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Guo Y, Hu M, Peng H, Zhang Y, Kuang R, Han Z, Wang D, Liao Y, Ma R, Xu Z, Sun J, Shen Y, Zhao C, Ma H, Liu D, Zhao S, Zhao Y. Epigenomic features associated with body temperature stabilize tissues during cold exposure in cold-resistant pigs. J Genet Genomics 2024:S1673-8527(24)00159-0. [PMID: 38969257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Cold stress in low-temperature environments can trigger changes in gene expression, but epigenomics regulation of temperature stability in vital tissues, including the fat and diencephalon, is still unclear. Here, we explore the cold-induced changes in epigenomic features in the diencephalon and fat tissues of two cold-resistant Chinese pig breeds, Min and Enshi black (ES) pigs, utilizing H3K27ac CUT&Tag, RNA-seq, and selective signature analysis. Our results show significant alterations in H3K27ac modifications in the diencephalon of Min pigs and the fat of ES pigs after cold exposure. Dramatic changes in H3K27ac modifications in Min pigs are primarily associated with genes involved in energy metabolism and hormone regulation, whereas those in ES pigs are primarily associated with immunity-related genes. Moreover, transcription factors PRDM1 and HSF1, which show evidence of selection, are enriched in genomic regions presenting cold-responsive alterations in H3K27ac modification in the Min pig diencephalon and ES pig fat, respectively. Our results indicate the diversity of epigenomic response mechanisms to cold exposure between Min and ES pigs, providing unique epigenetic resources for studies of low-temperature adaptation in large mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Mingyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Hao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Renzhuo Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Zheyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Daoyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yinlong Liao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Ruixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China
| | - Changzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, 572000, Sanya, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150086 Harbin, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 150086 Harbin, China.
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, 572000, Sanya, China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yunxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Wuhan, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, 572000, Sanya, China.
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2
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Villagra UMM, da Cunha BR, Polachini GM, Henrique T, Stefanini ACB, de Castro TB, da Silva CHTP, Feitosa OA, Fukuyama EE, López RVM, Dias-Neto E, Nunes FD, Severino P, Tajara EH. Expression of Truncated Products at the 5'-Terminal Region of RIPK2 and Evolutive Aspects that Support Their Biological Importance. Genome Biol Evol 2024; 16:evae106. [PMID: 38752399 PMCID: PMC11221433 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is the process of generating different mRNAs from the same primary transcript, which contributes to increase the transcriptome and proteome diversity. Abnormal splicing has been associated with the development of several diseases including cancer. Given that mutations and abnormal levels of the RIPK2 transcript and RIP-2 protein are frequent in tumors, and that RIP-2 modulates immune and inflammatory responses, we investigated alternative splicing events that result in partial deletions of the kinase domain at the N-terminus of RIP-2. We also investigated the structure and expression of the RIPK2 truncated variants and isoforms in different environments. In addition, we searched data throughout Supraprimates evolution that could support the biological importance of RIPK2 alternatively spliced products. We observed that human variants and isoforms were differentially regulated following temperature stress, and that the truncated transcript was more expressed than the long transcript in tumor samples. The inverse was found for the longer protein isoform. The truncated variant was also detected in chimpanzee, gorilla, hare, pika, mouse, rat, and tree shrew. The fact that the same variant has been preserved in mammals with divergence times up to 70 million years raises the hypothesis that it may have a functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises M M Villagra
- Faculty of Exact Sciences, Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Institute (IBBM), National University of La Plata-CCT, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bianca R da Cunha
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana M Polachini
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Henrique
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Buzzo Stefanini
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tialfi Bergamin de Castro
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Microbial Pathogenesis Department, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carlos H T P da Silva
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Olavo A Feitosa
- Computational Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo/USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Erica E Fukuyama
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho Cancer Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rossana V M López
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Center for Translational Research in Oncology, State of São Paulo Cancer Institute—ICESP, Clinics Hospital, Sao Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Dias-Neto
- Laboratory of Medical Genomics, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio D Nunes
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Severino
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Albert Einstein Research and Education Institute, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eloiza H Tajara
- Department of Molecular Biology, School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto/FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo/USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chand S, Tripathi AS, Dewani AP, Sheikh NWA. Molecular targets for management of diabetes: Remodelling of white adipose to brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2024; 345:122607. [PMID: 38583857 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a disorder characterised metabolic dysfunction that results in elevated glucose level in the bloodstream. Diabetes is of two types, type1 and type 2 diabetes. Obesity is considered as one of the major reasons intended for incidence of diabetes hence it turns out to be essential to study about the adipose tissue which is responsible for fat storage in body. Adipose tissues play significant role in maintaining the balance between energy stabilization and homeostasis. The three forms of adipose tissue are - White adipose tissue (WAT), Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and Beige adipose tissue (intermediate form). The amount of BAT gets reduced, and WAT starts to increase with the age. WAT when exposed to certain stimuli gets converted to BAT by the help of certain transcriptional regulators. The browning of WAT has been a matter of study to treat the metabolic disorders and to initiate the expenditure of energy. The three main regulators responsible for the browning of WAT are PRDM16, PPARγ and PGC-1α via various cellular and molecular mechanism. Presented review article includes the detailed elaborative aspect of genes and proteins involved in conversion of WAT to BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushmita Chand
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alok Shiomurti Tripathi
- Department of Pharmacology, ERA College of Pharmacy, ERA University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Anil P Dewani
- Department of Pharmacology, P. Wadhwani College of Pharmacy, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Lobato S, Castillo-Granada AL, Bucio-Pacheco M, Salomón-Soto VM, Álvarez-Valenzuela R, Meza-Inostroza PM, Villegas-Vizcaíno R. PM 2.5, component cause of severe metabolically abnormal obesity: An in silico, observational and analytical study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28936. [PMID: 38601536 PMCID: PMC11004224 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is currently one of the most alarming pathological conditions due to the progressive increase in its prevalence. In the last decade, it has been associated with fine particulate matter suspended in the air (PM2.5). The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanistic interaction of PM2.5 with a high-fat diet (HFD) through the differential regulation of transcriptional signatures, aiming to identify the association of these particles with metabolically abnormal obesity. The research design was observational, using bioinformatic methods and an explanatory approach based on Rothman's causal model. We propose three new transcriptional signatures in murine adipose tissue. The sum of transcriptional differences between the group exposed to an HFD and PM2.5, compared to the control group, were 0.851, 0.265, and -0.047 (p > 0.05). The HFD group increased body mass by 20% with two positive biomarkers of metabolic impact. The group exposed to PM2.5 maintained a similar weight to the control group but exhibited three positive biomarkers. Enriched biological pathways (p < 0.05) included PPAR signaling, small molecule transport, adipogenesis genes, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and HIF-1 signaling. Transcriptional regulation predictions revealed CpG islands and common transcription factors. We propose three new transcriptional signatures: FAT-PM2.5-CEJUS, FAT-PM2.5-UP, and FAT-PM2.5-DN, whose transcriptional regulation profile in adipocytes was statistically similar by dietary intake and HFD and exposure to PM2.5 in mice; suggesting a mechanistic interaction between both factors. However, HFD-exposed murines developed moderate metabolically abnormal obesity, and PM2.5-exposed murines developed severe abnormal metabolism without obesity. Therefore, in Rothman's terms, it is concluded that HFD is a sufficient cause of the development of obesity, and PM2.5 is a component cause of severe abnormal metabolism of obesity. These signatures would be integrated into a systemic biological process that would induce transcriptional regulation in trans, activating obesogenic biological pathways, restricting lipid mobilization pathways, decreasing adaptive thermogenesis and angiogenesis, and altering vascular tone thus inducing a severe metabolically abnormal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagrario Lobato
- Departamento de Investigación en Salud, Servicios de Salud del Estado de Puebla, 15 South Street 302, Puebla, Mexico
- Promoción y Educación para la Salud, Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México. Universidad Avenue 1200, 1st Floor, quadrant 1-2, Xoco, Benito Juarez, 03330, Mexico City, Mexico
- Educación Superior, Centro de Estudios, “Justo Sierra”, Surutato, Badiraguato, Mexico
| | - A. Lourdes Castillo-Granada
- Educación Superior, Centro de Estudios, “Justo Sierra”, Surutato, Badiraguato, Mexico
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Guelatao Avenue 66, Ejército de Oriente Indeco II ISSSTE, Iztapalapa, 09230, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos Bucio-Pacheco
- Educación Superior, Centro de Estudios, “Justo Sierra”, Surutato, Badiraguato, Mexico
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Americas Avenue, Universitarios Blvd., University City, 80040, Culiacán Rosales, Mexico
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5
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Ghesmati Z, Rashid M, Fayezi S, Gieseler F, Alizadeh E, Darabi M. An update on the secretory functions of brown, white, and beige adipose tissue: Towards therapeutic applications. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:279-308. [PMID: 38051471 PMCID: PMC10942928 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, including white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, is vital in modulating whole-body energy metabolism. While WAT primarily stores energy, BAT dissipates energy as heat for thermoregulation. Beige adipose tissue is a hybrid form of adipose tissue that shares characteristics with WAT and BAT. Dysregulation of adipose tissue metabolism is linked to various disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and infertility. Both brown and beige adipocytes secrete multiple molecules, such as batokines, packaged in extracellular vesicles or as soluble signaling molecules that play autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine roles. A greater understanding of the adipocyte secretome is essential for identifying novel molecular targets in treating metabolic disorders. Additionally, microRNAs show crucial roles in regulating adipose tissue differentiation and function, highlighting their potential as biomarkers for metabolic disorders. The browning of WAT has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach in treating obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Many browning agents have been identified, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have been developed to enhance their efficacy. This review scrutinizes the characteristics of and differences between white, brown, and beige adipose tissues, the molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the adipocytes, the significant roles of batokines, and regulatory microRNAs active in different adipose tissues. Finally, the potential of WAT browning in treating obesity and atherosclerosis, the relationship of BAT with cancer and fertility disorders, and the crosstalk between adipose tissue with circadian system and circadian disorders are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Ghesmati
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rashid
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shabnam Fayezi
- Department of Gynecologic Endocrinology and Fertility Disorders, Women's Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Gieseler
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Effat Alizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
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6
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Michetti F, Di Sante G, Clementi ME, Valeriani F, Mandarano M, Ria F, Di Liddo R, Rende M, Romano Spica V. The Multifaceted S100B Protein: A Role in Obesity and Diabetes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:776. [PMID: 38255850 PMCID: PMC10815019 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The S100B protein is abundant in the nervous system, mainly in astrocytes, and is also present in other districts. Among these, the adipose tissue is a site of concentration for the protein. In the light of consistent research showing some associations between S100B and adipose tissue in the context of obesity, metabolic disorders, and diabetes, this review tunes the possible role of S100B in the pathogenic processes of these disorders, which are known to involve the adipose tissue. The reported data suggest a role for adipose S100B in obesity/diabetes processes, thus putatively re-proposing the role played by astrocytic S100B in neuroinflammatory/neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Michetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Medicine, LUM University, 70010 Casamassima, Italy
- Genes, Via Venti Settembre 118, 00187 Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, L.go F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (V.R.S.)
| | - Martina Mandarano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Medical School, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mario Rende
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 06132 Perugia, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy; (F.V.); (V.R.S.)
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7
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Bogolepova AN, Mkhitaryan EA, Levin OS. [Cognitive impairment in cerebrovascular diseases]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2024; 124:12-16. [PMID: 38696146 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202412404212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment, which is highly prevalent, especially among older people, leads to a decrease in the quality of life of patients, impairment of daily activities, and an increased risk of dementia and mortality. Currently, much attention is paid to mild cognitive impairment. The article discusses diagnostic criteria and possible clinical variants of this syndrome. Given the high rate of progression of mild cognitive impairment to dementia, it is necessary to identify risk groups and carry out therapeutic preventive measures. Correction of potentially modifiable risk factors is considered as a promising direction of therapy. Sufficient physical and mental activity, proper diet, normalization of sleep, visual acuity and hearing are necessary. Preventing stroke and controlling vascular risk factors may reduce the risk of mild cognitive impairment progressing to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Bogolepova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Mkhitaryan
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre - Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O S Levin
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
- S.P. Botkin City Clinical Hospital, Moscow, Russia
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8
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Gayger-Dias V, Vizuete AFK, Rodrigues L, Wartchow KM, Bobermin L, Leite MC, Quincozes-Santos A, Kleindienst A, Gonçalves CA. How S100B crosses brain barriers and why it is considered a peripheral marker of brain injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2109-2119. [PMID: 38058025 PMCID: PMC10800124 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231214260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B is a 21-kDa protein that is produced and secreted by astrocytes and widely used as a marker of brain injury in clinical and experimental studies. The majority of these studies are based on measurements in blood serum, assuming an associated increase in cerebrospinal fluid and a rupture of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Moreover, extracerebral sources of S100B are often underestimated. Herein, we will review these interpretations and discuss the routes by which S100B, produced by astrocytes, reaches the circulatory system. We discuss the concept of S100B as an alarmin and its dual activity as an inflammatory and neurotrophic molecule. Furthermore, we emphasize the lack of data supporting the idea that S100B acts as a marker of BBB rupture, and the need to include the glymphatic system in the interpretations of serum changes of S100B. The review is also dedicated to valorizing extracerebral sources of S100B, particularly adipocytes. Furthermore, S100B per se may have direct and indirect modulating roles in brain barriers: on the tight junctions that regulate paracellular transport; on the expression of its receptor, RAGE, which is involved in transcellular protein transport; and on aquaporin-4, a key protein in the glymphatic system that is responsible for the clearance of extracellular proteins from the central nervous system. We hope that the data on S100B, discussed here, will be useful and that it will translate into further health benefits in medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Gayger-Dias
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Adriana FK Vizuete
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10044, USA
| | - Larissa Bobermin
- Graduate Program in Neurosciences, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90.035-003, Brazil
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9
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Maalouf J, Pelletier A, Corona A, Gay-Quéheillard J, Bach V, de Seze R, Selmaoui B. Dose- and Time-Dependent Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Adipose Tissue: Implications of Thermoregulation and Mitochondrial Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10628. [PMID: 37445806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shed light on the effects of low-intensity radiofrequency (RF) fields on thermoregulation and adipose tissue metabolism. The present study aims to further explore these effects by analyzing the expression of thermoregulatory genes and investigating the involvement of mitochondria in adipose tissue metabolism. Male mice (n = 36 C57BL/6J) were assigned to either exposed or control groups. The exposed groups were subjected to RF fields at 900 MHz, with specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.1 W/kg or 0.4 W/kg, either for three or seven consecutive days. The findings indicate that RF exposure leads to changes in adipose tissue markers, with some effects being dose-dependent and time-dependent. In brown adipose tissue (BAT), after 3 days of RF exposure, thermogenesis is reduced, mitochondrial activity in BAT decreases, and an increase in gene expression, responsible for balancing the regulatory and damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was observed. This effect was partially compensated after 7 days of exposure. In white adipose tissue (WAT), RF exposure results in reduced fatty acid oxidation, impaired energy production, and hindered adipocyte differentiation. Notably, no effects of RF on mitochondrial biogenesis in WAT were observed. These findings contribute to understanding the effects of RF exposure on adipose tissue metabolism and thermoregulation, highlighting dose-dependent and time-dependent responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Maalouf
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Modeling (TEAM), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Amandine Pelletier
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Aurélie Corona
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Jérôme Gay-Quéheillard
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Bach
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
| | - René de Seze
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Modeling (TEAM), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Brahim Selmaoui
- PériTox-Périnatalité et Risques Toxiques-UMR_I 01, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé, CURS-UPJV, University of Picardy Jules Verne, CEDEX 1, 80054 Amiens, France
- Department of Experimental Toxicology and Modeling (TEAM), Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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10
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Zaręba-Kozioł M, Burdukiewicz M, Wysłouch-Cieszyńska A. Intracellular Protein S-Nitrosylation—A Cells Response to Extracellular S100B and RAGE Receptor. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050613. [PMID: 35625541 PMCID: PMC9138530 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human S100B is a small, multifunctional protein. Its activity, inside and outside cells, contributes to the biology of the brain, muscle, skin, and adipocyte tissues. Overexpression of S100B occurs in Down Syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, brain tumors, epilepsy, melanoma, myocardial infarction, muscle disorders, and sarcopenia. Modulating the activities of S100B, related to human diseases, without disturbing its physiological functions, is vital for drug and therapy design. This work focuses on the extracellular activity of S100B and one of its receptors, the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE). The functional outcome of extracellular S100B, partially, depends on the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. Here, we used Biotin Switch Technique enrichment and mass-spectrometry-based proteomics to show that the appearance of the S100B protein in the extracellular milieu of the mammalian Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, and expression of the membrane-bound RAGE receptor, lead to changes in the intracellular S-nitrosylation of, at least, more than a hundred proteins. Treatment of the wild-type CHO cells with nanomolar or micromolar concentrations of extracellular S100B modulates the sets of S-nitrosylation targets inside cells. The cellular S-nitrosome is tuned differently, depending on the presence or absence of stable RAGE receptor expression. The presented results are a proof-of-concept study, suggesting that S-nitrosylation, like other post-translational modifications, should be considered in future research, and in developing tailored therapies for S100B and RAGE receptor-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zaręba-Kozioł
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Science, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burdukiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, Kilińskiego 1, 15-369 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Wysłouch-Cieszyńska
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Bharadwaj A, Kempster E, Waisman DM. The Annexin A2/S100A10 Complex: The Mutualistic Symbiosis of Two Distinct Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121849. [PMID: 34944495 PMCID: PMC8699243 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutualistic symbiosis refers to the symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association. S100A10, a member of the S100 family of Ca2+-binding proteins, exists as a tight dimer and binds two annexin A2 molecules. This association forms the annexin A2/S100A10 complex known as AIIt, and modifies the distinct functions of both proteins. Annexin A2 is a Ca2+-binding protein that binds F-actin, phospholipid, RNA, and specific polysaccharides such as heparin. S100A10 does not bind Ca2+, but binds tPA, plasminogen, certain plasma membrane ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors, and the structural scaffold protein, AHNAK. S100A10 relies on annexin A2 for its intracellular survival: in the absence of annexin A2, it is rapidly destroyed by ubiquitin-dependent and independent proteasomal degradation. Annexin A2 requires S100A10 to increase its affinity for Ca2+, facilitating its participation in Ca2+-dependent processes such as membrane binding. S100A10 binds tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen, and promotes plasminogen activation to plasmin, which is a process stimulated by annexin A2. In contrast, annexin A2 acts as a plasmin reductase and facilitates the autoproteolytic destruction of plasmin. This review examines the relationship between annexin A2 and S100A10, and how their mutualistic symbiosis affects the function of both proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamelu Bharadwaj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
| | - Emma Kempster
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
| | - David Morton Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada; (A.B.); (E.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(902)-494-1803; Fax: +1-(902)-494-1355
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12
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Wartchow KM, Rodrigues L, Swierzy I, Buchfelder M, de Souza DO, Gonçalves CA, Kleindienst A. Amyloid-β Processing in Aged S100B Transgenic Mice Is Sex Dependent. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910823. [PMID: 34639161 PMCID: PMC8509484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Calcium-binding protein S100B is involved in neuroregeneration but has also been associated with neurodegeneration. These contrasting effects may result from concentration or duration of exposure. We investigated the effect of long-term increased S100B levels on amyloid-β processing in one-year-old transgenic (tg) mice with 12 copies of the murine S100B gene with specific consideration of sex and specific brain regions. (2) Methods: S100B and amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42) were quantified in serum, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), adipose tissue, and different brain regions by ELISA in wild-type (wt) and S100Btg mice (each n = 7 per group). Thioflavin T (ThT) and Aβ immunostaining were performed for visualization of Aβ deposition. (3) Results: S100B in serum, CSF, and brain was significantly increased in S100Btg mice of both sexes. Aβ42 was significantly increased in the hippocampus of male S100Btg mice (p = 0.0075), and the frontal cortex of female S100Btg mice (p = 0.0262). ThT and Aβ immunostaining demonstrated Aβ deposition in different brain regions in S100Btg mice of both sexes and female wt. (4) Conclusion: Our data validate this experimental model for studying the role of S100B in neurodegeneration and indicate that Aβ processing is sex-dependent and brain region-specific, which deserves further investigation of signaling pathways and behavioral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Minéia Wartchow
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Leticia Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Izabela Swierzy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Diogo Onofre de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brazil; (K.M.W.); (L.R.); (D.O.d.S.); (C.-A.G.)
| | - Andrea Kleindienst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (I.S.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Kannan S, Aronica PGA, Nguyen TB, Li J, Verma CS. Computational Design of Macrocyclic Binders of S100B(ββ): Novel Peptide Theranostics. Molecules 2021; 26:721. [PMID: 33573254 PMCID: PMC7866529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
S100B(ββ) proteins are a family of multifunctional proteins that are present in several tissues and regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. Their altered expression levels have been associated with several human diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory disorders and neurodegenerative conditions, and hence are of interest as a therapeutic target and a biomarker. Small molecule inhibitors of S100B(ββ) have achieved limited success. Guided by the wealth of available experimental structures of S100B(ββ) in complex with diverse peptides from various protein interacting partners, we combine comparative structural analysis and molecular dynamics simulations to design a series of peptides and their analogues (stapled) as S100B(ββ) binders. The stapled peptides were subject to in silico mutagenesis experiments, resulting in optimized analogues that are predicted to bind to S100B(ββ) with high affinity, and were also modified with imaging agents to serve as diagnostic tools. These stapled peptides can serve as theranostics, which can be used to not only diagnose the levels of S100B(ββ) but also to disrupt the interactions of S100B(ββ) with partner proteins which drive disease progression, thus serving as novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasaraghavan Kannan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (P.G.A.A.); (T.B.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Pietro G. A. Aronica
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (P.G.A.A.); (T.B.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (P.G.A.A.); (T.B.N.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianguo Li
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (P.G.A.A.); (T.B.N.); (J.L.)
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore; (P.G.A.A.); (T.B.N.); (J.L.)
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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14
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Orsini M, Di Liddo R, Valeriani F, Mancin M, D’Incà R, Castagnetti A, Aceti A, Parnigotto PP, Romano Spica V, Michetti F. In Silico Evaluation of Putative S100B Interacting Proteins in Healthy and IBD Gut Microbiota. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071697. [PMID: 32679810 PMCID: PMC7407188 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between human gut microbiota and intestinal wall is essential for the organ’s homeostasis and immune tolerance. The gut microbiota plays a role in healthy and pathological conditions mediated by inflammatory processes or by the gut-brain axes, both involving a possible role for S100B protein as a diffusible cytokine present not only in intestinal mucosa but also in faeces. In order to identify target proteins for a putative interaction between S100B and the microbiota proteome, we developed a bioinformatics workflow by integrating the interaction features of known domains with the proteomics data derived from metataxonomic studies of the gut microbiota from healthy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subjects. On the basis of the microbiota composition, proteins putatively interacting with S100B domains were in fact found, both in healthy subjects and IBD patients, in a reduced number in the latter samples, also exhibiting differences in interacting domains occurrence between the two groups. In addition, differences between ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease samples were observed. These results offer the conceptual framework for where to investigate the role of S100B as a candidate signalling molecule in the microbiota/gut communication machinery, on the basis of interactions differently conditioned by healthy or pathological microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Orsini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy; (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Rosa Di Liddo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Federica Valeriani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marzia Mancin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università, 10, 35020 Legnaro PD, Italy; (M.O.); (M.M.)
| | - Renata D’Incà
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology Unit, University Hospital of Padua, 35121 Padua, Italy;
| | | | - Antonio Aceti
- Clinical Infectious Diseases, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pier Paolo Parnigotto
- Foundation for Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Engineering and Signaling T.E.S. onlus Padua, Via De Sanctis 10, Caselle di Selvazzano Dentro, 35030 Padua, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Piazza Lauro De Bosis, 6, 00135 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +3906-3673-32-47
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
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