrity are still being uncovered. In this Review, we discuss recent work that reveals the changes in white matter with ageing and neurodegenerative disease, how this relates to microglia dynamics during myelin damage and regeneration, and factors that influence the regenerative functions of microglia.

Impact of immunosenescence and inflammaging on the effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are employed in immunotherapeutic applications for patients with weakened immune systems and can improve the ability of T cells to kill cancer cells. Although ICIs can potentially treat different types of cancers in various groups of patients, their effectiveness may differ among older individuals. The reason ICIs are less effective in older adults is not yet clearly understood, but age-related changes in the immune system, such as immunosenescence and inflammation, may play a role. Therefore, this review focuses on recent advances in understanding the effects of immunosenescence and inflammation on the efficacy of ICIs.

Impact of Mutations in Subunit Genes of the Mammalian SWI/SNF Complex on Immunological Tumor Microenvironment

BACKGROUND/AIM

Recently, inactivating somatic mutations of SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling genes in cancers have been reported. However, few studies have been performed regarding the immunological analysis of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in chromatin remodeling complex gene-mutated tumors. In the present study, we identified cancer patients harboring various mammalian SWI/SNF complex mutations and investigated the immunological features in those mutated cancers.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Cancer patients harboring any type of chromatin remodeling complex gene mutation were selected and clinicopathological features were compared between chromatin remodeling complex gene expression-low and expression-high groups. Specifically, expression levels of immune response-associated genes and cancer-associated genes were compared between the SMARCA4 expression-low and expression-high groups using volcano plot analysis.

RESULTS

Among cancers harboring PBRM1, SAMRACA4 and ARID2 gene mutations, T-cell marker and mature B-cell marker genes were up-regulated in the tumor. Specifically, T-cell effector genes (CD8B, CD40LG), central memory marker genes (CD27, CCR7) and mature B-cell marker genes (CD20, CD38, CD79 and IRF4) were up-regulated, and cancer-associated genes including MYB, MYC and AURKB genes were down-regulated in the SMARCA4 expression-low group. Remarkably, heatmap of gene expression and immunohistochemistry (IHC) data demonstrated that the tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) gene signature of mature B cells was up-regulated in SMACA4 gene-mutated stomach cancers.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that immune tumor microenvironment status, such as mature B cell recruitment featuring the TLS gene signature and immune activation mediated by cancer signal down-regulation, might contribute to the classification of SMARCA4 gene-mutated tumors as immune checkpoint blockade therapy-sensitive target tumors.

Cellular Senescence in Liver Cancer: How Dying Cells Become "Zombie" Enemies

Liver cancer represents the fourth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide. The heterogeneity of its tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major contributing factor of metastasis, relapse, and drug resistance. Regrettably, late diagnosis makes most liver cancer patients ineligible for surgery, and the frequent failure of non-surgical therapeutic options orientates clinical research to the investigation of new drugs. In this context, cellular senescence has been recently shown to play a pivotal role in the progression of chronic inflammatory liver diseases, ultimately leading to cancer. Moreover, the stem-like state triggered by senescence has been associated with the emergence of drug-resistant, aggressive tumor clones. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have emerged to investigate senescence-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and its derived therapies, leading to promising results. In this review, we intend to provide an overview of the recent evidence that unveils the role of cellular senescence in the most frequent forms of primary and metastatic liver cancer, focusing on the involvement of this mechanism in therapy resistance.

From gestational chronodisruption to noncommunicable diseases: Pathophysiological mechanisms of programming of adult diseases, and the potential therapeutic role of melatonin

During gestation, the developing fetus relies on precise maternal circadian signals for optimal growth and preparation for extrauterine life. These signals regulate the daily delivery of oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other biophysical factors while synchronizing fetal rhythms with the external photoperiod. However, modern lifestyle factors such as light pollution and shift work can induce gestational chronodisruption, leading to the desynchronization of maternal and fetal circadian rhythms. Such disruptions have been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular, neurodevelopmental, metabolic, and endocrine functions in the fetus, increasing the susceptibility to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in adult life. This aligns with the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease theory, suggesting that early-life exposures can significantly influence health outcomes later in life. The consequences of gestational chronodisruption also extend into adulthood. Environmental factors like diet and stress can exacerbate the adverse effects of these disruptions, underscoring the importance of maintaining a healthy circadian rhythm across the lifespan to prevent NCDs and mitigate the impact of gestational chronodisruption on aging. Research efforts are currently aimed at identifying potential interventions to prevent or mitigate the effects of gestational chronodisruption. Melatonin supplementation during pregnancy emerges as a promising intervention, although further investigation is required to fully understand the precise mechanisms involved and to develop effective strategies for promoting health and preventing NCDs in individuals affected by gestational chronodisruption.

Selection of Mexican Medicinal Plants by Identification of Potential Phytochemicals with Anti-Aging, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Oxidant Properties through Network Analysis and Chemoinformatic Screening

Many natural products have been acquired from plants for their helpful properties. Medicinal plants are used for treating a variety of pathologies or symptoms. The axes of many pathological processes are inflammation, oxidative stress, and senescence. This work is focused on identifying Mexican medicinal plants with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects through network analysis and chemoinformatic screening of their phytochemicals. We used computational methods to analyze drug-like phytochemicals in Mexican medicinal plants, multi-target compounds, and signaling pathways related to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence mechanisms. A total of 1373 phytochemicals are found in 1025 Mexican medicinal plants, and 148 compounds showed no harmful functionalities. These compounds displayed comparable structures with reference molecules. Based on their capacity to interact with pharmacological targets, three clusters of Mexican medicinal plants have been established. Curatella americana, Ximenia americana, Malvastrum coromandelianum, and Manilkara zapota all have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. Plumeria rubra, Lonchocarpus yucatanensis, and Salvia polystachya contained phytochemicals with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence reported activity. Lonchocarpus guatemalensis, Vallesia glabra, Erythrina oaxacana, and Erythrina sousae have drug-like phytochemicals with potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. Between the drug-like phytochemicals, lonchocarpin, vallesine, and erysotrine exhibit potential anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-senescence effects. For the first time, we conducted an initial virtual screening of selected Mexican medicinal plants, which was subsequently confirmed in vivo, evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of Lonchocarpus guatemalensis Benth in mice.

Mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism across skin cells: implications for skin homeostasis and aging

Aging of human skin is a complex process leading to a decline in homeostasis and regenerative potential of this tissue. Mitochondria are important cell organelles that have a crucial role in several cellular mechanisms such as energy production and free radical maintenance. However, mitochondrial metabolism as well as processes of mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis, and degradation varies considerably among the different types of cells that populate the skin. Disturbed mitochondrial function is known to promote aging and inflammation of the skin, leading to impairment of physiological skin function and the onset of skin pathologies. In this review, we discuss the essential role of mitochondria in different skin cell types and how impairment of mitochondrial morphology, physiology, and metabolism in each of these cellular compartments of the skin contributes to the process of skin aging.

Doxorubicin-induced senescence promotes resistance to cell death by modulating genes associated with apoptotic and necrotic pathways in prostate cancer DU145 CD133+/CD44+ cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the most important cause of cancer treatment failure. Traditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, damage healthy cells alongside malignant cells, leading to severe adverse effects. Therefore, inducing cellular senescence without triggering apoptosis, which further damages healthy cells, may be an alternative strategy. However, there is insufficient knowledge regarding senescence induction in CSCs that show resistance to treatment and stemness properties. The present study aims to elucidate the effects of senescence induction on proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in prostate CSCs and non-CSCs. Prostate CSCs were isolated from DU145 cancer cells using the FACS method. Subsequently, senescence induction was performed in RWPE-1, DU145, prostate CSCs, and non-CSCs by using different concentrations of Doxorubicin (DOX). Cellular senescence was detected using the senescence markers SA-β-gal, Ki67, and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF). The effects of senescence on cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated using the Muse Cell Analyzer, and genes in signaling pathways associated with the apoptotic/necrotic pathway were analyzed by real-time PCR. Prostate CSCs were isolated with 95.6 ± 1.4% purity according to CD133+/CD44+ characteristics, and spheroid formation belonging to stem cells was observed. After DOX-induced senescence, we observed morphological changes, SA-β-gal positivity, SAHF, and the lack of Ki67 in senescent cells. Furthermore; we detected G2/M cell cycle arrest and downregulation of various apoptosis-related genes in senescent prostate CSCs. Our results showed that DOX is a potent inducer of senescence for prostate CSCs, inhibits proliferation by arresting the cell cycle, and senescent prostate CSCs develop resistance to apoptosis.

Levamisole suppresses activation and proliferation of human T cells by the induction of a p53-dependent DNA damage response

Levamisole (LMS) is a small molecule used in the treatment of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS). The pathogenesis of INS remains unknown, but evidence points toward an immunological basis of the disease. Recently, LMS has been shown to increase the relapse-free survival in INS patients. While LMS has been hypothesized to exert an immunomodulatory effect, its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here, we show that LMS decreased activation and proliferation of human T cells. T-cell activation-associated cytokines such as IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were reduced upon LMS treatment, whereas IL-4 and IL-13 were increased. Gene expression profiling confirmed that the suppressive effects of LMS as genes involved in cell cycle progression were downregulated. Furthermore, genes associated with p53 activation were upregulated by LMS. In agreement, LMS treatment resulted in p53 phosphorylation and increased expression of the p53 target gene FAS. Accordingly, LMS sensitized activated T cells for Fas-mediated apoptosis. LMS treatment resulted in a mid-S phase cell cycle arrest accompanied by γH2AX-foci formation and phosphorylation of CHK1. Our findings indicate that LMS acts as an immunosuppressive drug that directly affects the activation and proliferation of human T cells by induction of DNA damage and the activation of a p53-dependent DNA damage response.

A new face of old cells: An overview about the role of senescence and telomeres in inflammatory bowel diseases

Cellular senescence is a pivotal factor contributing to aging and the pathophysiology of age-related diseases. Despite the presence of inflammation and abnormal immune system function in both inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and senescence, the relationship between the two remains largely unexplored. Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the intricate connection between cellular senescence, telomeres, and IBD. The review highlights the presence of senescence markers, particularly p16 and p21, in IBD patients, suggesting their potential association with disease progression and mucosal inflammation. We emphasize the critical role of macrophages in eliminating senescent cells and how disturbance in effective clearance may contribute to persistent senescence and inflammation in IBD. Additionally, we shed light on the involvement of telomeres in IBD, as their dysfunction impairs enterocyte function and disrupts colonic barrier integrity, potentially exacerbating the pathogenesis of the disease. Targeting senescence and telomere dysfunctions holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches to mitigate intestinal inflammation and alleviate symptoms in IBD patients. By unraveling the precise role of senescence in IBD, we can pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions that effectively address the underlying mechanisms of intestinal inflammation, offering hope for improved management and treatment of IBD patients.

Inhibition of integrin binding to ligand arg-gly-asp motif induces AKT-mediated cellular senescence in hepatic stellate cells

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play an essential role in liver fibrogenesis. The induction of cellular senescence has been reported to inhibit HSC activation. Previously, we demonstrated that CWHM12, a small molecule arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptidomimetic compound, inhibits HSC activation. This study investigated whether the inhibitory effects of CWHM12 on HSCs affected cellular senescence.

METHODS

The immortalized human HSC lines, LX-2 and TWNT-1, were used to evaluate the effects of CWHM12 on cellular senescence via the disruption of RGD-mediated binding to integrins.

RESULTS

CWHM12 induces cell cycle arrest, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, acquisition of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), and expression of senescence-associated proteins in HSCs. Further experiments revealed that the phosphorylation of AKT and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) was involved in the effects of CWHM12, and the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation reversed these effects of CWHM12 on HSCs.

CONCLUSIONS

Pharmacological inhibition of RGD-mediated integrin binding induces senescence in activated HSCs.

TEAD4 antagonizes cellular senescence by remodeling chromatin accessibility at enhancer regions

Dramatic alterations in epigenetic landscapes are known to impact genome accessibility and transcription. Extensive evidence demonstrates that senescent cells undergo significant changes in chromatin structure; however, the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between epigenetic parameters and gene expression profiles have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we delineate the genome-wide redistribution of accessible chromatin regions that lead to broad transcriptome effects during senescence. We report that distinct senescence-activated accessibility regions (SAAs) are always distributed in H3K27ac-occupied enhancer regions, where they are responsible for elevated flanking senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) expression and aberrant cellular signaling relevant to SASP secretion. Mechanistically, a single transcription factor, TEAD4, moves away from H3K27ac-labled SAAs to allow for prominent chromatin accessibility reconstruction during senescence. The enhanced SAAs signal driven by TEAD4 suppression subsequently induces a robust increase in the expression of adjacent SASP genes and the secretion of downstream factors, which contribute to the progression of senescence. Our findings illustrate a dynamic landscape of chromatin accessibility following senescence entry, and further reveal an insightful function for TEAD4 in regulating the broad chromatin state that modulates the overall transcriptional program of SASP genes.

Interplay of Extracellular Vesicles and TLR4 Signaling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Pathophysiology and Therapeutics

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as a significant contributor to global cancer-related mortality. Chronic inflammation, often arising from diverse sources such as viral hepatitis, alcohol misuse, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), profoundly influences HCC development. Within this context, the interplay of extracellular vesicles (EVs) gains prominence. EVs, encompassing exosomes and microvesicles, mediate cell-to-cell communication and cargo transfer, impacting various biological processes, including inflammation and cancer progression. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key sentinel of the innate immune system, recognizes both pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), thereby triggering diverse signaling cascades and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. The intricate involvement of the TLR4 signaling pathway in chronic liver disease and HCC pathogenesis is discussed in this study. Moreover, we delve into the therapeutic potential of modulating the TLR4 pathway using EVs as novel therapeutic agents for HCC. This review underscores the multifaceted role of EVs in the context of HCC and proposes innovative avenues for targeted interventions against this formidable disease.

Aging and oral squamous cell carcinoma development: the role of cellular senescence

The gradual accumulation and inadequate renewal of senescent cells over time drive organismal aging. Senescent cells undergo altered gene expression and release inflammatory mediators collectively termed the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which significantly contributes to a spectrum of age-related disorders, including cancer. In the context of carcinogenesis, the SASP produced by senescent cells has been implicated in the promotion of epithelial cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the most common form of oral cancer. Senescent cells within the tumor microenvironment release factors that amplify the growth and invasiveness of neighboring cancer cells. Senotherapeutics, including senolytics and senomorphics, emerge as promising modalities to target senescent cells and their associated inflammatory factors, thereby opening novel avenues for augmenting the efficacy of cancer treatments. Here, we review the general aspects of cellular senescence, focusing on the relation between senescence-related inflammation with cancer development. We also analyze the available evidence linking cellular senescence with OSCC, highlighting possible clinical applications.

Exploring the perspectives of pharmaceutical experts and healthcare practitioners on senolytic drugs for vascular aging-related disorder: a qualitative study

Objective: The field of targeting cellular senescence with drug candidates to address age-related comorbidities has witnessed a notable surge of interest and research and development. This study aimed to gather valuable insights from pharmaceutical experts and healthcare practitioners regarding the potential and challenges of translating senolytic drugs for treatment of vascular aging-related disorders. Methods: This study employed a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with healthcare practitioners and pharmaceutical experts. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes from the interview transcripts. Results: A total of six individuals were interviewed, with three being pharmaceutical experts and the remaining three healthcare practitioners. The significant global burden of cardiovascular diseases presents a potentially large market size that offer an opportunity for the development and marketability of novel senolytic drugs. The pharmaceutical sector demonstrates a positive inclination towards the commercialization of new senolytic drugs targeting vascular aging-related disorders. However potential important concerns have been raised, and these include increasing specificity toward senescent cells to prevent off-site targeting, thus ensuring the safety and efficacy of these drugs. In addition, novel senolytic therapy for vascular aging-related disorders may encounter competition from existing drugs that treat or manage risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Healthcare practitioners are also in favor of recommending the novel senolytic drugs for vascular aging-related disorders but cautioned that its high cost may hinder its acceptance among patients. Besides sharing the same outcome-related concerns as with the pharmaceutical experts, healthcare practitioners anticipated a lack of awareness among the general public regarding the concept of targeting cellular senescence to delay vascular aging-related disorders, and this knowledge gap extends to healthcare practitioner themselves as well. Conclusion: Senolytic therapy for vascular aging-related disorders holds great promise, provided that crucial concerns surrounding its outcomes and commercial hurdles are effectively addressed.

Senescent Cells: Dual Implications on the Retinal Vascular System

Cellular senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, triggers a series of gradual alterations in structure, metabolism, and function, as well as inflammatory gene expression that nurtures a low-grade proinflammatory milieu in human tissue. A growing body of evidence indicates an accumulation of senescent neurons and blood vessels in response to stress and aging in the retina. Prolonged accumulation of senescent cells and long-term activation of stress signaling responses may lead to multiple chronic diseases, tissue dysfunction, and age-related pathologies by exposing neighboring cells to the heightened pathological senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). However, the ultimate impacts of cellular senescence on the retinal vasculopathies and retinal vascular development remain ill-defined. In this review, we first summarize the molecular players and fundamental mechanisms driving cellular senescence, as well as the beneficial implications of senescent cells in driving vital physiological processes such as embryogenesis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Then, the dual implications of senescent cells on the growth, hemostasis, and remodeling of retinal blood vessels are described to document how senescent cells contribute to both retinal vascular development and the severity of proliferative retinopathies. Finally, we discuss the two main senotherapeutic strategies-senolytics and senomorphics-that are being considered to safely interfere with the detrimental effects of cellular senescence.

Autocrine TGF-β-positive feedback in profibrotic AT2-lineage cells plays a crucial role in non-inflammatory lung fibrogenesis

The molecular etiology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has been extensively investigated to identify new therapeutic targets. Although anti-inflammatory treatments are not effective for patients with IPF, damaged alveolar epithelial cells play a critical role in lung fibrogenesis. Here, we establish an organoid-based lung fibrosis model using mouse and human lung tissues to assess the direct communication between damaged alveolar type II (AT2)-lineage cells and lung fibroblasts by excluding immune cells. Using this in vitro model and mouse genetics, we demonstrate that bleomycin causes DNA damage and activates p53 signaling in AT2-lineage cells, leading to AT2-to-AT1 transition-like state with a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Among SASP-related factors, TGF-β plays an exclusive role in promoting lung fibroblast-to-myofibroblast differentiation. Moreover, the autocrine TGF-β-positive feedback loop in AT2-lineage cells is a critical cellular system in non-inflammatory lung fibrogenesis. These findings provide insights into the mechanism of IPF and potential therapeutic targets.

Auricularia auricula Peptides Nutritional Supplementation Delays H2O2-Induced Senescence of HepG2 Cells by Modulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

Auricularia auricula is a traditional medicinal and edible mushroom with anti-aging effects. Many studies focused on polysaccharides and melanin. However, the anti-aging effects and mechanism of the nutritional supplementation of Auricularia auricula peptides (AAPs) were not elucidated. In this study, AAPs were prepared by enzymolysis of flavor protease and the protective effects on H2O2-induced senescence of HepG2 cells were explored for the first time. The potential mechanism was also investigated. AAPs were mostly composed of low molecular weights with less than 1000 Da accounting for about 79.17%, and contained comprehensive amino acids nutritionally, including seven essential amino acids, aromatic, acidic, and basic amino acids. AAPs nutritional supplementation could significantly decrease the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px). In addition, the senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity was restrained, and the expression levels of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and CXCL2) were also decreased. Ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-Seq) was carried out to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different groups. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the mechanism was related to the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis and Western blot were carried out to verify the key genes and proteins in the pathways, respectively. AAPs nutritional supplementation resulted a significant down-regulation in key the genes c-fos and c-jun and up-regulation in DUSP1 of the MAPK signaling pathway, and down-regulation in the key genes CXCL2 and IL-8 of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The results of Western blot demonstrate that AAPs nutritional supplementation could inhibit MAPK/NF-κB pathways by reducing the expression levels of IKK, IκB, P65, and phosphorylation of ERK, thus decreasing the inflammatory reaction and delaying cell senescence. It is the first time that AAPs nutritional supplementation was proved to have protective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. These results implicate that dietary AAPs could be used as nutrients to reduce the development or severity of aging.

Anti-Aging Potential of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP): Evidence from Osteoarthritis (OA) and Applications in Senescence and Inflammaging

Aging and age-related changes impact the quality of life (QOL) in elderly with a decline in movement, cognitive abilities and increased vulnerability towards age-related diseases (ARDs). One of the key contributing factors is cellular senescence, which is triggered majorly by DNA damage response (DDR). Accumulated senescent cells (SCs) release senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which includes pro-inflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lipids and chemokines that are detrimental to the surrounding tissues. Chronic low-grade inflammation in the elderly or inflammaging is also associated with cellular senescence and contributes to ARDs. The literature from the last decade has recorded the use of platelet rich plasma (PRP) to combat senescence and inflammation, alleviate pain as an analgesic, promote tissue regeneration and repair via angiogenesis-all of which are essential in anti-aging and tissue regeneration strategies. In the last few decades, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been used as an anti-aging treatment option for dermatological applications and with great interest in tissue regeneration for orthopaedic applications, especially in osteoarthritis (OA). In this exploration, we connect the intricate relationship between aging, ARDs, senescence and inflammation and delve into PRP's properties and potential benefits. We conduct a comparative review of the current literature on PRP treatment strategies, paying particular attention to the instances strongly linked to ARDs. Finally, upon careful consideration of this interconnected information in the context of aging, we suggest a prospective role for PRP in developing anti-aging therapeutic strategies.

Prognosis signature for predicting the survival and immunotherapy response in esophageal carcinoma based on cellular senescence-related genes

Background

Cellular senescence occurs throughout life and can play beneficial roles in a variety of physiological processes, including embryonic development, tissue repair, and tumor suppression. However, the relationship between cellular senescence-related genes (CSRGs) and immunotherapy in esophageal carcinoma (ECa) remains poorly defined.

Methods

The data set used in the analysis was retrieved from TCGA (Research Resource Identifier (RRID): SCR_003193), GEO (RRID: SCR_005012), and CellAge databases. Data processing, statistical analysis, and diagram formation were conducted in R software (RRID: SCR_001905) and GraphPad Prism (RRID: SCR_002798). Based on CSRGs, we used the TCGA database to construct a prognostic signature for ECa and then validated it in the GEO database. The predictive efficiency of the signature was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Cox regression analysis, nomogram, and calibration curves. According to the median risk score derived from CSRGs, patients with ECa were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Immune infiltration and immunotherapy were also analyzed between the two risk groups. Finally, the hub genes of the differences between the two risk groups were identified by the STRING (RRID: SCR_005223) database and Cytoscape (RRID: SCR_003032) software.

Results

A six-gene risk signature (DEK, RUNX1, SMARCA4, SREBF1, TERT, and TOP1) was constructed in the TCGA database. Patients in the high-risk group had a worse overall survival (OS) was disclosed by survival analysis. As expected, the signature presented equally prognostic significance in the GSE53624 cohort. Next, the Area Under ROC Curve (AUC=0.854) and multivariate Cox regression analysis (HR=3.381, 2.073-5.514, P<0.001) also proved that the risk signature has a high predictive ability. Furthermore, we can more accurately predict the prognosis of patients with ECa by nomogram constructed by risk score. The result of the TIDE algorithm showed that ECa patients in the high-risk group had a greater possibility of immune escape. At last, a total of ten hub genes (APOA1, MUC5AC, GC, APOA4, AMBP, FABP1, APOA2, SOX2, MUC8, MUC17) between two risk groups with the highest interaction degrees were identified. By further analysis, four hub genes (APOA4, AMBP, FABP1, and APOA2) were related to the survival differences of ECa.

Conclusions

Our study reveals comprehensive clues that a novel signature based on CSRGs may provide reliable prognosis prediction and insight into new therapy for patients with ECa.

Airway Epithelium Senescence as a Driving Mechanism in COPD Pathogenesis

Cellular senescence is a state of permanent cell cycle arrest triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stressors. Cellular senescence results in impaired tissue repair and remodeling, loss of physiological integrity, organ dysfunction, and changes in the secretome. The systemic accumulation of senescence cells has been observed in many age-related diseases. Likewise, cellular senescence has been implicated as a risk factor and driving mechanism in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) pathogenesis. Airway epithelium exhibits hallmark features of senescence in COPD including activation of the p53/p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4A/RB pathways, leading to cell cycle arrest. Airway epithelial senescent cells secrete an array of inflammatory mediators, the so-called senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), leading to a persistent low-grade chronic inflammation in COPD. SASP further promotes senescence in an autocrine and paracrine manner, potentially contributing to the onset and progression of COPD. In addition, cellular senescence in COPD airway epithelium is associated with telomere dysfunction, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. This review discusses the potential mechanisms of airway epithelial cell senescence in COPD, the impact of cellular senescence on the development and severity of the disease, and highlights potential targets for modulating cellular senescence in airway epithelium as a potential therapeutic approach in COPD.

Sex-Specific Protection of Endothelial Function after Vascular Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by the Senomorphic Agent Ruxolitinib

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced endothelial dysfunction occurs in various cardiovascular disorders. I/R injury is partially driven by the release of cytokines. Known for its use in senotherapy, the JAK inhibitor ruxolitinib is able to block the release of cytokines. We investigated the effect of ruxolitinib on the cytokine release and endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation in an in vitro model of I/R. Aortic segments of C57BL/6J mice (N = 12/group) were divided into three groups: control, in vitro I/R (I/R group), and in vitro I/R with ruxolitinib during ischemic incubation (I/R+Ruxo group). We determined cytokine expression. In organ bath chambers, we investigated the maximal endothelial-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (R_maxACh) and maximal endothelial-independent relaxation to sodium-nitroprusside (R_maxSNP). R_maxACh was decreased in I/R compared to the control (83.6 ± 2.4 vs. 48.6 ± 3.4%; p < 0.05) and I/R+Ruxo (74.4 ± 2.6 vs. 48.6 ± 3.4%; p < 0.05). R_maxSNP was comparable between all groups. IL-10 was detectable only in I/R+Ruxo. CXCL5, CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, CCL11, ICAM-1, IL-1α, IL-7, TNF-α, and G-CSF were decreased or not detectable in I/R+Ruxo. In I/R+Ruxo, ICAM-1 was reduced in rings only from male mice. Treatment of the aorta from mice during in vitro ischemia with the senomorphic agent ruxolitinib reduces cytokine release and protects the endothelium from I/R-mediated dysfunction.

Vascular Ageing: Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Treatment Strategies

Ageing constitutes the biggest risk factor for poor health and adversely affects the integrity and function of all the cells, tissues, and organs in the human body. Vascular ageing, characterised by vascular stiffness, endothelial dysfunction, increased oxidative stress, chronic low-grade inflammation, and early-stage atherosclerosis, may trigger or exacerbate the development of age-related vascular diseases, which each year contribute to more than 3.8 million deaths in Europe alone and necessitate a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. To this end, a large number of recent preclinical and clinical studies have focused on the exponential accumulation of senescent cells in the vascular system and paid particular attention to the specific roles of senescence-associated secretory phenotype, proteostasis dysfunction, age-mediated modulation of certain microRNA (miRNAs), and the contribution of other major vascular risk factors, notably diabetes, hypertension, or smoking, to vascular ageing in the elderly. The data generated paved the way for the development of various senotherapeutic interventions, ranging from the application of synthetic or natural senolytics and senomorphics to attempt to modify lifestyle, control diet, and restrict calorie intake. However, specific guidelines, considering the severity and characteristics of vascular ageing, need to be established before widespread use of these agents. This review briefly discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms of vascular ageing and summarises the efficacy of widely studied senotherapeutics in the context of vascular ageing.

EETs alleviate alveolar epithelial cell senescence by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress through the Trim25/Keap1/Nrf2 axis

Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) senescence is a key driver of a variety of chronic lung diseases. It remains a challenge how to alleviate AEC senescence and mitigate disease progression. Our study identified a critical role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), downstream metabolites of arachidonic acid (ARA) by cytochrome p450 (CYP), in alleviating AEC senescence. In vitro, we found that 14,15-EET content was significantly decreased in senescent AECs. Exogenous EETs supplementation, overexpression of CYP2J2, or inhibition of EETs degrading enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) to increase EETs alleviated AECs' senescence. Mechanistically, 14,15-EET promoted the expression of Trim25 to ubiquitinate and degrade Keap1 and promoted Nrf2 to enter the nucleus to exert an anti-oxidant effect, thereby inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and alleviating AEC senescence. Furthermore, in D-galactose (D-gal)-induced premature aging mouse model, inhibiting the degradation of EETs by Trifluoromethoxyphenyl propionylpiperidin urea (TPPU, an inhibitor of sEH) significantly inhibited the protein expression of p16, p21, and γH2AX. Meanwhile, TPPU reduced the degree of age-related pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Our study has confirmed that EETs are novel anti-senescence substances for AECs, providing new targets for the treatment of chronic lung diseases.

Palbociclib-Induced Cellular Senescence Is Modulated by the mTOR Complex 1 and Autophagy

Despite not dividing, senescent cells acquire the ability to synthesize and secrete a plethora of bioactive molecules, a feature known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). In addition, senescent cells often upregulate autophagy, a catalytic process that improves cell viability in stress-challenged cells. Notably, this "senescence-related autophagy" can provide free amino acids for the activation of mTORC1 and the synthesis of SASP components. However, little is known about the functional status of mTORC1 in models of senescence induced by CDK4/6 inhibitors (e.g., Palbociclib), or the effects that the inhibition of mTORC1 or the combined inhibition of mTORC1 and autophagy have on senescence and the SASP. Herein, we examined the effects of mTORC1 inhibition, with or without concomitant autophagy inhibition, on Palbociclib-driven senescent AGS and MCF-7 cells. We also assessed the pro-tumorigenic effects of conditioned media from Palbociclib-driven senescent cells with the inhibition of mTORC1, or with the combined inhibition of mTORC1 and autophagy. We found that Palbociclib-driven senescent cells display a partially reduced activity of mTORC1 accompanied by increased levels of autophagy. Interestingly, further mTORC1 inhibition exacerbated the senescent phenotype, a phenomenon that was reversed upon autophagy inhibition. Finally, the SASP varied upon inhibiting mTORC1, or upon the combined inhibition of mTORC1 and autophagy, generating diverse responses in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of non-senescent tumorigenic cells. Overall, variations in the SASP of Palbociclib-driven senescent cells with the concomitant inhibition of mTORC1 seem to depend on autophagy.

Genes associated with cellular senescence favor melanoma prognosis by stimulating immune responses in tumor microenvironment

PURPOSE

Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM), a malignant tumor from melanocytes, is the fifth most prevalent tumor. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) immunotherapy improves prognosis of SKCM, but immune response varies for different populations. Cellular senescence in the tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes antitumor immunity, mediated by dendritic cells (DC) and CD8+ T cells. Therefore, we sought to explore the role of cellular senescence in the TME of SKCM through bioinformatics and machine learning.

METHODS

First, we obtained 93 cellular senescence-prognosis genes (CSPGs) by univariate survival analysis. Thereafter, 23 optimal CSPGs were obtained by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) analysis. Based on the riskscore obtained by lasso analysis and clinical information from multivariate cox, we obtained the nomogram of SKCM, which was validated in the validation cohort. Based on the riskscore, the patients were split into low- and high-risk groups. Functional differences between the two groups were analyzed using Metascape and GSEA, and immune infiltration differences were achieved by multiple algorithms. We obtained a risk prediction nomogram for the validated SKCM based on the lasso model by univariate and multivariate cox regression analysis.

RESULTS

In the low-risk group, immune responses were in an active state. NK, CD8+ T, DC, macrophages, and neutrophils were significantly upregulated, and ICI-relevant genes were notably upregulated. With the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and optimal CSPGs, we obtained the hub genes: NOX4, NTN4, PROX1, and TRPM8. The hub genes were mainly expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and endothelial cells by single cell analysis, which were mainly associated with angiogenesis.

CONCLUSION

Genes associated with cellular senescence favor SKCM prognosis by stimulating immune responses in TME. Patients with high expression of cellular senescence associated genes in the TME might have better benefit from ICI immunotherapy. Cellular senescence functions as a pro-tumor agent in mesenchymal cells and needs further study.

Cellular senescence in aging: Molecular basis, implications and therapeutic interventions

Cellular senescence is an irreversible proliferation arrest in response to cellular damage and stress. Although cellular senescence is a highly stable cell cycle arrest, it can influence many physiological, pathological, and aging processes. Cellular senescence can be triggered by various intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, genotoxic stress, oncogenic activation, irradiation and chemotherapeutic agents. Senescence is associated with several molecular and phenotypic alterations, such as senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), cell cycle arrest, DNA damage response (DDR), senescence-associated β-galactosidase, morphogenesis, and chromatin remodeling. Cellular senescence is a regular physiological event involved in tissue homeostasis, embryonic development, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and inhibition of tumor progression. Mitochondria are one of the organelles that undergo significant morphological and metabolic changes associated with senescence. Recent evidence unraveled that inter-organelle communication regulates cellular senescence, where mitochondria form a highly complex and dynamic network throughout the cytoplasm with other organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum. An imbalance in organelle interactions may result in faulty cellular homeostasis, which contributes to cellular senescence and is associated with organ aging. Since mitochondrial dysfunction is a common characteristic of cellular senescence and age-related diseases, mitochondria-targeted senolytic or redox modulator senomorphic strategies help solve the complex problems with the detrimental consequences of cellular senescence. Understanding the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism would provide knowledge on effective therapeutic interventions for aging and age-related pathologies. This chapter focuses on the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of senescence and targeting senescence as a potential strategy to alleviate age-related pathologies and support healthy aging.

Cancer History Avoids the Increase of Senescence Markers in Peripheral Cells of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired Patients

Epidemiological studies show that having a history of cancer protects from the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and vice versa, AD protects from cancer. The mechanism of this mutual protection is unknown. We have reported that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients have increased susceptibility to oxidative cell death compared to control subjects, and from the opposite standpoint a cancer history is associated with increased resistance to oxidative stress cell death in PBMCs, even in those subjects who have cancer history and aMCI (Ca + aMCI). Cellular senescence is a regulator of susceptibility to cell death and has been related to the pathophysiology of AD and cancer. Recently, we showed that cellular senescence markers can be tracked in PBMCs of aMCI patients, so we here investigated whether these senescence markers are dependent on having a history of cancer. Senescence-associated βeta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, G0-G1 phase cell-cycle arrest, p16 and p53 were analyzed by flow cytometry; phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γH2AX) by immunofluorescence; IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA by qPCR; and plasmatic levels by ELISA. Senescence markers that were elevated in PBMCs of aMCI patients, such as SA-β-Gal, Go-G1 arrested cells, IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA expression, and IL-8 plasmatic levels, were decreased in PBMCs of Ca + aMCI patients to levels similar to those of controls or of cancer survivors without cognitive impairment, suggesting that cancer in the past leaves a fingerprint that can be peripherally traceable in PBMC samples. These results support the hypothesis that the senescence process might be involved in the inverse association between cancer and AD.

Phosphoenolpyruvate induces endothelial dysfunction and cell senescence through stimulation of metabolic reprogramming

Endothelial dysfunction is a key early link in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and the accumulation of senescent vascular endothelial cells causes endothelial dysfunction. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which is a high-energy glycolytic intermediate, protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat lung, heart, and liver tissue by quickly providing ATP. However, it was reported that serum PEP concentrations are 13-fold higher in healthy elderly compare to the young. Unlike that of other cell types, the energy required for the physiological function of endothelial cells is mainly derived from glycolysis. Recently, it is unclear whether circulating accumulation of PEP affects endothelial cell function. In this study, we found for the first time that 50-250 μM of PEP significantly promoted THP-1 monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through increased expression of vascular endothelial adhesion factor 1 (VCAM1) and intercellular adhesion factor 1 (ICAM1) in HUVECs. Meanwhile, 50-250 μM of PEP decreased the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cellular level of nitric oxide (NO) in HUVECs. Moreover, PEP increased levels of ROS, enhanced the numbers of SA-β-Gal-positive cells and upregulated the expression of cell cycle inhibitors such as p21, p16 and the phosphorylation level of p53 on Ser15, and the expression of proinflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18 and MCP-1 in HUVECs. Furthermore, PEP increased both oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and glycolysis rate, and was accompanied by reduced NAD⁺/NADH ratios and enhanced phosphorylation levels of AMPKα (Thr172), p38 MAPK (T180/Y182) and NF-κB p65 (Ser536) in HUVECs. Notably, PEP had no significant effect on hepG2 cells. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that PEP induced dysfunction and senescence in vascular endothelial cells through stimulation of metabolic reprogramming.