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Suleiman S, McGuire LI, Chong A, Ritchie DL, Boyle A, McManus L, Brydon F, Smith C, Knight R, Green A, Diack AB, Barria MA. Conservation of vCJD Strain Properties After Extraction and In Vitro Propagation of PrP Sc from Archived Formalin-Fixed Brain and Appendix Tissues Using Highly Sensitive Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6275-6293. [PMID: 37442858 PMCID: PMC10533579 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Three retrospective lymphoreticular tissue studies (Appendix I, II, and III) aimed to estimate the UK prevalence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), following exposure of the population to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent, in the late 1980s and 1990s. These studies evaluated the presence of abnormal prion protein aggregates, in archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) appendectomy samples, by immunohistochemical detection. Although there was concordance in the estimated prevalence of vCJD from these studies, the identification of positive specimens from pre- and post-BSE-exposure periods in Appendix III study has raised questions regarding the nature and origin of the detected abnormal prion protein. We applied a robust and novel approach in the extraction of disease-associated prion protein (PrPSc) present in frozen and FFPE samples of brain and appendix from a patient with pathologically confirmed vCJD. The extracted material was used to seed the highly sensitive protein misfolding cyclic amplification assay (hsPMCA) to investigate the in vitro and in vivo propagation properties of the extracted abnormal prion protein. We demonstrate that PrPSc can be successfully extracted from FFPE appendix tissue and propagated in vitro. Bioassay in wild-type and gene-targeted mouse models confirmed that the extracted and amplified product is infectious and retains strain properties consistent with vCJD. This provides a highly sensitive and reliable platform for subsequent analysis of the archived FFPE appendix tissue derived from the Appendix II and III surveys, to further evaluate the nature of the abnormal PrP detected in the positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Suleiman
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Lynne I McGuire
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Angela Chong
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Diane L Ritchie
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Aileen Boyle
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lee McManus
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Fraser Brydon
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Alison Green
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Abigail B Diack
- The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Marcelo A Barria
- National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Deanery of Clinical Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
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Couch Y. Challenges associated with using extracellular vesicles as biomarkers in neurodegenerative disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:1091-1105. [PMID: 37916853 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2277373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hunt for new biomarkers - for the diagnosis of subcategories of disease, or for the monitoring of the efficacy of novel therapeutics - is an increasingly relevant challenge in the current era of precision medicine. In neurodegenerative research, the aim is to look for simple tools which can predict cognitive or motor decline early, and to determine whether these can also be used to test the efficacy of new interventions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are thought to play an important role in intercellular communication and have been shown to play a vital role in a number of diseases. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to examine what we know about EVs in neurodegeneration and to discuss their potential to be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the future. It will cover the techniques used to isolate and study EVs and what is currently known about their presence in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, we will discuss what is required for standardization in biomarker research, and the challenges associated with using EVs within this framework. EXPERT OPINION The technical challenges associated with isolating EVs consistently, combined with the complex techniques required for their efficient analysis, might preclude 'pure' EV populations from being used as effective biomarkers. Whilst biomarker discovery is important for more effective diagnosis, monitoring, prediction and prognosis in neurodegenerative disease, reproducibility and ease-of-use should be the priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Program, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Transmission, Strain Diversity, and Zoonotic Potential of Chronic Wasting Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071390. [PMID: 35891371 PMCID: PMC9316268 DOI: 10.3390/v14071390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting several species of captive and free-ranging cervids. In the past few decades, CWD has been spreading uncontrollably, mostly in North America, resulting in a high increase of CWD incidence but also a substantially higher number of geographical regions affected. The massive increase in CWD poses risks at several levels, including contamination of the environment, transmission to animals cohabiting with cervids, and more importantly, a putative transmission to humans. In this review, I will describe the mechanisms and routes responsible for the efficient transmission of CWD, the strain diversity of natural CWD, its spillover and zoonotic potential and strategies to minimize the CWD threat.
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Nakaie M, Katayama F, Nakagaki T, Kawasaki M, Yoshida S, Toriba A, Ogawa K, Nishida N, Nakayama M, Fuchigami T. Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyethylamino- and Pyridyl-Substituted 2-Vinyl Chromone Derivatives for Detection of Cerebral Abnormal Prion Protein Deposits. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2022; 70:211-219. [PMID: 35228385 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the deposition of abnormal prion protein aggregates (PrPSc) in the brain. In this study, we developed hydroxyethylamino-substituted styrylchromone (SC) and 2-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-4H-chromen-4-one (VPC) derivatives for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of PrPSc deposits in the brain. The binding affinity of these compounds was evaluated using recombinant mouse prion protein (rMoPrP) aggregates, which resulted in the inhibition constant (Ki) value of 61.5 and 88.0 nM for hydroxyethyl derivative, (E)-2-(4-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)styryl)-6-iodo-4H-chromen-4-one (SC-NHEtOH) and (E)-2-(4-((2-hydroxyethyl)(methyl)amino)styryl)-6-iodo-4H-chromen-4-one (SC-NMeEtOH), respectively. However, none of the VPC derivatives showed binding affinity for the rMoPrP aggregates. Fluorescent imaging demonstrated that the accumulation pattern of SC-NHEtOH matched with the presence of PrPSc in the brain slices from mouse-adapted bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected mice. A biodistribution study of normal mice indicated low initial brain uptake of [125I]SC-NHEtOH (0.88% injected dose/g (% ID/g) at 2 min) despite favorable washout from the brain (0.26% ID/g, at 180 min) was displayed. [125I]SC-NHEtOH exhibited binding affinities to both artificial prion aggregates as well as prion deposits in the brain. However, significant improvement in the binding affinity for PrPSc and blood-brain barrier permeability is necessary for the development of successful in vivo imaging probes for the detection of cerebral PrPSc in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Nakaie
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Fumihiro Katayama
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Takehiro Nakagaki
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Masao Kawasaki
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Sakura Yoshida
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Akira Toriba
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Kazuma Ogawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University.,Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University
| | - Noriyuki Nishida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Morio Nakayama
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Takeshi Fuchigami
- Department of Hygienic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University.,Laboratory of Clinical Analytical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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Kulichikhin KY, Fedotov SA, Rubel MS, Zalutskaya NM, Zobnina AE, Malikova OA, Neznanov NG, Chernoff YO, Rubel AA. Development of molecular tools for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease that are based on detection of amyloidogenic proteins. Prion 2021; 15:56-69. [PMID: 33910450 PMCID: PMC8096329 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2021.1917289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia that usually occurs among older people. AD results from neuronal degeneration that leads to the cognitive impairment and death. AD is incurable, typically develops over the course of many years and is accompanied by a loss of functional autonomy, making a patient completely dependent on family members and/or healthcare workers. Critical features of AD are pathological polymerization of Aβ peptide and microtubule-associated protein tau, accompanied by alterations of their conformations and resulting in accumulation of cross-β fibrils (amyloids) in human brains. AD apparently progresses asymptomatically for years or even decades before the appearance of symptoms. Therefore, development of the early AD diagnosis at a pre-symptomatic stage is essential for potential therapies. This review is focused on current and potential molecular tools (including non-invasive methods) that are based on detection of amyloidogenic proteins and can be applicable to early diagnosis of AD.Abbreviations: Aβ - amyloid-β peptide; AβO - amyloid-β oligomers; AD - Alzheimer's disease; ADRDA - Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association; APH1 - anterior pharynx defective 1; APP - amyloid precursor protein; BACE1 - β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1; BBB - brain blood barrier; CJD - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; CRM - certified reference material; CSF - cerebrospinal fluid; ELISA - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FGD - 18F-fluorodesoxyglucose (2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose); IP-MS - immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry assay; MCI - mild cognitive impairment; MDS - multimer detection system; MRI - magnetic resonance imaging; NIA-AA - National Institute on Ageing and Alzheimer's Association; NINCDS - National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke; PEN2 - presenilin enhancer 2; PET - positron emission tomography; PiB - Pittsburgh Compound B; PiB-SUVR - PIB standardized uptake value ratio; PMCA - Protein Misfolding Cycling Amplification; PrP - Prion Protein; P-tau - hyperphosphorylated tau protein; RMP - reference measurement procedure; RT-QuIC - real-time quaking-induced conversion; SiMoA - single-molecule array; ThT - thioflavin T; TSEs - Transmissible Spongiform Encephslopathies; T-tau - total tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergei A. Fedotov
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- I.P Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria S. Rubel
- SCAMT Institute, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia M. Zalutskaya
- V.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia E. Zobnina
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Oksana A. Malikova
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
| | - Nikolay G. Neznanov
- V.M. Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yury O. Chernoff
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aleksandr A. Rubel
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Gallardo MJ, Delgado FO. Animal prion diseases: A review of intraspecies transmission. Open Vet J 2021; 11:707-723. [PMID: 35070868 PMCID: PMC8770171 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative, transmissible, and fatal disorders that affect several animal species. The causative agent, prion, is a misfolded isoform of normal cellular prion protein, which is found in cells with higher concentration in the central nervous system. This review explored the sources of infection and different natural transmission routes of animal prion diseases in susceptible populations. Chronic wasting disease in cervids and scrapie in small ruminants are prion diseases capable of maintaining themselves in susceptible populations through horizontal and vertical transmission. The other prion animal diseases can only be transmitted through food contaminated with prions. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is the only animal prion disease considered zoonotic. However, due to its inability to transmit within a population, it could be controlled. The emergence of atypical cases of scrapie and BSE, even the recent report of prion disease in camels, demonstrates the importance of understanding the transmission routes of prion diseases to take measures to control them and to assess the risks to human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Julián Gallardo
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Cátedra de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Oscar Delgado
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria, IPVet, UEDD INTA-CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina
- Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Argentina
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Harnessing the Physiological Functions of Cellular Prion Protein in the Kidneys: Applications for Treating Renal Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060784. [PMID: 34067472 PMCID: PMC8224798 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a ubiquitous cell surface glycoprotein, and its physiological functions have been receiving increased attention. Endogenous PrPC is present in various kidney tissues and undergoes glomerular filtration. In prion diseases, abnormal prion proteins are found to accumulate in renal tissues and filtered into urine. Urinary prion protein could serve as a diagnostic biomarker. PrPC plays a role in cellular signaling pathways, reno-protective effects, and kidney iron uptake. PrPC signaling affects mitochondrial function via the ERK pathway and is affected by the regulatory influence of microRNAs, small molecules, and signaling proteins. Targeting PrPC in acute and chronic kidney disease could help improve iron homeostasis, ameliorate damage from ischemia/reperfusion injury, and enhance the efficacy of mesenchymal stem/stromal cell or extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic strategies. PrPC may also be under the influence of BMP/Smad signaling and affect the progression of TGF-β-related renal fibrosis. PrPC conveys TNF-α resistance in some renal cancers, and therefore, the coadministration of anti-PrPC antibodies improves chemotherapy. PrPC can be used to design antibody-drug conjugates, aptamer-drug conjugates, and customized tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases to suppress cancer. With preclinical studies demonstrating promising results, further research on PrPC in the kidney may lead to innovative PrPC-based therapeutic strategies for renal disease.
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