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Que Y, Meng H, Ding Y, Fan J, Du Y, Xu G. Investigation of the shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and asthma. Gene 2024; 896:148029. [PMID: 38007161 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is highly related with asthma from the epidemiology to pathogenesis, while the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Herein, we aimed to reveal the shared gene signatures and molecular mechanisms underlying the coexistence of OSAS and asthma and verified relating pathway in mouse models. We downloaded GSE75097 of OSAS and GSE165934 of asthma from GEO database and performed differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and potential pathogenic pathway. PPI network was constructed with the STRING database. Hub genes were identified with cytoHubba and immune infiltration analysis was performed with cibersort for further verification. Potential drugs were screened with Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and miRNA-gene network was constructed. Besides, to test the pulmonary function and inflammatory cytokine, mouse models with OSAS and asthma were constructed, followed by validating the involvement of NOD1/NOD2-RIPK2-NF-κB-MCPIP-1 pathway in associated diseases. RESULTS In total, 104 DEGs were identified, in which PLAUR, RIPK2, PELI1, ZC3H12A, and TNFAIP8 are the hub genes, while NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and apoptosis signaling pathway were the potential influential pathways. Increased γδT cells and neutrophils were detected in asthma patients through immune infiltration analysis. Significant difference was detected among genders in OSAS, and acetaminophen is a potential drug in the comorbidity by screening the drugs in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Mice with OSAS and asthma presented with worse pulmonary function and higher levels of inflammatory cytokines. The relative proteins, including NOD1, NOD2, RIPK2, NF-κB, and MCPIP-1, were up-regulated in mice with the OSAS and asthma. CONCLUSIONS This research firstly elucidates NOD1/NOD2-RIPK2-NF-κB-MCPIP-1 pathway as the shared pathway in the development of OSAS and asthma through bioinformatics and experimental methods. There is an interactive deterioration model between OSAS and asthma. This study may provide some potential biomarkers in the future research of the underlying pathogenesis and treatment of comorbidity of OSAS and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Que
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongkai Ding
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiao Fan
- Institute of Geriatrics, National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics Disease, Second Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingzhen Du
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guogang Xu
- Health Management Institute, The Second Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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2
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Misehe M, Šála M, Matoušová M, Hercík K, Kocek H, Chalupská D, Chaloupecká E, Hájek M, Boura E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Nencka R. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel thieno[2,3d]pyrimidine derivatives as potent and specific RIPK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 97:129567. [PMID: 38008339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
In human cells, receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is mainly known to mediate downstream enzymatic cascades from the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing receptors 1 and 2 (NOD1/2), which are regulators of pro-inflammatory signaling. Thus, the targeted inhibition of RIPK2 has been proposed as a pharmacological strategy for the treatment of a variety of pathologies, in particular inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In this work, we designed and developed novel thieno[2,3d]pyrimidine derivatives, in order to explore their activity and selectivity as RIPK2 inhibitors. Primary in vitro evaluations of the new molecules against purified RIPKs (RIPK1-4) demonstrated outstanding inhibitory potency and selectivity for the enzyme RIPK2. Moreover, investigations for efficacy against the RIPK2-NOD1/2 signaling pathways, conducted in living cells, showed their potency could be tuned towards a low nanomolar range. This could be achieved by solely varying the substitutions at position 6 of the thieno[2,3d]pyrimidine scaffold. A subset of lead inhibitors were ultimately evaluated for selectivity against 58 human kinases other than RIPKs, displaying great specificities. We therefore obtained new inhibitors that might serve as starting point for the preparation of targeted tools, which could be useful to gain a better understanding of biological roles and clinical potential of RIPK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbilo Misehe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marika Matoušová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Hercík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hugo Kocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Chaloupecká
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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3
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Misehe M, Matoušová M, Dvořáková A, Hercík K, Škach K, Chalupská D, Dejmek M, Šála M, Hájek M, Boura E, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Nencka R. Exploring positions 6 and 7 of a quinazoline-based scaffold leads to changes in selectivity and potency towards RIPK2/3 kinases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115717. [PMID: 37598483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinases 2 and 3 (RIPK2 and RIPK3) are considered attractive therapeutic enzyme targets for the treatment of a multitude of inflammatory diseases and cancers. In this study, we developed three interrelated series of novel quinazoline-based derivatives to investigate the effects of extensive modifications of positions 6 and 7 of the central core on the inhibitory activity and the selectivity against these RIPKs. The design of the derivatives was inspired by analyses of available literary knowledge on both RIPK2 and RIPK3 in complex with known quinazoline or quinoline inhibitors. Enzymatic investigations for bioactivity of the prepared molecules against purified RIPKs (RIPK1-4) shed light on multiple potent and selective RIPK2 and dual RIPK2/3 inhibitors. Furthermore, evaluations in living cells against the RIPK2-NOD1/2-mediated signaling pathways, identified as the potential primary targets, demonstrated nanomolar inhibition for a majority of the compounds. In addition, we have demonstrated overall good stability of various lead inhibitors in both human and mouse microsomes and plasma. Several of these compounds also were evaluated for selectivity across 58 human kinases other than RIPKs, exhibiting outstanding specificity profiles. We have thus clearly demonstrated that tuning appropriate substitutions at positions 6 and 7 of the developed quinazoline derivatives may lead to interesting potency and specificities against RIPK2 and RIPK3. This knowledge might therefore be employed for the targeted preparation of new, highly potent and selective tools against these RIPKs, which could be of utility in biological and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mbilo Misehe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marika Matoušová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Hercík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kryštof Škach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Hájek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Nam. 2, 166 10, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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4
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Tian E, Zhou C, Quan S, Su C, Zhang G, Yu Q, Li J, Zhang J. RIPK2 inhibitors for disease therapy: Current status and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115683. [PMID: 37531744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) belongs to the receptor-interacting protein family (RIPs), which is mainly distributed in the cytoplasm. RIPK2 is widely expressed in human tissues, and its mRNA level is highly expressed in the spleen, leukocytes, placenta, testis, and heart. RIPK2 is a dual-specificity kinase with multiple domains, which can interact with tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR), and participate in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) signaling pathways. It is considered as a vital adapter molecule involved in the innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and apoptosis. Functionally, RIPK2 and its targeted small molecules are of great significance in inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases and tumors. The present study reviews the molecule structure and biological functions of RIPK2, and its correlation between human diseases. In addition, we focus on the structure-activity relationship of small molecule inhibitors of RIPK2 and their therapeutic potential in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Changhan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shuqi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chongying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guanning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Quanwei Yu
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health, Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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5
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Hezinger L, Bauer S, Ellwanger K, Piotrowsky A, Biber F, Venturelli S, Kufer TA. NOD1 cooperates with HAX-1 to promote cell migration in a RIPK2- and NF-ĸB-independent manner. FEBS J 2023; 290:5295-5312. [PMID: 37488967 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The human Nod-like receptor protein NOD1 is a well-described pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) with diverse functions. NOD1 associates with F-actin and its protein levels are upregulated in metastatic cancer cells. A hallmark of cancer cells is their ability to migrate, which involves actin remodelling. Using chemotaxis and wound healing assays, we show that NOD1 expression correlated with the migration rate and chemotactic index in the cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa. The effect of NOD1 in cell migration was independent of the downstream kinase RIPK2 and NF-ĸB activity. Additionally, NOD1 negatively regulated the phosphorylation status of cofilin, which inhibits actin turnover. Co-immunoprecipitation assays identified HCLS1-associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) as a previously unknown interaction partner of NOD1. Silencing of HAX-1 expression reduced the migration behaviour to similar levels as NOD1 knockdown, and simultaneous knockdown of NOD1 and HAX-1 showed no additive effect, suggesting that both proteins act in the same pathway. In conclusion, our data revealed an important role of the PRR NOD1 in regulating cell migration as well as chemotaxis in human cervical cancer cells and identified HAX-1 as a protein that interacts with NOD1 and is involved in this signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hezinger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sarah Bauer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alban Piotrowsky
- Department of Biochemistry of Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Felix Biber
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Department of Biochemistry of Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Chen P, Li Q, Su X, Zhang ZQ, Li GP. Osthole, an ingredient from Cnidium monnieri, reduces the pyroptosis and apoptosis in bronchial epithelial cells. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2023; 25:999-1011. [PMID: 36899456 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2023.2187381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osthole is the prominent active ingredient isolated from Cnidium. The role of osthole in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was investigated herein. Bronchial epithelial 16HBE cells were exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to generate injury models. The concentration of CSE had an inverse correlation with cell viability. Osthole suppressed inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and pyroptosis in 16HBE cells, along with a decrease in RIPK2 level. RIPK2 overexpression reversed the effects of osthole on the abovementioned aspects. This study found that the osthole could reduce RIPK2 level, inhibit pyroptosis, and alleviate the damage in 16HBE cells under CSE stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Qun Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xian Su
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhen-Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guo-Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu 610031, China
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Larochelle J, Tishko RJ, Yang C, Ge Y, Phan LT, Gunraj RE, Stansbury SM, Liu L, Mohamadzadeh M, Khoshbouei H, Candelario-Jalil E. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 ( RIPK2) profoundly contributes to post-stroke neuroinflammation and behavioral deficits with microglia as unique perpetrators. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:221. [PMID: 37777791 PMCID: PMC10543871 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a serine/threonine kinase whose activity propagates inflammatory signaling through its association with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and subsequent TAK1, NF-κB, and MAPK pathway activation. After stroke, dead and dying cells release a host of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that activate PRRs and initiate a robust inflammatory response. We hypothesize that RIPK2 plays a damaging role in the progression of stroke injury by enhancing the neuroinflammatory response to stroke and that global genetic deletion or microglia-specific conditional deletion of Ripk2 will be protective following ischemic stroke. METHODS Adult (3-6 months) male mice were subjected to 45 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) followed by 24 h, 48 h, or 28 days of reperfusion. Aged male and female mice (18-24 months) were subjected to permanent ischemic stroke and sacrificed 48 h later. Infarct volumes were calculated using TTC staining (24-48 h) or Cresyl violet staining (28d). Sensorimotor tests (weight grip, vertical grid, and open field) were performed at indicated timepoints. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, tight junction proteins, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and neuroinflammatory markers were assessed via immunoblotting, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and RT-qPCR. Differential gene expression profiles were generated through bulk RNA sequencing and nanoString®. RESULTS Global genetic deletion of Ripk2 resulted in decreased infarct sizes and reduced neuroinflammatory markers 24 h after stroke compared to wild-type controls. Ripk2 global deletion also improved both acute and long-term behavioral outcomes with powerful effects on reducing infarct volume and mortality at 28d post-stroke. Conditional deletion of microglial Ripk2 (mKO) partially recapitulated our results in global Ripk2 deficient mice, showing reductive effects on infarct volume and improved behavioral outcomes within 48 h of injury. Finally, bulk transcriptomic profiling and nanoString data demonstrated that Ripk2 deficiency in microglia decreases genes associated with MAPK and NF-κB signaling, dampening the neuroinflammatory response after stroke injury by reducing immune cell activation and peripheral immune cell invasion. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal a hitherto unknown role for RIPK2 in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke injury, with microglia playing a distinct role. This study identifies RIPK2 as a potent propagator of neuroinflammatory signaling, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for post-stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Larochelle
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ryland J Tishko
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Changjun Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Leah T Phan
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Rachel E Gunraj
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sofia M Stansbury
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Eduardo Candelario-Jalil
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1149 SW Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Thapa HB, Kohl P, Zingl FG, Fleischhacker D, Wolinski H, Kufer TA, Schild S. Characterization of the Inflammatory Response Evoked by Bacterial Membrane Vesicles in Intestinal Cells Reveals an RIPK2-Dependent Activation by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Vesicles. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0111523. [PMID: 37306596 PMCID: PMC10433812 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01115-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the immunomodulatory potency of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) is widely acknowledged, their interactions with host cells and the underlying signaling pathways have not been well studied. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of the proinflammatory cytokine profile secreted by human intestinal epithelial cells exposed to MVs derived from 32 gut bacteria. In general, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria induced a stronger proinflammatory response than MVs from Gram-positive bacteria. However, the quality and quantity of cytokine induction varied between MVs from different species, highlighting their unique immunomodulatory properties. OMVs from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) were among those showing the strongest proinflammatory potency. In depth analyses revealed that the immunomodulatory activity of ETEC OMVs relies on a so far unprecedented two-step mechanism, including their internalization into host cells followed by intracellular recognition. First, OMVs are efficiently taken up by intestinal epithelial cells, which mainly depends on caveolin-mediated endocytosis as well as the presence of the outer membrane porins OmpA and OmpF on the MVs. Second, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) delivered by OMVs is intracellularly recognized by novel caspase- and RIPK2-dependent pathways. This recognition likely occurs via detection of the lipid A moiety as ETEC OMVs with underacylated LPS exhibited reduced proinflammatory potency but similar uptake dynamics compared to OMVs derived from wild-type (WT) ETEC. Intracellular recognition of ETEC OMVs in intestinal epithelial cells is pivotal for the proinflammatory response as inhibition of OMV uptake also abolished cytokine induction. The study signifies the importance of OMV internalization by host cells to exercise their immunomodulatory activities. IMPORTANCE The release of membrane vesicles from the bacterial cell surface is highly conserved among most bacterial species, including outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Gram-negative bacteria as well as vesicles liberated from the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-positive bacteria. It is becoming increasingly evident that these multifactorial spheres, carrying membranous, periplasmic, and even cytosolic content, contribute to intra- and interspecies communication. In particular, gut microbiota and the host engage in a myriad of immunogenic and metabolic interactions. This study highlights the individual immunomodulatory activities of bacterial membrane vesicles from different enteric species and provides new mechanistic insights into the recognition of ETEC OMVs by human intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri B. Thapa
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Kohl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Franz G. Zingl
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Heimo Wolinski
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Schild
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence Biohealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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9
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Šíma M, Laslop A, Borg JJ, Poništ S, Melchiorri D, Dráfi F. Editorial: Pharmacology of autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disease from a preclinical and clinical perspective. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1228406. [PMID: 37383710 PMCID: PMC10294707 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1228406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Šíma
- Institute of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Andrea Laslop
- Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Vienna, Austria
| | - John Joseph Borg
- Malta Medicines Authority, Sir Temi Żammit Buildings, Malta Life Sciences Park, San Gwann, Malta
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvester Poništ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - František Dráfi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia
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10
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Lai Y, Wang X, Sun X, Wu S, Chen X, Yang C, Zhang W, Yu X, Tong Y, Ma F, Zheng H, Zhang X, He S. Discovery of a novel RIPK2 inhibitor for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115647. [PMID: 37315817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1 and 2 (NOD 1/2) are important cytosolic pattern recognition receptors that initiate host immune response. The dysregulation of NOD signaling is highly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that needs novel treatment options. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a critical mediator of NOD signaling and considered a promising therapeutic target for IBD treatment. However, there are currently no RIPK2 inhibitors available for clinical use. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of Zharp2-1 as a novel and potent RIPK2 inhibitor that effectively blocks RIPK2 kinase function and NOD-mediated NF-κB/MAPK activation in both human and mouse cell lines. Zharp2-1 exhibits significantly superior solubility compared to the non-prodrug form of the advanced RIPK2 inhibitor prodrug GSK2983559. The improved solubility combined with favorable in vitro metabolic stability translated to excellent in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles for Zharp2-1. In addition, Zharp2-1 demonstrates better effects than GSK2983559 in inhibiting the muramyl dipeptide (MDP)-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and MDP-induced peritonitis in mice. Furthermore, Zharp2-1 markedly reduces Listeria monocytogenes infection-induced cytokines release in both human and mouse cells. Importantly, Zharp2-1 significantly ameliorates DNBS-induced colitis in rats and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine release in intestinal specimens from IBD patients. Collectively, our findings indicate that Zharp2-1 is a promising RIPK2 inhibitor with the potential to be further developed for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Lai
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue Sun
- The First Affiliated hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xin Chen
- The First Affiliated hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chengkui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yushan Tong
- Xi'an jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Sudan He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou 215123, China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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11
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You J, Wang Y, Chen H, Jin F. RIPK2: a promising target for cancer treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1192970. [PMID: 37324457 PMCID: PMC10266216 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential mediator of inflammation and innate immunity, the receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-2 (RIPK2) is responsible for transducing signaling downstream of the intracellular peptidoglycan sensors nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2 (NOD1/2), which will further activate nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, leading to the transcription activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and productive inflammatory response. Thus, the NOD2-RIPK2 signaling pathway has attracted extensive attention due to its significant role in numerous autoimmune diseases, making pharmacologic RIPK2 inhibition a promising strategy, but little is known about its role outside the immune system. Recently, RIPK2 has been related to tumorigenesis and malignant progression for which there is an urgent need for targeted therapies. Herein, we would like to evaluate the feasibility of RIPK2 being the anti-tumor drug target and summarize the research progress of RIPK2 inhibitors. More importantly, following the above contents, we will analyze the possibility of applying small molecule RIPK2 inhibitors to anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong You
- Shanghai Frontier Health Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Linnova Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Frontier Health Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Linnova Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Jin
- Shanghai Frontier Health Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Linnova Pharmaceuticals Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
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12
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Le L, Shan H, Lin Y, Xia W, Ma X, Jiang C, Shi Z, Xu Y. The ubiquitination of RIPK2 is mediated by Peli3 and negatively regulates the onset of infectious osteomyelitis. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023. [PMID: 37121674 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteomyelitis is the infection and destruction of bone. Until now, there is no universal protocol for its treatment. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) was implicated in the development of osteomyelitis. However, its detailed mechanism remains unknown. 6-8 weeks old wild-type or Pellino E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Family Member 3 (Peli3) deficiency mice were injected with S. aureus to induce osteomyelitis. RAW264.7 cells or bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) isolated from mice, were treated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Knocking down Peli3 in RAW264.7 cells increased the expressions of inflammatory cytokines after the stimulation of LPS, including interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Inflammation was also activated in S. aureus-induced Peli3 deficiency mice. Moreover, Peli3 deficiency mice also displayed more severe symptoms of osteomyelitis in S. aureus-infected mice. Moreover, Peli3 targeted and degraded RIPK2 through K48-linked ubiquitination. Peli3 negatively modulates osteomyelitis by degrading RIPK2. Our data further expand current understanding of RIPK2 on osteomyelitis, which suggests that RIPK2 might serve as novel therapeutic target for treating osteomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Le
- Departments of Orthopedist, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Haojie Shan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Wenyang Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Departments of Orthopedist, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Chaolai Jiang
- Departments of Orthopedist, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
| | - Zhongmin Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Youjia Xu
- Departments of Orthopedist, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, China
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13
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Mehto S, Kundu S, Chauhan S, Chauhan S. RIPosomes are targets of IRGM-SQSTM1-dependent autophagy. Autophagy 2023; 19:1045-1047. [PMID: 36628446 PMCID: PMC9980646 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2166724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOD1-NOD2-RIPK2-NFKB/NF-κB pro-inflammatory axis plays a significant role in regulating the immune response to bacterial infection. However, an excess of NFKB-dependent cytokine response can be detrimental and, thus, should be kept under control to maintain the innate immune balance. In our recent study, first, we showed that bacterial infection induces the biogenesis of RIPK2 oligomers (RIPosomes) that are recruited around the bacteria to enhance an NFKB-dependent pro-inflammatory response. Next, we showed that SQSTM1- and IRGM-dependent selective macroautophagy/autophagy degrades RIPosomes and their components to limit NOD1-NOD2-RIPK2-NFKB pro-inflammatory signaling. Consistently, depletion of IRGM results in an augmented RIPK2-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokine response induced by Shigella flexneri and Salmonella typhimurium. Further, bacterial infection- and DSS-induced gut inflammation in irgm1KO mice is dampened upon therapeutic inhibition of RIPK2. Taken together, we showed that autophagy selectively degrades RIPosomes to suppress inflammation and maintain innate immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Mehto
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumya Kundu
- Cell and Stem Cell Biology, Microbes and Biology of Infection, CSIR-Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
| | - Swati Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Santosh Chauhan
- Cell Biology and Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Cell and Stem Cell Biology, Microbes and Biology of Infection, CSIR-Centre For Cellular And Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad
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14
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Chen Y, Wan Y, Shan H, Lin Y, Xia W, Yin F, Jiang C, Shi Z. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 is critical for the onset of infectious osteomyelitis by targeting RIPK2 ubiquitination. Jpn J Infect Dis 2023; 76:197-203. [PMID: 36858599 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2022.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase (RIPK) 2 is associated with cellular inflammation and immune regulation. The current study explored the roles of RIPK2 in osteomyelitis and the potential upstream targets of RIPK2. S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis mouse model was established in the wide-type (WT) and ubiquitin specific peptidase 8 (USP8)-deficient (USP-/-) mice and osteomyelitis-related symptoms were evaluated. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were isolated from WT and USP-/- mice. ELISAs, qPCR, and immunoblot analysis were used to determine the levels of target biomarkers, which were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), CpG or PAM3CSK4. USP8 promoted RIPK2-mediated NF-κB activation. USP8 was indispensable for RIPK2-mediated NF-κB activation induced by LPS in the BMDMs. The presence of USP8 was required for the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS, CpG or PAM3CSK4 in the BMDMs. In addition, USP-/- mice exhibited ameliorated symptoms including less bodyweight and cortical bone loss, and reduced bacterial load and reactive bone formation, in S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis mouse model. USP8 is critical in the S. aureus-induced osteomyelitis mouse model by targeting RIPK2 ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haikou Orthopedic and Diabetes Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Yongbai Wan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haikou Orthopedic and Diabetes Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, China
| | - Haojie Shan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yiwei Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Wenyang Xia
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Fuli Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Chaolai Jiang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Zhongmin Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haikou Orthopedic and Diabetes Hospital of Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
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15
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Lu L, Dai S, Zhu H, Zhang X, Li Z, Huang X, Ouyang P, Geng Y, Chen D. Identification and expression profiling of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). J Fish Biol 2023; 102:178-187. [PMID: 36245338 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is an adaptor protein of the pattern recognition receptors NOD1 and NOD2 involved in regulating inflammatory response and resisting pathogenic microbial infection. In this study, Acipenser baerii RIPK2 (AbRIPK2) was identified. The open reading frame of AbRIPK2 was 1815 bp encoding 604 amino acids. AbRIPK2 possessed the typical N-terminal kinase domain (KD) and C-terminal caspase recruitment domain (CARD). The phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that AbRIPK2 shared a relatively high identity with bony fish. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that AbRIPK2 was highly expressed in the gill, followed by muscle, liver and heart. AbRIPK2 was significantly induced in the spleen and valvular intestine after Streptococcus iniae and Aeromonas hydrophila infection. AbRIPK2 was significantly upregulated after peptidoglycan (PGN) treatment in the splenic leukocytes. This study indicated that AbRIPK2 played a potential role in resisting the pathogenic infection of Siberian sturgeon by responding to bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaotong Dai
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiqiong Li
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Research Center of Aquatic Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Aquaculture Department, College of Animal Science & Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Pham AT, Ghilardi AF, Sun L. Recent advances in the development of RIPK2 modulators for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1127722. [PMID: 36959850 PMCID: PMC10028200 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1127722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a vital immunomodulator that plays critical roles in nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), NOD2, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling. Stimulated NOD1 and NOD2 interact with RIPK2 and lead to the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), followed by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12/23. Defects in NOD/RIPK2 signaling are associated with numerous inflammatory diseases, including asthma, sarcoidosis, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), multiple sclerosis, and Blau syndrome. As RIPK2 is a crucial element of innate immunity, small molecules regulating RIPK2 functions are attractive to establish novel immunotherapies. The increased interest in developing RIPK2 inhibitors has led to the clinical investigations of novel drug candidates. In this review, we attempt to summarize recent advances in the development of RIPK2 inhibitors and degraders.
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17
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Hong-yan S, Huan L, Ye-xin Y, Yu-xuan C, Ji-shuang T, Na-ying L. Transcriptome alterations in chicken HD11 cells with steady knockdown and overexpression of RIPK2 gene. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102263. [PMID: 36371910 PMCID: PMC9660593 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is involved in a variety of signaling pathway to produce a series of inflammatory cytokines in response to a diverse of bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens. However, the underlying regulating of RIPK2 remain unknown. Transcriptome alterations in chicken HD11 cells following RIPK2 overexpression or silencing by shRNA were analyzed by next-generation sequencing. Both overexpression and knockdown of the RIPK2 gene caused wide-spread changes in gene expression in chicken HD11 cells. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) caused by altered RIPK2 gene expression were associated with multiple biological processes linked with biological regulation, response to stimulus, cell communication, and signal transduction etc. KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs were enriched in VEGF signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion, TGF-beta signaling pathway etc. Moreover, we show that initiation genes, TGFB1 and TGFB3, in the TGF-beta signaling pathway are biological targets regulated by RIPK2 in chicken HD11 cells. This is the first transcriptome-wide study in which RIPK2-regulated genes in chicken cells have been screened. Our findings elucidate the molecular events associated with RIPK2 in chicken HD11 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hong-yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China,Corresponding author:
| | - Li Huan
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yang Ye-xin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Cao Yu-xuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tan Ji-shuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Na-ying
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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18
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Wu S, Xu L, Wang X, Yang Q, Wang J, He S, Zhang X. Design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of novel RIPK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022;:128968. [PMID: 36058467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The NOD1/2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1/2) signaling pathways are involved in innate immune control and host defense. NOD dysfunction can result in a variety of autoimmune disorders. NOD-induced generation of inflammatory cytokines is mediated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2), which has been considered as a promising therapeutic target. Herein, we disclose the design, synthesis, and SAR study of a series of RIPK2 inhibitors. The lead compound 17 displayed a high affinity for RIPK2 (Kd = 5.9 nM) and was capable of inhibiting RIPK2 kinase function in an ADP-Glo assay. In vitro DMPK studies showed that compound 17 had good metabolic stability and no CYP inhibition. Compound 17 effectively suppressed inflammatory cytokine production in both cells and animal model.
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19
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Daoud M, Broxtermann PN, Schorn F, Werthenbach JP, Seeger JM, Schiffmann LM, Brinkmann K, Vucic D, Tüting T, Mauch C, Kulms D, Zigrino P, Kashkar H. XIAP promotes melanoma growth by inducing tumour neutrophil infiltration. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53608. [PMID: 35437868 PMCID: PMC9171690 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of the X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) has been frequently reported in malignant melanoma suggesting that XIAP renders apoptosis resistance and thereby supports melanoma progression. Independent of its anti‐apoptotic function, XIAP mediates cellular inflammatory signalling and promotes immunity against bacterial infection. The pro‐inflammatory function of XIAP has not yet been considered in cancer. By providing detailed in vitro analyses, utilising two independent mouse melanoma models and including human melanoma samples, we show here that XIAP is an important mediator of melanoma neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophils represent a major driver of melanoma progression and are increasingly considered as a valuable therapeutic target in solid cancer. Our data reveal that XIAP ubiquitylates RIPK2, involve TAB1/RIPK2 complex and induce the transcriptional up‐regulation and secretion of chemokines such as IL8, that are responsible for intra‐tumour neutrophil accumulation. Alteration of the XIAP‐RIPK2‐TAB1 inflammatory axis or the depletion of neutrophils in mice reduced melanoma growth. Our data shed new light on how XIAP contributes to tumour growth and provides important insights for novel XIAP targeting strategies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Daoud
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Nora Broxtermann
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Schorn
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Paul Werthenbach
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Michael Seeger
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lars M Schiffmann
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplant Surgery, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kerstin Brinkmann
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI) and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Mauch
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kulms
- Department of Dermatology, Experimental Dermatology, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,National Center for Tumor Diseases Dresden, TU-Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Paola Zigrino
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hamid Kashkar
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Institute for Molecular Immunology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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20
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Song J, Yang R, Wei R, Du Y, He P, Liu X. Pan-cancer analysis reveals RIPK2 predicts prognosis and promotes immune therapy resistance via triggering cytotoxic T lymphocytes dysfunction. Mol Med 2022; 28:47. [PMID: 35508972 PMCID: PMC9066895 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00475-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2, also known as RIP2) was reported to be associated with bacterial infections as well as inflammatory responses. However, the role of RIPK2 in prognosis and immunotherapy response is yet to be elucidated in human pan-cancer. METHODS In this study, we investigated the expression, gene alteration landscape and prognostic value of RIPK2 in 33 cancers through various databases including Ualcan, cBioportal and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2). Then, the correlation between RIPK2 and immune infiltration, immune score, stromal score, and ESTIMATE score was investigated in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and tumor immune estimation resource (TIMER) databases. Independent cohorts were utilized to explore the role of RIPK2 in tumor immunotherapy response. Furthermore, Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was conducted to explore the mechanisms by which RIPK2 regulates immune therapy resistance. Single-cell RNA-seq datasets were used to analyze the expression level of RIPK2 on different immune cells. Moreover, CellMiner database was used to explore the relationship between RIPK2 expression with drug response. RESULT Compared with normal tissue, tumor tissue had a higher expression level of RIPK2 in various cancers. Survival analysis showed that high expression of RIPK2 associated with poor prognosis in numerous cancers. RIPK2 was found to promote a series of immune cell infiltration and B cells, macrophages, and neutrophils were significantly positively correlated with the expression of RIPK2. Moreover, RIPK2 affected immune score, stromal score and ESTIMATE score for a wide range of cancers. In the vast majority of 33 cancers, gene co-expression analysis showed that RIPK2 was positively correlated with the expression of immune checkpoint markers, such as PDCD1 (PD-1), CD274 (PD-L1), CTLA4 and TIGIT. RIPK2 aggravated cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) dysfunction and related to the poor efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). High expression of RIPK2 promoted innate immunotherapy resistance and adaptive immunotherapy resistance through IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, interferon-gamma response, and interferon-alpha response pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed that RIPK2 could serve as a prognostic biomarker and promoted immune therapy resistance via triggering cytotoxic T lymphocytes dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Song
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200030, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Runyu Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710000, Xi'an, China
| | - Rongyuan Wei
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200030, Shanghai, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 200030, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Du
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710000, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengcheng He
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710000, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 200030, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 200030, Shanghai, China.
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21
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Shen Y, Lin H, Chen K, Ge W, Xia D, Wu Y, Lu W. High expression of RIPK2 is associated with Taxol resistance in serous ovarian cancer. J Ovarian Res 2022; 15:48. [PMID: 35477477 PMCID: PMC9044796 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-022-00986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taxol resistance in serous ovarian cancer is responsible for its poor prognosis, yet the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. Thus, we probed the mechanism of Taxol resistance in serous ovarian cancer with multiple bioinformatic methods to provide novel insights into potential therapies. Methods The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Taxol-sensitive and Taxol-resistant cell lines and their relationship with the overall survival (OS) and progression-free interval (PFI) of ovarian cancer patients were analyzed using gene expression datasets from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). The role of receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2) was validated via identification of its coexpressed genes, functional analysis and generation of a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. The single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to explore immune infiltration, and genomic alterations of RIPK2 were also analyzed via cBio Cancer Genomics Portal (cBioProtal). Results RIPK2 was highly expressed in Taxol resistant ovarian cancer cell lines, and its high expression was also linked with shorter OS and PFI in serous ovarian cancer patients. The PPI network analysis and pathway analysis demonstrated that RIPK2 might participate in the positive regulation of NF-κB transcription factor activity. RIPK2 expression was related to tumor microenvironment alterations, which might participate in the formation of Taxol resistance. Conclusions Our studies suggested that high expression of RIPK2 is related to Taxol resistance in serous ovarian cancer, and that RIPK2 induces Taxol resistance through NOD1/RIPK2/NF-κB inflammatory pathway activation and tumor microenvironment changes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13048-022-00986-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Shen
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kelie Chen
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wanzhong Ge
- Division of Human Reproduction and Developmental Genetics, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dajing Xia
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yihua Wu
- Department of Toxicology of School of Public Health, and Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiguo Lu
- Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China. .,Department of Gynecologic Oncology of Women's Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Institute of Genetics and Department of Genetics School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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22
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Zhang H, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Liu R, Luo H, Wang X. A pancancer analysis of the carcinogenic role of receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase-2 ( RIPK2) in human tumours. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 35473583 PMCID: PMC9040268 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore the expression and carcinogenic mechanism of RIPK2 in human tumours, and to provide the theoretical basis for the further study of RIPK2. Methods We used the TCGA, CPTAC, HPA databases to analyse the expression, mutation, and prognosis of RIPK2 in human tumours. Through the Cbioportal, Ualcan, TIMER2.0, and STRING websites, We understand the genetic variation, immune infiltration and enrichment analysis of RIPK2 related genes. Results RIPK2 was highly expressed in most tumours (such as BRCA, COAD and LUSC, etc.), and the high expression of RIPK2 was correlated with tumour stage and prognosis. In addition, Amplification was the main type of RIPK2 in tumour mutation state, and the amplification rate was about 8.5%. In addition, RIPK2 was positively associated with tumour-infiltrating immune cells (such as CD8+ T, Tregs, and cancer-associated fibroblasts). According to the KEGG analysis, RIPK2 may play a role in tumour mainly through NOD-like signaling pathway and NF-kappaB signaling pathway. GO enrichment analysis showed that the RIPK2 is mainly related to I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling, Ribonucleoprotein granule and Ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding. Conclusion RIPK2 plays an important role in the occurrence, development and prognosis of malignant tumours. Our pancancer study provided a relatively comprehensive description of the carcinogenic effects of RIPK2 in different tumours, and provided useful information for further study of RIPK2. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01239-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqun Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China. .,Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Nomoto D, Baba Y, Liu Y, Tsutsuki H, Okadome K, Harada K, Ishimoto T, Iwatsuki M, Iwagami S, Miyamoto Y, Yoshida N, Watanabe M, Moroishi T, Komohara Y, Sawa T, Baba H. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via the NOD1/ RIPK2/NF-κB pathway. Cancer Lett 2022; 530:59-67. [PMID: 35033591 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium nucleatum, found in the oral cavity, influences the progression of gastrointestinal cancers. Additionally, our previous results suggested that F. nucleatum is associated with poor patient prognosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the mechanism by which F. nucleatum affects aggressive tumor behavior has yet to be elucidated. We have conducted this clinical, in vitro, and in vivo study to clarify the mechanism of ESCC progression induced by F. nucleatum. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that F. nucleatum invaded and occupied ESCC cells and impacted gene and protein expression. Comprehensive mRNA expression and pathway enrichment analyses of F. nucleatum-treated ESCC cells identified the "NF-κB" and "NOD-like receptor" signaling pathways as enriched. We confirmed the relationship between the presence of F. nucleatum and NF-κB activation in resected ESCC tissues. Furthermore, F. nucleatum-treated ESCC cells demonstrated enhanced growth ability, and NF-κB activation, as well as overexpression of NOD1 and phosphorylated RIPK2. Furthermore, treated cells showed accelerated tumor growth, with NF-κB activation in xenograft models. F. nucleatum invaded ESCC cells and induced the NF-κB pathway through the NOD1/RIPK2 pathway, leading to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nomoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Department of Next-Generation Surgical Therapy Development, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Second Oncology Department, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hiroyasu Tsutsuki
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okadome
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Kazuto Harada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Shiro Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masayuki Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Toshiro Moroishi
- Department of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan; Center for Metabolic Regulation of Healthy Aging, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
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24
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Steinle H, Ellwanger K, Kufer TA. Assaying RIPK2 Activation by Complex Formation. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2523:133-150. [PMID: 35759195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2449-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-2 (RIPK2, RIP2) is a key player in downstream signaling of nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR)-mediated innate immune response against bacterial infections. RIPK2 is recruited following activation of the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) NOD1 and NOD2 by sensing bacterial peptidoglycans leading to activation of NF-κB and MAPK pathways and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Upon NOD1/2 activation, RIPK2 forms complexes in the cytoplasm of human cells, also called RIPosomes. These can be induced by Shigella flexneri or by the inhibition of RIPK2 by small compounds, such as GSK583 and gefitinib.In this chapter, we describe fluorescent light microscopic and Western blot approaches to analyze the cytoplasmic aggregation of RIPK2 upon infection with the invasive, Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri, or by the treatment with RIPK2 inhibitors. This method is based on HeLa cells stably expressing eGFP-tagged RIPK2 and describes a protocol to induce and visualize RIPosome formation. The described method is useful to study the deposition of RIPK2 in speck-like structures, also in living cells, using live cell imaging and can be adopted for the study of other inhibitory proteins or to further analyze the process of RIPosome structure assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Steinle
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Kornelia Ellwanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Thomas A Kufer
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
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25
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Ermann J, Matmusaev M, Haley EK, Braun C, Jost F, Mayer-Wrangowski S, Hsiao P, Ting N, Li L, Terenzio D, Chime J, Lukas S, Patnaude L, Panzenbeck M, Csordas D, Zheng J, Mierz D, Simpson T, King FJ, Klimowicz AP, Mbow ML, Fine JS, Miller CA, Fogal SE, Byrne FR. The potent and selective RIPK2 inhibitor BI 706039 improves intestinal inflammation in the TRUC mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G500-G512. [PMID: 34494462 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00163.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mouse and human data implicate the NOD1 and NOD2 sensors of the intestinal microbiome and the associated signal transduction via the receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) as a potential key signaling node for the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and an attractive target for pharmacological intervention. The TRUC mouse model of IBD was strongly indicated for evaluating RIPK2 antagonism for its effect on intestinal inflammation based on previous knockout studies with NOD1, NOD2, and RIPK2. We identified and profiled the BI 706039 molecule as a potent and specific functional inhibitor of both human and mouse RIPK2 and with favorable pharmacokinetic properties. We dosed BI 706039 in the spontaneous TRUC mouse model from age 28 to 56 days. Oral, daily administration of BI 706039 caused dose-responsive and significant improvement in colonic histopathological inflammation, colon weight, and terminal levels of protein-normalized fecal lipocalin (all P values <0.001). These observations correlated with dose responsively increasing systemic levels of the BI 706039 compound, splenic molecular target engagement of RIPK2, and modulation of inflammatory genes in the colon. This demonstrates that a relatively low oral dose of a potent and selective RIPK2 inhibitor can modulate signaling in the intestinal immune system and significantly improve disease associated intestinal inflammation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The RIPK2 kinase at the apex of microbiome immunosensing is an attractive target for pharmacological intervention. A low oral dose of a RIPK2 inhibitor leads to significantly improved intestinal inflammation in the murine TRUC model of colitis. A selective and potent inhibitor of the RIPK2 kinase may represent a new class of therapeutics that target microbiome-driven signaling for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg Ermann
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mederbek Matmusaev
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emma K Haley
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens Braun
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Felix Jost
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Svenja Mayer-Wrangowski
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Peng Hsiao
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Biberach, Germany
| | - Naitee Ting
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Data Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Li Li
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Data Sciences, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Donna Terenzio
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jane Chime
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Susan Lukas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Lori Patnaude
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mark Panzenbeck
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - David Csordas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Diane Mierz
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Tom Simpson
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - F James King
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Alex P Klimowicz
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - M Lamine Mbow
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Jay S Fine
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Craig A Miller
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Steve E Fogal
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Fergus R Byrne
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Ridgefield, Connecticut
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26
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Limonta D, Dyna-Dagman L, Branton W, Mancinelli V, Makio T, Wozniak RW, Power C, Hobman TC. Nodosome Inhibition as a Novel Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Strategy against Arboviruses, Enteroviruses, and SARS-CoV-2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0049121. [PMID: 34001511 DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00491-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present report, we describe two small molecules with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. These drugs block the formation of the nodosome. The studies were prompted by the observation that infection of human fetal brain cells with Zika virus (ZIKV) induces the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), a host factor that was found to promote ZIKV replication and spread. A drug that targets NOD2 was shown to have potent broad-spectrum antiviral activity against other flaviviruses, alphaviruses, enteroviruses, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Another drug that inhibits receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIPK2), which functions downstream of NOD2, also decreased the replication of these pathogenic RNA viruses. The antiviral effect of this drug was particularly potent against enteroviruses. The broad-spectrum action of nodosome-targeting drugs is mediated in part by the enhancement of the interferon response. Together, these results suggest that further preclinical investigation of nodosome inhibitors as potential broad-spectrum antivirals is warranted.
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27
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Jaafar RF, Ibrahim Z, Ataya K, Hassanieh J, Ard N, Faraj W. Receptor-Interacting Serine/Threonine-Protein Kinase-2 as a Potential Prognostic Factor in Colorectal Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57070709. [PMID: 34356990 PMCID: PMC8303330 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57070709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase-2 (RIPK2) is an important mediator in different pathways in the immune and inflammatory response system. RIPK2 was also shown to play different roles in different cancer types; however, in colorectal cancer (CRC), its role is not well established. This study aims at identifying the role of RIPK2 in CRC progression and survival. Materials and methods: Data of patients and mRNA protein expression level of genes associated with CRC (RIPK2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TRAF1, TRAF7, KLF6, interlukin-6 (Il6), interlukin-8 (Il8), vascular-endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), MKI67, TP53, nuclear factor-kappa B (NFKB), NFKB2, BCL2, XIAP, and RELA) were downloaded from the PrognoScan online public database. Patients were divided between low and high RIPK2 expression and different CRC characteristics were studied between the two groups. Survival curves were evaluated using a Kaplan-Meier estimator. The Pearson correlation was used to study the correlation between RIPK2 and the other factors. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25.0. The Human Protein Atlas was also used for the relationship between RIPK2 expression in CRC tissues and survival. Differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 520 patients were downloaded from the PrognoScan database, and RIPK2 was found to correlate with MKI67, TRAF1, KLF6, TNF, Il6, Il8, VEGFA, NFKB2, BCL2, and RELA. High expression of RIPK2 was associated with high expression of VEGFA (p < 0.01) and increased mortality (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In this study, RIPK2 is shown to be a potential prognostic factor in CRC; however, more studies are needed to assess and verify its potential role as a prognostic marker and in targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rola F. Jaafar
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (R.F.J.); (Z.I.); (J.H.)
| | - Zeid Ibrahim
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (R.F.J.); (Z.I.); (J.H.)
| | - Karim Ataya
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Centre, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Joelle Hassanieh
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (R.F.J.); (Z.I.); (J.H.)
| | - Natasha Ard
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Walid Faraj
- Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (R.F.J.); (Z.I.); (J.H.)
- Division of Liver Transplantation, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of General Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Centre, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +961-350-000 (ext. 5714)
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Honjo H, Watanabe T, Kamata K, Minaga K, Kudo M. RIPK2 as a New Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650403. [PMID: 33935757 PMCID: PMC8079979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are becoming more frequent worldwide. A significant fraction of patients with IBD are refractory to various types of therapeutic biologics and small molecules. Therefore, identification of novel therapeutic targets in IBD is required. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine kinase 2 (RIPK2), also known as receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2), is a downstream signaling molecule for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), NOD2, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). RIPK2 is expressed in antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. Recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns by NOD1, NOD2, and TLRs leads to the interaction between RIPK2 and these innate immune receptors, followed by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12/23p40 through the activation of nuclear factor kappa B and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thus, activation of RIPK2 plays a critical role in host defense against microbial infections. Recent experimental and clinical studies have provided evidence that activation of RIPK2 is involved in the development of autoimmune diseases, especially IBDs. In addition, the colonic mucosa of patients with IBD exhibits enhanced expression of RIPK2 and associated signaling molecules. Furthermore, the blockage of RIPK2 activation ameliorates the development of experimental murine colitis. Thus, activation of RIPK2 underlies IBD immunopathogenesis. In this review, we attempt to clarify the roles played by RIPK2 in the development of IBD by focusing on its associated signaling pathways. We also discuss the possibility of using RIPK2 as a new therapeutic target in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Honjo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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29
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Li D, Tang L, Liu B, Xu S, Jin M, Bo W. RIPK2 is an unfavorable prognosis marker and a potential therapeutic target in human kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:10450-67. [PMID: 33790054 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Serine/Threonine Kinase 2 (RIPK2) is located on chromosome 8q21 and encodes a protein containing a C-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), which is a component of signaling complexes in both the innate and adaptive immune pathways. To estimate the value of RIPK2 in evaluating the prognosis and guiding the targeted therapy for patients with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC), we analyzed total 526 KIRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Our result showed that RIPK2 was upregulated in KIRC tumor samples compared with normal samples. Cox regression was performed to calculate the hazard ratio of RIPK2 expression as an unfavorable prognosis feature for overall survival. Moreover, RIPK2 expression was positively correlated to the high-risk clinical stage, and metastasis features. The upregulation of RIPK2 was strongly correlated with various immune signaling pathway dysregulations as well as immune phenotypes changes in KIRC patient’s cohort. In addition, inhibition of RIPK2 activity by either shRNA-mediated knockdown or inhibitor significantly reduced kidney cancer cell viability, trans-migration in vitro, and impaired tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, elevated RIPK2 expression indicates a worse prognosis for KIRC patients and could serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in kidney cancer.
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30
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Su H, Chang R, Zheng W, Sun Y, Xu T. microRNA-210 and microRNA-3570 Negatively Regulate NF-κB-Mediated Inflammatory Responses by Targeting RIPK2 in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2021; 12:617753. [PMID: 33868233 PMCID: PMC8044448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen infection can cause the production of inflammatory cytokines, which are key mediators that cause the host’s innate immune response. Therefore, proper regulation of immune genes associated with inflammation is essential for immune response. Among them, microRNAs (miRNAs) as gene regulator have been widely reported to be involved in the innate immune response of mammals. However, the regulatory network in which miRNAs are involved in the development of inflammation is largely unknown in lower vertebrates. Here, we identified two miRNAs from miiuy croaker (Miichthys miiuy), miR-210 and miR-3570, which play a negative regulatory role in host antibacterial immunity. We found that the expressions of miR-210 and miR-3570 were significantly upregulated under the stimulation of Gram-negative bacterium vibrio harveyi and LPS (lipopolysaccharide). Induced miR-210 and miR-3570 inhibit inflammatory cytokine production by targeting RIPK2, thereby avoiding excessive inflammation. In particular, we found that miR-210 and miR-3570 negatively regulate antimicrobial immunity by regulating the RIPK2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. The collective results indicated that both miRNAs are used as negative feedback regulators to regulate RIPK2-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway and thus play a regulatory role in bacteria-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Su
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Renjie Chang
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zheng
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuena Sun
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Laboratory of Fish Molecular Immunology, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources (Shanghai Ocean University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Yang Q, Tian S, Liu Z, Dong W. Knockdown of RIPK2 Inhibits Proliferation and Migration, and Induces Apoptosis via the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Gastric Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:627464. [PMID: 33633788 PMCID: PMC7900563 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.627464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 is a 62 kDa protein and a member of the receptor interacting protein kinases (RIPK) family. It was previously demonstrated that RIPK2 might play a role in promoting malignant tumor progression; however, the precise function of RIPK2 in the onset and progression of gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In the current study, we investigated the role of RIPK2 in GC. First, we explored the expression levels of RIPK2 in multiple cancers, including GC, using a bioinformatics approach. We constructed the RIPK2-associated protein-protein interaction network using the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins for gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis. Next, we compared the RIPK2 expression levels between GC cells and normal gastric mucosal epithelial cell (GES-1) using reverse transcription quantitative PCR analysis. We downregulated the expression of RIPK2 in GC cells to determine the effects of RIPK2 on cell growth, migration, and apoptosis. Finally, we used western blotting to investigate the RIPK2 downstream signaling pathway involved in the regulation of GC progression. Our results showed that RIPK2 was overexpressed in various tumor tissues, including GC, compared to non-cancer tissues. Moreover, RIPK2 expression was significantly upregulated in all four GC cell lines (MGC-803,SGC-7901, HGC-27 and AGS) comparing the GES-1 cells. Silencing of RIPK2 suppressed GC cell growth by inhibiting migration, and inducing apoptosis through the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. In summary, we demonstrate that RIPK2 plays an important role in modulating GC cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis through the NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, RIPK2 functions as a potential oncogene. We believe that RIPK2 can be used as a candidate biomarker, as well as a diagnostic tool, and the therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengru Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China.,Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiguo Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Digestive System Disease, Wuhan, China
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32
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Nikhar S, Siokas I, Schlicher L, Lee S, Gyrd-Hansen M, Degterev A, Cuny GD. Design of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one inhibitors of receptor interacting protein kinase-2 ( RIPK2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113252. [PMID: 33601309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor interacting protein kinase-2 (RIPK2) is an enzyme involved in the transduction of pro-inflammatory nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling, a pathway implicated in numerous chronic inflammatory conditions. Herein, a pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one based class of RIPK2 kinase and NOD2 cell signaling inhibitors is described. For example, 33 (e.g. UH15-15) inhibited RIPK2 kinase (IC50 = 8 ± 4 nM) and displayed > 300-fold selectivity versus structurally related activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2). This molecule blocked NOD2-dependent HEKBlue NF-κB activation (IC50 = 20 ± 5 nM) and CXCL8 production (at concentrations > 10 nM). Molecular docking suggests that engagement of Ser25 in the glycine-rich loop may provide increased selectivity versus ALK2 and optimal occupancy of the region between the gatekeeper and the αC-helix may contribute to potent NOD2 cell signaling inhibition. Finally, this compound also demonstrated favorable in vitro ADME and pharmacokinetic properties (e.g. Cmax = 5.7 μM, Tmax = 15 min, t1/2 = 3.4 h and Cl = 45 mL/min/kg following single 10 mg/kg intraperitoneal administration) further supporting the use of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones as a new structure class of RIPK2 kinase and NOD cell signaling inhibitors.
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33
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Hofmann SR, Girschick L, Stein R, Schulze F. Immune modulating effects of receptor interacting protein 2 (RIP2) in autoinflammation and immunity. Clin Immunol 2020; 223:108648. [PMID: 33310070 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein 2 (RIP2) is a kinase that is involved in downstream signaling of nuclear oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors NOD1 and 2 sensing bacterial peptidoglycans. RIP2-deficiency or targeting of RIP2 by pharmaceutical inhibitors partially ameliorates inflammatory diseases by reducing pro-inflammatory signaling in response to peptidoglycans. However, RIP2 is widely expressed and interacts with several other proteins suggesting additional functions outside the NOD-signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss the immunological functions of RIP2 and its possible role in autoinflammation and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Ruth Hofmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Leonie Girschick
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Schulze
- Department of Pediatrics, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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34
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Heim VJ, Dagley LF, Stafford CA, Hansen FM, Clayer E, Bankovacki A, Webb AI, Lucet IS, Silke J, Nachbur U. A regulatory region on RIPK2 is required for XIAP binding and NOD signaling activity. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50400. [PMID: 32954645 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling via the intracellular pathogen receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing proteins NOD1 and NOD2 requires receptor interacting kinase 2 (RIPK2), an adaptor kinase that can be targeted for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms of how RIPK2 contributes to NOD signaling are not completely understood. We generated FLAG-tagged RIPK2 knock-in mice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to study NOD signaling mechanisms at the endogenous level. Using cells from these mice, we were able to generate a detailed map of post-translational modifications on RIPK2. Similar to other reports, we did not detect ubiquitination of RIPK2 lysine 209 during NOD2 signaling. However, using site-directed mutagenesis we identified a new regulatory region on RIPK2, which dictates the crucial interaction with the E3 ligase XIAP and downstream signaling outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin J Heim
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Laura F Dagley
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Che A Stafford
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Fynn M Hansen
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Elise Clayer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Aleksandra Bankovacki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Isabelle S Lucet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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35
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Cuny GD, Degterev A. RIPK protein kinase family: Atypical lives of typical kinases. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 109:96-105. [PMID: 32732131 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Receptor Interacting Protein Kinases (RIPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr/Tyr kinases whose functions, regulation and pathophysiologic roles have remained an enigma for a long time. In recent years, these proteins garnered significant interest due to their roles in regulating a variety of host defense functions including control of inflammatory gene expression, different forms of cell death, and cutaneous and intestinal barrier functions. In addition, there is accumulating evidence that while these kinases seemingly follow typical kinase blueprints, their functioning in cells can take forms that are atypical for protein kinases. Lastly, while these kinases generally belong to distinct areas of innate immune regulation, there are emerging overarching themes that may unify the functions of this kinase family. Our review seeks to discuss the biology of RIPKs, and how typical and atypical features of this family informs the activity of a rapidly growing repertoire of RIPK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Suebsuwong C, Dai B, Pinkas DM, Duddupudi AL, Li L, Bufton JC, Schlicher L, Gyrd-Hansen M, Hu M, Bullock AN, Degterev A, Cuny GD. Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 ( RIPK2) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 200:112417. [PMID: 32505849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a key mediator of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) cell signaling that has been implicated in various chronic inflammatory conditions. A new class of RIPK2 kinase/NOD signaling inhibitors based on a 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold was developed. Several co-crystal structures of RIPK2•inhibitor complexes were analyzed to provide insights into inhibitor selectivity versus the structurally related activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2) demonstrating that the inhibitor sits deeper in the hydrophobic binding pocket of RIPK2 perturbing the orientation of the DFG motif. In addition, the structure-activity relationship study revealed that in addition to anchoring to the hinge and DFG via the 2-aminopyridine and 3-phenylsulfonamide, respectively, appropriate occupancy of the region between the gatekeeper and the αC-helix provided by substituents in the 4- and 5-positions of the 3-phenylsulfonamide were necessary to achieve potent NOD cell signaling inhibition. For example, compound 18t (e.g. CSLP37) displayed potent biochemical RIPK2 kinase inhibition (IC50 = 16 ± 5 nM), >20-fold selectivity versus ALK2 and potent NOD cell signaling inhibition (IC50 = 26 ± 4 nM) in the HEKBlue assay. Finally, in vitro ADME and pharmacokinetic characterization of 18t further supports the prospects of the 3,5-diphenyl-2-aminopyridine scaffold for the generation of in vivo pharmacology probes of RIPK2 kinase and NOD cell signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalada Suebsuwong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Daniel M Pinkas
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anantha Lakshmi Duddupudi
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Lisa Schlicher
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Health Building 2, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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Abstract
Innate immune signaling and programmed cell death are intimately linked, and many signaling pathways can regulate and induce both, transcription of inflammatory mediators or autonomous cell death. The best-characterized examples for these dual outcomes are members of the TNF superfamily, the inflammasome receptors, and the toll-like receptors. Signaling via the intracellular peptidoglycan receptors NOD1 and NOD2, however, does not appear to follow this trend, despite involving signaling proteins, or proteins with domains that are linked to programmed cell death, such as RIP kinases, inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) proteins or the CARD domains on NOD1/2. To better understand the connections between NOD signaling and cell death induction, we here review the latest findings on the molecular regulation of signaling downstream of the NOD receptors and explore the links between this immune signaling pathway and the regulation of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin J Heim
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Che A Stafford
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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38
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Song J, Liu T, Jiao L, Zhao Z, Hu X, Wu Q, Bai H, Lv M, Meng Z, Wu T, Chen H, Chen X, Song X, Ying B. RIPK2 polymorphisms and susceptibility to tuberculosis in a Western Chinese Han population. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:103950. [PMID: 31279003 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Host genetic factors play an important role in susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and tuberculosis (TB). Receptor interacting-serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is a critical adapter protein for signal propagation of NOD2, dysregulation of which leads to defects in bacterial detection. To investigate the role of RIPK2 on the susceptibility of tuberculosis, we conducted a large sample size case-control study in a Western Chinese Han population. METHODS Five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within or near to RIPK2 were genotyped in 1359 TB cases and 1534 controls using the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction method in a case-control study. RESULTS Of the five variants, rs39509 was observed to be associated with TB risk in the allelic effects (P = 0.015), additive (P = 0.020) and recessive model (P = 0.005) after Bonferroni correction. Rs39509 might fall in putative functional regions and might be eQTL for the RIPK2 and long non-coding RNA RP11-37B2.1 according to the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Project. CONCLUSIONS Our findings firstly exhibit that the G allele of rs39509 in nearGene-3 region of RIPK2 might serve as a hazard for TB in this Western Chinese Han population. Further validation studies on a variety of ethnic populations and function experiments are needed to confirm the roles of the variants identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Tangyuheng Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Lin Jiao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hao Bai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Mengyuan Lv
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zirui Meng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xuerong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xingbo Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Barun Poudel
- Inflammation Program, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Prajwal Gurung
- Inflammation Program, Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Immunology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Human Toxicology Graduate Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.,Center for Immunology and Immune-Based Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Cruz JV, Serafim RB, da Silva GM, Giuliatti S, Rosa JMC, Araújo Neto MF, Leite FHA, Taft CA, da Silva CHTP, Santos CBR. Computational design of new protein kinase 2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases using QSAR, pharmacophore-structure-based virtual screening, and molecular dynamics. J Mol Model 2018; 24:225. [PMID: 30088101 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3756-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) plays an essential role in autoimmune response and is suggested as a target for inflammatory diseases. A pharmacophore model was built from a dataset with ponatinib (template) and 18 RIPK2 inhibitors selected from BindingDB database. The pharmacophore model validation was performed by multiple linear regression (MLR). The statistical quality of the model was evaluated by the correlation coefficient (R), squared correlation coefficient (R2), explanatory variance (adjusted R2), standard error of estimate (SEE), and variance ratio (F). The best pharmacophore model has one aromatic group (LEU24 residue interaction) and two hydrogen bonding acceptor groups (MET98 and TYR97 residues interaction), having a score of 24.739 with 14 aligned inhibitors, which were used in virtual screening via ZincPharmer server and the ZINC database (selected in function of the RMSD value). We determined theoretical values of biological activity (logRA) by MLR, pharmacokinetic and toxicology properties, and made molecular docking studies comparing binding affinity (kcal/mol) results with the most active compound of the study (ponatinib) and WEHI-345. Nine compounds from the ZINC database show satisfactory results, yielding among those selected, the compound ZINC01540228, as the most promising RIPK2 inhibitor. After binding free energy calculations, the following molecular dynamics simulations showed that the receptor protein's backbone remained stable after the introduction of ligands.
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Hrdinka M, Schlicher L, Dai B, Pinkas DM, Bufton JC, Picaud S, Ward JA, Rogers C, Suebsuwong C, Nikhar S, Cuny GD, Huber KV, Filippakopoulos P, Bullock AN, Degterev A, Gyrd-Hansen M. Small molecule inhibitors reveal an indispensable scaffolding role of RIPK2 in NOD2 signaling. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899372. [PMID: 30026309 PMCID: PMC6120666 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RIPK2 mediates inflammatory signaling by the bacteria‐sensing receptors NOD1 and NOD2. Kinase inhibitors targeting RIPK2 are a proposed strategy to ameliorate NOD‐mediated pathologies. Here, we reveal that RIPK2 kinase activity is dispensable for NOD2 inflammatory signaling and show that RIPK2 inhibitors function instead by antagonizing XIAP‐binding and XIAP‐mediated ubiquitination of RIPK2. We map the XIAP binding site on RIPK2 to the loop between β2 and β3 of the N‐lobe of the kinase, which is in close proximity to the ATP‐binding pocket. Through characterization of a new series of ATP pocket‐binding RIPK2 inhibitors, we identify the molecular features that determine their inhibition of both the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction, and of cellular and in vivoNOD2 signaling. Our study exemplifies how targeting of the ATP‐binding pocket in RIPK2 can be exploited to interfere with the RIPK2‐XIAP interaction for modulation of NOD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matous Hrdinka
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Schlicher
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel M Pinkas
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A Ward
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Rogers
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sameer Nikhar
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kilian Vm Huber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Bi D, Wang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Chu Q, Cui J, Xu T. Recognition of Lipopolysaccharide and Activation of NF-κB by Cytosolic Sensor NOD1 in Teleost Fish. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1413. [PMID: 30013548 PMCID: PMC6036275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. This molecule can induce strong immune response and various biological effects. In mammals, TLR4 can recognize LPS and induce inflammatory response. However, the innate receptor in fish for recognizing LPS remains ambiguous. LPS can invade the cytoplasm via outer membrane vesicles produced by Gram-negative bacteria and could be detected by intracellular receptor caspase-11 in mammals, so, there may also exist the intracellular receptors that can recognize LPS in fish. NOD1 is a member of NOD-like receptors family and can recognize the iE-DAP in the cytoplasm in mammals. In fish, NOD1 can also respond to infection of Gram-negative bacteria and may play an important role in the identification of bacterial components. In this study, to study whether NOD1 is a recognition receptor for LPS, we detected the expression of NOD1 and several cytokines at transcript levels to determine whether LPS can induce inflammatory response in teleost fish and NOD1 can respond to LPS. Then, we perform the binding analysis between NOD1 and ultrapure LPS by using Streptavidin pulldown assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to prove that NOD1 can be combined with LPS, and using dual luciferase reporter gene assay to verify the signal pathways activated by NOD1. Next, through cell viability analysis, we proved that LPS-induced cytotoxicity can be mediated by NOD1 in fish. The results showed that NOD1 can identify LPS and activate the NF-κB signal pathway by recruiting RIPK2 and then promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines to induce the resistance of organism against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Bi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Yue Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhang Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Xincang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junxia Cui
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Tianjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Fish Biogenetics & Immune Evolution, College of Marine Science, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China.,International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Zare A, Petrova A, Agoumi M, Amstrong H, Bigras G, Tonkin K, Wine E, Baksh S. RIPK2: New Elements in Modulating Inflammatory Breast Cancer Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060184. [PMID: 29874851 PMCID: PMC6025367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and aggressive form of breast cancer that is associated with significantly high mortality. In spite of advances in IBC diagnoses, the prognosis is still poor compared to non-IBC. Due to the aggressive nature of the disease, we hypothesize that elevated levels of inflammatory mediators may drive tumorigenesis and metastasis in IBC patients. Utilizing IBC cell models and patient tumor samples, we can detect elevated NF-κB activity and hyperactivation of non-canonical drivers of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappaB)-directed inflammation such as tyrosine phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (pY RIPK2), when compared to non-IBC cells or patients. Interestingly, elevated RIPK2 activity levels were present in a majority of pre-chemotherapy samples from IBC patients at the time of diagnosis to suggest that patients at diagnosis had molecular activation of NF-κB via RIPK2, a phenomenon we define as “molecular inflammation”. Surprisingly, chemotherapy did cause a significant increase in RIPK2 activity and thus molecular inflammation suggesting that chemotherapy does not resolve the molecular activation of NF-κB via RIPK2. This would impact on the metastatic potential of IBC cells. Indeed, we can demonstrate that RIPK2 activity correlated with advanced tumor, metastasis, and group stage as well as body mass index (BMI) to indicate that RIPK2 might be a useful prognostic marker for IBC and advanced stage breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Zare
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Alexandra Petrova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Mehdi Agoumi
- Anatomic Pathologist at DynalifeDx, Diagnostic Laboratory Services; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada.
| | - Heather Amstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Gilbert Bigras
- Cross Cancer Institute Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 11560 University Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada.
| | - Katia Tonkin
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
| | - Eytan Wine
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Oncology, Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 113 Street 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada.
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada.
- Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton Clinic Health Academy (ECHA), University of Alberta, 4-081 11405 87 Avenue NW Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada.
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Cruz JV, Neto MFA, Silva LB, da S Ramos R, da S Costa J, Brasil DSB, Lobato CC, da Costa GV, Bittencourt JAHM, da Silva CHTP, Leite FHA, Santos CBR. Identification of Novel Protein Kinase Receptor Type 2 Inhibitors Using Pharmacophore and Structure-Based Virtual Screening. Molecules 2018; 23:E453. [PMID: 29463017 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Protein Kinase Receptor type 2 (RIPK2) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases; it signals downstream of the NOD1 and NOD2 intracellular sensors and promotes a productive inflammatory response. However, excessive NOD2 signaling has been associated with various diseases, including sarcoidosis and inflammatory arthritis; the pharmacological inhibition of RIPK2 is an affinity strategy that demonstrates an increased expression of pro-inflammatory secretion activity. In this study, a pharmacophoric model based on the crystallographic pose of ponatinib, a potent RIPK2 inhibitor, and 30 other ones selected from the BindingDB repository database, was built. Compounds were selected based on the available ZINC compounds database and in silico predictions of their pharmacokinetic, toxicity and potential biological activity. Molecular docking was performed to identify the probable interactions of the compounds as well as their binding affinity with RIPK2. The compounds were analyzed to ponatinib and WEHI-345, which also used as a control. At least one of the compounds exhibited suitable pharmacokinetic properties, low toxicity and an interesting binding affinity and high fitness compared with the crystallographic pose of WEHI-345 in complex with RIPK2. This compound also possessed suitable synthetic accessibility, rendering it a potential and very promising RIPK2 inhibitor to be further investigated in regards to different diseases, particularly inflammatory ones.
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45
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Suebsuwong C, Pinkas DM, Ray SS, Bufton JC, Dai B, Bullock AN, Degterev A, Cuny GD. Activation loop targeting strategy for design of receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 ( RIPK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:577-583. [PMID: 29409752 PMCID: PMC5819902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of selective kinase inhibitors remains a challenge due to considerable amino acid sequence similarity among family members particularly in the ATP binding site. Targeting the activation loop might offer improved inhibitor selectivity since this region of kinases is less conserved. However, the strategy presents difficulties due to activation loop flexibility. Herein, we report the design of receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) inhibitors based on pan-kinase inhibitor regorafenib that aim to engage basic activation loop residues Lys169 or Arg171. We report development of CSR35 that displayed >10-fold selective inhibition of RIPK2 versus VEGFR2, the target of regorafenib. A co-crystal structure of CSR35 with RIPK2 revealed a resolved activation loop with an ionic interaction between the carboxylic acid installed in the inhibitor and the side-chain of Lys169. Our data provides principle feasibility of developing activation loop targeting type II inhibitors as a complementary strategy for achieving improved selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalada Suebsuwong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Science and Research Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Daniel M Pinkas
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Soumya S Ray
- Stemetix Inc., 604 Webster St., Needham, MA 02494, USA
| | - Joshua C Bufton
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Bing Dai
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Alex N Bullock
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Developmental, Molecular & Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Gregory D Cuny
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Science and Research Building 2, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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46
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He X, Da Ros S, Nelson J, Zhu X, Jiang T, Okram B, Jiang S, Michellys PY, Iskandar M, Espinola S, Jia Y, Bursulaya B, Kreusch A, Gao MY, Spraggon G, Baaten J, Clemmer L, Meeusen S, Huang D, Hill R, Nguyen-Tran V, Fathman J, Liu B, Tuntland T, Gordon P, Hollenbeck T, Ng K, Shi J, Bordone L, Liu H. Identification of Potent and Selective RIPK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:1048-1053. [PMID: 29057049 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2) is an internal pattern recognition receptor that recognizes bacterial peptidoglycan and stimulates host immune responses. Dysfunction of NOD2 pathway has been associated with a number of autoinflammatory disorders. To date, direct inhibitors of NOD2 have not been described due to technical challenges of targeting the oligomeric protein complex. Receptor interacting protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) is an intracellular serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase, a key signaling partner, and an obligate kinase for NOD2. As such, RIPK2 represents an attractive target to probe the pathological roles of NOD2 pathway. To search for selective RIPK2 inhibitors, we employed virtual library screening (VLS) and structure based design that eventually led to a potent and selective RIPK2 inhibitor 8 with excellent oral bioavailability, which was used to evaluate the effects of inhibition of RIPK2 in various in vitro assays and ex vivo and in vivo pharmacodynamic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui He
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sara Da Ros
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Nelson
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tao Jiang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Barun Okram
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Songchun Jiang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Michellys
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maya Iskandar
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sheryll Espinola
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Yong Jia
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Badry Bursulaya
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Andreas Kreusch
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mu-Yun Gao
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Glen Spraggon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Janine Baaten
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Leah Clemmer
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shelly Meeusen
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - David Huang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert Hill
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Vân Nguyen-Tran
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John Fathman
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Bo Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Perry Gordon
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Thomas Hollenbeck
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kenneth Ng
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Laura Bordone
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Prokop JW, Lazar J, Crapitto G, Smith DC, Worthey EA, Jacob HJ. Molecular modeling in the age of clinical genomics, the enterprise of the next generation. J Mol Model 2017; 23:75. [PMID: 28204942 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-017-3258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein modeling and molecular dynamics hold a unique toolset to aide in the characterization of clinical variants that may result in disease. Not only do these techniques offer the ability to study under characterized proteins, but they do this with the speed that is needed for time-sensitive clinical cases. In this paper we retrospectively study a clinical variant in the XIAP protein, C203Y, while addressing additional variants seen in patients with similar gastrointestinal phenotypes as the C203Y mutation. In agreement with the clinical tests performed on the C203Y patient, protein modeling and molecular dynamics suggest that direct interactions with RIPK2 and Caspase3 are altered by the C203Y mutation and subsequent loss of Zn coordination in the second BIR domain of XIAP. Interestingly, the variant does not appear to alter interactions with SMAC, resulting in further damage to the caspase and NOD2 pathways. To expand the computational strategy designed when studying XIAP, we have applied the molecular modeling tools to a list of 140 variants seen in CFTR associated with cystic fibrosis, and a list of undiagnosed variants in 17 different genes. This paper shows the exciting applications of molecular modeling in the classification and characterization of genetic variants identified in next generation sequencing. Graphical abstract XIAP in Caspase 3 and NOD2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy W Prokop
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA.
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| | - Jozef Lazar
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Gabrielle Crapitto
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - D Casey Smith
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Worthey
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Howard J Jacob
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, 601 Genome Way, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
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Fan YH, Roy S, Mukhopadhyay R, Kapoor A, Duggal P, Wojcik GL, Pass RF, Arav-Boger R. Role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and its variants in human cytomegalovirus control in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E7818-27. [PMID: 27856764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611711113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and downstream receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is known to up-regulate antiviral responses and suppress virus replication. We investigated the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), which also signals through RIPK2, in HCMV control. NOD1 activation by Tri-DAP (NOD1 agonist) suppressed HCMV and induced IFN-β. Mouse CMV was also inhibited through NOD1 activation. NOD1 knockdown (KD) or inhibition of its activity with small molecule ML130 enhanced HCMV replication in vitro. NOD1 mutations displayed differential effects on HCMV replication and antiviral responses. In cells overexpressing the E56K mutation in the caspase activation and recruitment domain, virus replication was enhanced, but in cells overexpressing the E266K mutation in the nucleotide-binding domain or the wild-type NOD1, HCMV was inhibited, changes that correlated with IFN-β expression. The interaction of NOD1 and RIPK2 determined the outcome of virus replication, as evidenced by enhanced virus growth in NOD1 E56K mutant cells (which failed to interact with RIPK2). NOD1 activities were executed through IFN-β, given that IFN-β KD reduced the inhibitory effect of Tri-DAP on HCMV. Signaling through NOD1 resulting in HCMV suppression was IKKα-dependent and correlated with nuclear translocation and phosphorylation of IRF3. Finally, NOD1 polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of HCMV infection in women who were infected with HCMV during participation in a glycoprotein B vaccine trial. Collectively, our data indicate a role for NOD1 in HCMV control via RIPK2- IKKα-IRF3 and suggest that its polymorphisms predict the risk of infection.
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Kim HK, Falugi F, Missiakas DM, Schneewind O. Peptidoglycan-linked protein A promotes T cell-dependent antibody expansion during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5718-23. [PMID: 27140614 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524267113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of Staphylococcus aureus disease in humans is persistent infections without development of protective immune responses. Infected patients generate VH3 plasmablast expansions and increased VH3 idiotype Ig; however, the mechanisms for staphylococcal modification of immune responses are not known. We report here that S. aureus-infected mice generate VH3 antibody expansions via a mechanism requiring MHC-restricted antigen presentation to CD4(+) T cells and staphylococcal protein A (SpA), a cell wall-anchored surface molecule that binds Fcγ and VH3 variant heavy chains of Ig. VH3 expansion occurred with peptidoglycan-linked SpA from the bacterial envelope but not with recombinant SpA, and optimally required five tandem repeats of its Ig-binding domains. Signaling via receptor-interacting serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) was essential for implementing peptidoglycan-linked SpA superantigen activity. VH3 clan IgG from S. aureus-infected or SpA-treated animals was not pathogen-specific, suggesting that SpA cross-linking of VH3 idiotype B-cell receptors and activation via attached peptidoglycan are the determinants of staphylococcal escape from adaptive immune responses.
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