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Mitra P, Deshmukh AS. Proteostasis is a key driver of the pathogenesis in Apicomplexa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024:119824. [PMID: 39168412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Proteostasis, including protein folding mediated by molecular chaperones, protein degradation, and stress response pathways in organelles like ER (unfolded protein response: UPR), are responsible for cellular protein quality control. This is essential for cell survival as it regulates and reprograms cellular processes. Here, we underscore the role of the proteostasis pathway in Apicomplexan parasites with respect to their well-characterized roles as well as potential roles in many parasite functions, including survival, multiplication, persistence, and emerging drug resistance. In addition to the diverse physiological importance of proteostasis in Apicomplexa, we assess the potential of the pathway's components as chemotherapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Mitra
- BRIC-Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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2
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Chakafana G, Middlemiss CJ, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Swapping the linkers of canonical Hsp70 and Hsp110 chaperones compromises both self-association and client selection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29690. [PMID: 38707424 PMCID: PMC11066147 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 70-1 (PfHsp70-1) and PfHsp70-z are essential cytosol localised chaperones of the malaria parasite. The two chaperones functionally interact to drive folding of several parasite proteins. While PfHsp70-1 is regarded as a canonical Hsp70 chaperone, PfHsp70-z belongs to the Hsp110 subcluster. One of the distinctive features of PfHsp70-z is its unique linker segment which delineates it from canonical Hsp70. In the current study, we elucidated the role of the linker in regulating Hsp70 self-association and client selection. Using recombinant forms of PfHsp70-1, PfHsp70-z and E. coli Hsp70 (DnaK) and their respective linker switch mutants we investigated self-association of the chaperones using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The effect of the changes on client selectivity was investigated on DnaK and its mutant through co-affinity chromatography coupled to LC-MS analysis. Our findings demonstrated that the linker is important for both Hsp70 self-association and client binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, 23668, Virginia, USA
| | - Caitlin J. Middlemiss
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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3
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Ahmad T, Alhammadi BA, Almaazmi SY, Arafa S, Blatch GL, Dutta T, Gestwicki JE, Keyzers RA, Shonhai A, Singh H. Plasmodium falciparum heat shock proteins as antimalarial drug targets: An update. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:326-337. [PMID: 38518861 PMCID: PMC10990865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Global efforts to eradicate malaria are threatened by multiple factors, particularly the emergence of antimalarial drug resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Heat shock proteins (HSPs), particularly P. falciparum HSPs (PfHSPs), represent promising drug targets due to their essential roles in parasite survival and virulence across the various life cycle stages. Despite structural similarities between human and malarial HSPs posing challenges, there is substantial evidence for subtle differences that could be exploited for selective drug targeting. This review provides an update on the potential of targeting various PfHSP families (particularly PfHSP40, PfHSP70, and PfHSP90) and their interactions within PfHSP complexes as a strategy to develop new antimalarial drugs. In addition, the need for a deeper understanding of the role of HSP complexes at the host-parasite interface is highlighted, especially heterologous partnerships between human and malarial HSPs, as this opens novel opportunities for targeting protein-protein interactions crucial for malaria parasite survival and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bushra A Alhammadi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shaikha Y Almaazmi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sahar Arafa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
| | - Tanima Dutta
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Pathwest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert A Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery & School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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4
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Pasupureddy R, Verma S, Goyal B, Pant A, Sharma R, Bhatt S, Vashisht K, Singh S, Saxena AK, Dixit R, Chakraborti S, Pandey KC. Understanding the complex formation of falstatin; an endogenous macromolecular inhibitor of falcipains. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130420. [PMID: 38460641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic activity constitutes a fundamental process essential for the survival of the malaria parasite and is thus highly regulated. Falstatin, a protease inhibitor of Plasmodium falciparum, tightly regulates the activity of cysteine hemoglobinases, falcipain-2 and 3 (FP2, FP3), by inhibiting FP2 through a single surface exposed loop. However, the multimeric nature of falstatin and its interaction with FP2 remained unexplored. Here we report that the N-terminal falstatin region is highly disordered, and needs chaperone activity (heat-shock protein 70, HSP70) for its folding. Protein-protein interaction assays showed a significant interaction between falstatin and HSP70. Further, characterization of the falstatin multimer through a series of biophysical techniques identified the formation of a falstatin decamer, which was extremely thermostable. Computational analysis of the falstatin decamer showed the presence of five falstatin dimers, with each dimer aligned in a head-to-tail orientation. Further, the falstatin C-terminal region was revealed to be primarily involved in the oligomerization process. Stoichiometric analysis of the FP2-falstatin multimer showed the formation of a heterooligomeric complex in a 1:1 ratio, with the participation of ten subunits of each protein. Taken together, our results report a novel protease-inhibitor complex and strengthens our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of major plasmodium hemoglobinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pasupureddy
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India.
| | - Sonia Verma
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering & Technology, UP, India
| | - Bharti Goyal
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India
| | - Akansha Pant
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruby Sharma
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India.
| | - Kapil Vashisht
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Ajay K Saxena
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India.
| | - Soumyananda Chakraborti
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India.
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP, India.
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5
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Dongola TH, Chakafana G, Middlemiss C, Mafethe O, Mokoena F, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Insertion of GGMP repeat residues of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-1 in the lid of DnaK adversely impacts client recognition. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128070. [PMID: 37981279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Although Hsp70 is a conserved molecular chaperone, it exhibits some degree of functional specialisation across species. Features of Hsp70 regulating its functional specialisation remain to be fully established. We previously demonstrated that E. coli Hsp70 (DnaK) exhibits functional features that distinguishes it from PfHsp70-1, a canonical cytosolic Hsp70 of Plasmodium falciparum. One of the defining features of PfHsp70-1 is that it possesses GGMP repeat residues located in its C-terminal lid segment, while DnaK lacks this motif. Previously, we demonstrated that the insertion of GGMP repeat residues of PfHsp70-1 into E. coli DnaK abrogates the chaperone activity of DnaK. However, the role of the GGMP motif in regulating Hsp70 function remains to be fully understood. To explore the function of this motif, we expressed recombinant forms of wild type DnaK and its GGMP insertion motif, DnaK-G and systematically characterised the structure-function features of the two proteins using in silico analysis, biophysical approaches and an in cellulo complementation assay. Our findings demonstrated that the GGMP inserted in DnaK compromised various functional features such as nucleotide binding, allostery, substrate binding affinity and cellular proteome client selectivity. These findings thus, highlight the GGMP motif of Hsp70 as an important functional module.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, VA 23668-0099, USA
| | - Caitlin Middlemiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hampton University, VA 23668-0099, USA
| | - Ofentse Mafethe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
| | - Fortunate Mokoena
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Science, North West University, Mmabatho 2790, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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6
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Tripathi A, Del Galdo S, Chandramouli B, Kumar N. Distinct dynamical features of plasmodial and human HSP70-HSP110 highlight the divergence in their chaperone-assisted protein folding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2023; 1871:140942. [PMID: 37516289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2023.140942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
HSP70 and its evolutionarily diverged co-chaperone HSP110, forms an important node in protein folding cascade. How these proteins maintain the aggregation-prone proteome of malaria parasite in functional state remains underexplored, in contrast to its human orthologs. In this study, we have probed into conformational dynamics of plasmodial HSP70 and HSP110 through multiple μs MD-simulations (ATP-state) and compared with their respective human counterparts. Simulations covered sampling of 3.4 and 2.8 μs for HSP70 and HSP110, respectively, for parasite and human orthologs. We provide a comprehensive description of the dynamic behaviors that characterize the systems and also introduce a parameter for quantifying protein rigidity. For HSP70, the interspecies comparison reveals enhanced flexibility in IA and IB subdomain within the conserved NBD, lesser solvent accessibility of the interdomain linker and distinct dynamics of the SBDβ of Pf HSP70 in comparison to Hs HSP70. In the case of HSP110, notable contrast in the dynamics of NBD, SBDβ and SBDα was observed between parasite and human ortholog. Although HSP70 and HSP110 are members of the same superfamily, we identified specific differences in the subdomain contacts in NBD, linker properties and interdomain movements in their human and parasite orthologs. Our study suggests that differences in conformational dynamics may translate into species-specific differences in the chaperoning activities of HSP70-HSP110 in the parasite and human, respectively. Dynamical features of Pf HSP70-HSP110 may contribute to the maintenance of proteostasis in the parasite during its intracellular survival in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhya Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sara Del Galdo
- Science Department, University of Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Niti Kumar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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7
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Mafethe O, Ntseane T, Dongola TH, Shonhai A, Gumede NJ, Mokoena F. Pharmacophore Model-Based Virtual Screening Workflow for Discovery of Inhibitors Targeting Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38220-38232. [PMID: 37867657 PMCID: PMC10586269 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes the most lethal and widespread form of malaria. Eradication of malaria remains a priority due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance. The heat shock protein 90 of P. falciparum (PfHsp90) is a validated drug target essential for parasite survival. Most PfHsp90 inhibitors bind at the ATP binding pocket found in its N-terminal domain, abolishing the chaperone's activities, which leads to parasite death. The challenge is that the NTD of PfHsp90 is highly conserved, and its disruption requires selective inhibitors that can act without causing off-target human Hsp90 activities. We endeavored to discover selective inhibitors of PfHsp90 using pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening protocols, induced fit docking (IFD), and cell-based and biochemical assays. The pharmacophore model (DHHRR), composed of one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrophobic groups, and two aromatic rings, was used to mine commercial databases for initial hits, which were rescored to 20 potential hits using IFD. Eight of these compounds displayed moderate to high activity toward P. falciparum NF54 (i.e., IC50s ranging from 6.0 to 0.14 μM) and averaged >10 in terms of selectivity indices toward CHO and HepG2 cells. Additionally, four compounds inhibited PfHsp90 with greater selectivity than a known inhibitor, harmine, and bound to PfHsp90 with weak to moderate affinity. Our findings support the use of a pharmacophore model to discover diverse chemical scaffolds such as FM2, FM6, F10, and F11 exhibiting anti-Plasmodium activities and serving as valuable new PfHsp90 inhibitors. Optimization of these hits may enable their development into potent leads for future antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofentse Mafethe
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Tlhalefo Ntseane
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | | | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University
of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Njabulo Joyfull Gumede
- Department
of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Private Bag X01, Umthatha, Eastern Cape 4099, South Africa
| | - Fortunate Mokoena
- Department
of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
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8
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Muthelo T, Mulaudzi V, Netshishivhe M, Dongola TH, Kok M, Makumire S, de Villiers M, Burger A, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-Hop partnership by 2-phenylthynesulfonamide. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:947203. [PMID: 36177352 PMCID: PMC9513230 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.947203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-1 (PfHsp70-1; PF3D7_0818900) and PfHsp90 (PF3D7_0708400) are essential cytosol localized chaperones of the malaria parasite. The two chaperones form a functional complex via the adaptor protein, Hsp90-Hsp70 organizing protein (PfHop [PF3D7_1434300]), which modulates the interaction of PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp90 through its tetracopeptide repeat (TPR) domains in a nucleotide-dependent fashion. On the other hand, PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp90 possess C-terminal EEVD and MEEVD motifs, respectively, which are crucial for their interaction with PfHop. By coordinating the cooperation of these two chaperones, PfHop plays an important role in the survival of the malaria parasite. 2-Phenylthynesulfonamide (PES) is a known anti-cancer agent whose mode of action is to inhibit Hsp70 function. In the current study, we explored the antiplasmodial activity of PES and investigated its capability to target the functions of PfHsp70-1 and its co-chaperone, PfHop. PES exhibited modest antiplasmodial activity (IC50 of 38.7 ± 0.7 µM). Furthermore, using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, we demonstrated that PES was capable of binding recombinant forms of both PfHsp70-1 and PfHop. Using limited proteolysis and intrinsic fluorescence-based analysis, we showed that PES induces conformational changes in PfHsp70-1 and PfHop. In addition, we demonstrated that PES inhibits the chaperone function of PfHsp70-1. Consequently, PES abrogated the association of the two proteins in vitro. Our study findings contribute to the growing efforts to expand the arsenal of potential antimalarial compounds in the wake of growing parasite resistance against currently used drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshifhiwa Muthelo
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Vhahangwele Mulaudzi
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Munei Netshishivhe
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | | | - Michelle Kok
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Stanley Makumire
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Adélle Burger
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Addmore Shonhai,
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9
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Blatch GL. Plasmodium falciparum Molecular Chaperones: Guardians of the Malaria Parasite Proteome and Renovators of the Host Proteome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:921739. [PMID: 35652103 PMCID: PMC9149364 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.921739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular protozoan parasite and causative agent of the most severe form of malaria in humans. The malaria parasite has had to develop sophisticated mechanisms to preserve its proteome under the changing stressful conditions it confronts, particularly when it invades host erythrocytes. Heat shock proteins, especially those that function as molecular chaperones, play a key role in protein homeostasis (proteostasis) of P. falciparum. Soon after invading erythrocytes, the malaria parasite exports a large number of proteins including chaperones, which are responsible for remodeling the infected erythrocyte to enable its survival and pathogenesis. The infected host cell has parasite-resident and erythrocyte-resident chaperones, which appear to play a vital role in the folding and functioning of P. falciparum proteins and potentially host proteins. This review critiques the current understanding of how the major chaperones, particularly the Hsp70 and Hsp40 (or J domain proteins, JDPs) families, contribute to proteostasis of the malaria parasite-infected erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia.,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.,Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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10
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Makhoba XH, Makumire S. The capture of host cell’s resources: The role of heat shock proteins and polyamines in SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pathway to viral infection. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:220-229. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The exposure of organisms and cells to unfavorable conditions such as increased temperature, antibiotics, reactive oxygen species, and viruses could lead to protein misfolding and cell death. The increased production of proteins such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and polyamines has been linked to protein misfolding sequestration, thus maintaining, enhancing, and regulating the cellular system. For example, heat shock protein 40 (Hsp40) works hand in hand with Hsp70 and Hsp90 to successfully assist the newly synthesized proteins in folding properly. On the other hand, polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine have been widely studied and reported to keep cells viable under harsh conditions, which are also involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and growth. Polyamines are found in all living organisms, including humans and viruses. Some organisms have developed a mechanism to hijack mammalian host cell machinery for their benefit like viruses need polyamines for infection. Therefore, the role of HSPs and polyamines in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) viral infection, how these molecules could delay the effectiveness of the current treatment in the market, and how COVID-19 relies on the host molecules for its successful infection are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xolani Henry Makhoba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare , Alice Campus , Alice , South Africa
| | - Stanley Makumire
- Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Structural Biology Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Observatory 7925 , South Africa
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11
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Daniyan MO. Heat Shock Proteins as Targets for Novel Antimalarial Drug Discovery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:205-236. [PMID: 34569027 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum, the parasitic agent that is responsible for a severe and dangerous form of human malaria, has a history of long years of cohabitation with human beings with attendant negative consequences. While there have been some gains in the fight against malaria through the application of various control measures and the use of chemotherapeutic agents, and despite the global decline in malaria cases and associated deaths, the continual search for new and effective therapeutic agents is key to achieving sustainable development goals. An important parasite survival strategy, which is also of serious concern to the scientific community, is the rate at which the parasites continually develop resistance to drugs. Among the key players in the parasite's ability to develop resistance, maintain cellular integrity, and survives within an unusual environment of the red blood cells are the molecular chaperones of the heat shock proteins (HSP) family. HSPs constitute a novel avenue for antimalarial drug discovery and by exploring their ubiquitous nature and multifunctional activities, they may be suitable targets for the discovery of multi-targets antimalarial drugs, needed to fight incessant drug resistance. In this chapter, features of selected families of plasmodial HSPs that can be exploited in drug discovery are presented. Also, known applications of HSPs in small molecule screening, their potential usefulness in high throughput drug screening, as well as possible challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oluwatoyin Daniyan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
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12
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The Role of Hsp70s in the Development and Pathogenicity of Plasmodium falciparum. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 34569021 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The main agent of human malaria, the protozoa, Plasmodium falciparum is known to infect liver cells, subsequently invading the host erythrocyte, leading to the manifestation of clinical outcomes of the disease. As part of its survival in the human host, P. falciparum employs several heat shock protein (Hsp) families whose primary purpose is to ensure cytoprotection through their molecular chaperone role. The parasite expresses six Hsp70s that localise to various subcellular organelles of the parasite, with one, PfHsp70-x, being exported to the infected human erythrocyte. The role of these Hsp70s in the survival and pathogenicity of malaria has received immense research attention. Several studies have reported on their structure-function features, network partnerships, and elucidation of their potential substrates. Apart from their role in cytoprotection and pathogenicity, Hsp70s are implicated in antimalarial drug resistance. As such, they are deemed potential antimalarial drug candidates, especially suited for co-targeting in combination therapies. In addition, Hsp70 is implicated in host immune modulation. The current report highlights the various structure-function features of these proteins, their roles in the development of malaria, current and prospective efforts being employed towards targeting them in malaria intervention efforts.
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Burger A, Macucule-Tinga P, Bentley SJ, Ludewig MH, Mhlongo NN, Shonhai A, Boshoff A. Characterization of an Atypical Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70 Demonstrates Its Cytosolic-Nuclear Localization and Modulation by Quercetin and Methylene Blue. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136776. [PMID: 34202520 PMCID: PMC8269394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei (Tb) harbours twelve Hsp70 chaperones. Of these, four are predicted to reside in the parasite cytosol. TbHsp70.c is predicted to be cytosolic and upregulated upon heat stress and is an ATPase that exhibits holdase chaperone function. Cytosol-localized Tbj2 stimulates the ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. In the current study, immunofluorescence confirmed that TbHsp70.c is both a cytosolic and a nuclear protein. Furthermore, in silico analysis was used to elucidate an atypical linker and hydrophobic pocket. Tellingly, TbHsp70.c lacks the EEVD and GGMP motifs, both of which are implicated in substrate selectivity and co-chaperone binding in canonical Hsp70s. Far western analysis revealed that TbSTi1 interacts directly with TbHsp70 and TbHsp70.4, but does not bind TbHsp70.c. We further investigated the effect of quercetin and methylene blue on the Tbj2-driven ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. We established that quercetin inhibited, whilst methylene blue enhanced, the Tbj2-stimulated ATPase activity of TbHsp70.c. Furthermore, these inhibitors were lethal to parasites. Lastly, we used molecular docking to show that quercetin and methylene blue may bind the nucleotide binding pocket of TbHsp70.c. Our findings suggest that small molecule inhibitors that target TbHsp70.c could be developed to serve as possible drug candidates against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adélle Burger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +27-(0)-15-962-8620 (A.B.); +27-(0)-46-603-8630 (A.B.)
| | - Paula Macucule-Tinga
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Stephen John Bentley
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Michael Hans Ludewig
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Ndumiso Nhlakanipho Mhlongo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa;
| | - Aileen Boshoff
- Biotechnology Innovation Centre, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, PO Box 94, Makhanda/Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; (P.M.-T.); (S.J.B.); (M.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +27-(0)-15-962-8620 (A.B.); +27-(0)-46-603-8630 (A.B.)
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Chakafana G, Mudau PT, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Supporting data on characterisation of linker switch mutants of Plasmodium falciparum heat shock protein 110 and canonical Hsp70. Data Brief 2021; 37:107177. [PMID: 34141839 PMCID: PMC8188256 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present data on characterisation of the linker of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp110 (PfHsp70-z) relative to the linker of canonical Hsp70s in support of a co-published article [1]. The linker of PfHsp70-z was switched with that of canonical Hsp70s, represented by PfHsp70-1 (cytosolic counterpart of PfHsp70-z) and E. coli Hsp70/DnaK. The datasets represent comparative analyses of PfHsp70-z, PfHsp70-1, and E. coli DnaK, relative to their linker switch mutants; PfHsp70-zLS, PfHsp70-1LS, DnaKLS, respectively. Intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence spectroscopic analyses were employed to elucidate effects of the mutations on the structural features of the proteins. The structural conformations of the proteins were analysed in the absence as well as presence of nucleotides. In addition, stability of the proteins to stress (pH changes and urea) was also determined. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was employed to determine affinity of the proteins for ATP. The relative affinities of PfHsp70-z and PfHsp70-1 for the parasite cytosol localised, J domain co-chaperone, PfHsp40, was determined by SPR analysis. The effect of the linker of PfHsp70-z on the interaction of DnaKLS with DnaJ (a co-chaperone of DnaK), was similarly determined. These data could be used for future investigations involving protein-protein/ligand interactions as described in [1]. The raw data obtained using the various techniques here described are hosted in the Mendeley Data repository at [2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pertunia T Mudau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.,Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
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Abstract
It gives me great pleasure to have the opportunity to introduce myself to the readers of Biophysical Reviews as part of the 'meet the editors' series. What follows is a mini-autobiography of my life as it relates to my scientific career and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950 South Africa
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16
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Chakafana G, Mudau PT, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Characterisation of a unique linker segment of the Plasmodium falciparum cytosol localised Hsp110 chaperone. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 180:272-285. [PMID: 33741370 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum expresses two essential cytosol localised chaperones; PfHsp70-1 and PfHsp70-z. PfHsp70-z (Hsp110 homologue) is thought to facilitate nucleotide exchange function of PfHsp70-1. PfHsp70-1 is a refoldase, while PfHsp70-z is restricted to holdase chaperone function. The structural features delineating functional specialisation of these chaperones remain unknown. Notably, PfHsp70-z possesses a unique linker segment which could account for its distinct functions. Using recombinant forms of PfHsp70-1, PfHsp70-z and E. coli Hsp70 (DnaK) as well as their linker switch mutant forms, we explored the effects of the linker mutations by conducting several assays such as circular dichroism, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence coupled to biochemical and in cellular analyses. Our findings demonstrate that the linker of PfHsp70-z modulates global conformation of the chaperone, regulating several functions such as client protein binding, chaperone- and ATPase activities. In addition, as opposed to the flexible linker of PfHsp70-1, the PfHsp70-z linker is rigid, thus regulating its notable thermal stability, making it an effective stress buffer. Our findings suggest a crucial role for the linker in streamlining the functions of these two chaperones. The findings further explain how these distinct chaperones cooperate to ensure survival of P. falciparum particularly under the stressful human host environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Pertunia T Mudau
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa.
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Makumire S, Dongola TH, Chakafana G, Tshikonwane L, Chauke CT, Maharaj T, Zininga T, Shonhai A. Mutation of GGMP Repeat Segments of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp70-1 Compromises Chaperone Function and Hop Co-Chaperone Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042226. [PMID: 33672387 PMCID: PMC7926355 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic organisms especially those of the Apicomplexan phylum, harbour a cytosol localised canonical Hsp70 chaperone. One of the defining features of this protein is the presence of GGMP repeat residues sandwiched between α-helical lid and C-terminal EEVD motif. The role of the GGMP repeats of Hsp70s remains unknown. In the current study, we introduced GGMP mutations in the cytosol localised Hsp70-1 of Plasmodium falciparum (PfHsp70-1) and a chimeric protein (KPf), constituted by the ATPase domain of E. coli DnaK fused to the C-terminal substrate binding domain of PfHsp70-1. A complementation assay conducted using E. coli dnaK756 cells demonstrated that the GGMP motif was essential for chaperone function of the chimeric protein, KPf. Interestingly, insertion of GGMP motif of PfHsp70-1 into DnaK led to a lethal phenotype in E. coli dnaK756 cells exposed to elevated growth temperature. Using biochemical and biophysical assays, we established that the GGMP motif accounts for the elevated basal ATPase activity of PfHsp70-1. Furthermore, we demonstrated that this motif is important for interaction of the chaperone with peptide substrate and a co-chaperone, PfHop. Our findings suggest that the GGMP may account for both the specialised chaperone function and reportedly high catalytic efficiency of PfHsp70-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Makumire
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Tendamudzimu Harmfree Dongola
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Graham Chakafana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Lufuno Tshikonwane
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Cecilia Tshikani Chauke
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tarushai Maharaj
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Tawanda Zininga
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa;
| | - Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Private Bag X5050, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa; (S.M.); (T.H.D.); (G.C.); (L.T.); (C.T.C.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-15962-8723
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Shonhai A, Blatch GL. Heat Shock Proteins of Malaria: Highlights and Future Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1340:237-246. [PMID: 34569028 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78397-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The deadliest malaria parasite of humans, Plasmodium falciparum, is an obligate parasite that has had to develop mechanisms for survival under the unfavourable conditions it confronts within host cells. The chapters in the book "Heat Shock Proteins of Malaria" provide a critique of the evidence that heat shock proteins (Hsps) play a key role in the survival of P. falciparum in host cells. The role of the plasmodial Hsp arsenal is not limited to the protection of the parasite cell (largely through their role as molecular chaperones), as some of these proteins also promote the pathological development of malaria. This is largely due to the export of a large number of these proteins into the infected erythrocyte cytosol. Although P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is the main virulence factor for the malaria parasite, some of the exported plasmodial Hsps appear to augment parasite virulence. While this book largely delves into experimentally validated information on the role of Hsps in the development and pathogenicity of malaria, some of the information is based on hypotheses yet to be fully tested. Therefore, here we highlight what we know to be definite roles of plasmodial Hsps. Furthermore, we distill information that could provide practical insights on the options available for future research directions, including interventions against malaria that may target the role of Hsps in the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addmore Shonhai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- The Vice Chancellery, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, WA, Australia. .,Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa. .,The Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia. .,Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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