1
|
Li ZX, Wang DX, Shi WX, Weng BY, Zhang Z, Su SH, Sun YF, Tan JF, Xiao S, Xie RH. Nitrogen-mediated volatilisation of defensive metabolites in tomato confers resistance to herbivores. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:3227-3240. [PMID: 38738504 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants synthesise a vast array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which serve as chemical defence and communication agents in their interactions with insect herbivores. Although nitrogen (N) is a critical resource in the production of plant metabolites, its regulatory effects on defensive VOCs remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effect of N content in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) on the tobacco cutworm (Spodoptera litura), a notorious agricultural pest, using biochemical and molecular experiments in combination with insect behavioural and performance analyses. We observed that on tomato leaves with different N contents, S. litura showed distinct feeding preference and growth and developmental performance. Particularly, metabolomics profiling revealed that limited N availability conferred resistance upon tomato plants to S. litura is likely associated with the biosynthesis and emission of the volatile metabolite α-humulene as a repellent. Moreover, exogenous application of α-humulene on tomato leaves elicited a significant repellent response against herbivores. Thus, our findings unravel the key factors involved in N-mediated plant defence against insect herbivores and pave the way for innovation of N management to improve the plant defence responses to facilitate pest control strategies within agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen-Xuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bo-Yang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- General Management Office, Shennong Technology Group Co., Ltd, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shi-Hao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu-Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin-Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruo-Han Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cruz JN, de Oliveira MS, Ferreira OO, Gomes ARQ, Mali SN, Pereira SFM, Ansar S, dos Santos CBR, Lima RR, de Andrade EHA. Analysis of Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity of Essential Oil from Virola sebifera Aubl (Myristicaceae). Molecules 2024; 29:3431. [PMID: 39065009 PMCID: PMC11279522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Volatile oils or essential oils (EOs) were extracted from three V. sebifera samples (labeled as A, B, and C) in September 2018 and February 2019; the extraction process involved hydrodistillation of the leaves. The chemical compositions of the EOs were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The volatile components were identified by comparing their retention indices and mass spectra with standard substances documented in the literature (ADAMS). The antioxidant activity of the EOs was evaluated using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), while their toxicity was assessed using Artemia salina Leach. Molecular docking was utilized to examine the interaction between the major constituents of V. sebifera EO and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), a molecular target linked to toxicity in A. salina models. The EO obtained from specimen A, collected in September 2018, was characterized by being primarily composed of (E,E)-α-farnesene (47.57%), (E)-caryophyllene (12.26%), and α-pinene (6.93%). Conversely, the EO from specimen A, collected in February 2019, was predominantly composed of (E,E)-α-farnesene (42.82%), (E)-caryophyllene (16.02%), and bicyclogermacrene (8.85%), the EO from specimen B, collected in September 2018, primarily contained (E,E)-α-farnesene (47.65%), (E)-caryophyllene (19.67%), and α-pinene (11.95%), and the EO from the leaves collected in February 2019 was characterized by (E,E)-α-farnesene (23.57%), (E)-caryophyllene (19.34%), and germacrene D (7.33%). The EO from the leaves collected in September 2018 contained (E,E)-α-farnesene (26.65%), (E)-caryophyllene (15.7%), and germacrene D (7.72%), while the EO from the leaves collected in February 2019 was primarily characterized by (E,E)-α-farnesene (37.43%), (E)-caryophyllene (21.4%), and α-pinene (16.91%). Among these EOs, sample B collected in February 2019 demonstrated the highest potential for inhibiting free radicals, with an inhibition rate of 34.74%. Conversely, the EOs from specimen A exhibited the highest toxic potentials, with an lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value of 57.62 ± 1.53 µg/mL, while specimen B had an LC50 value of 74.72 ± 2.86 µg/mL. Molecular docking results suggested that hydrophobic interactions significantly contributed to the binding of the major compounds in the EO from sample B to the binding pocket of AChE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorddy Neves Cruz
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory, Botany Coordination, Paraense Emílio Museum, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.S.d.O.)
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Oberdan Oliveira Ferreira
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory, Botany Coordination, Paraense Emílio Museum, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.S.d.O.)
| | | | - Suraj N. Mali
- School of Pharmacy, D.Y. Patil University, Sector 7, Nerul, Navi Mumbai 400706, India
| | - Soluan Felipe Melo Pereira
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory, Botany Coordination, Paraense Emílio Museum, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.S.d.O.)
| | - Sabah Ansar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Cleydson Breno Rodrigues dos Santos
- Laboratory of Modeling and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá 68903-230, AP, Brazil;
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Eloisa Helena Aguiar de Andrade
- Adolpho Ducke Laboratory, Botany Coordination, Paraense Emílio Museum, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil; (M.S.d.O.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moureu S, Jacquin J, Samaillie J, Deweer C, Rivière C, Muchembled J. Antifungal Activity of Hop Leaf Extracts and Xanthohumol on Two Strains of Venturia inaequalis with Different Sensitivities to Triazoles. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1605. [PMID: 37375106 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop cones are well-known for their antimicrobial properties, attributed to their specialized metabolites. Thus, this study aimed to determine the in vitro antifungal activity of different hop parts, including by-products such as leaves and stems, and some metabolites against Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. For each plant part, two types of extracts, a crude hydro-ethanolic extract and a dichloromethane sub-extract, were tested on spore germination of two strains with different sensitivities to triazole fungicides. Both extracts of cones, leaves and stems were able to inhibit the two strains, whereas rhizomes did not show activity. The apolar sub-extract of leaves appeared as the most active modality tested with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 5 and 10.5 mg·L-1 on the sensitive strain and the strain with reduced sensitivity, respectively. Differences in activity level between strains were noticed for all active modalities tested. Sub-extracts of leaves were then separated into seven fractions by preparative HPLC and tested on V. inaequalis. One fraction, containing xanthohumol, was especially active on both strains. This prenylated chalcone was then purified by preparative HPLC and showed significant activity against both strains, with IC50 of 1.6 and 5.1 mg·L-1. Therefore, xanthohumol seems to be a promising compound to control V. inaequalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Moureu
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Justine Jacquin
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jennifer Samaillie
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Caroline Deweer
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Rivière
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérôme Muchembled
- Joint Research Unit 1158 BioEcoAgro, INRAE, University of Lille, JUNIA, University of Liège, UPJV, University of Artois, ULCO, 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lamberti L, Boffa L, Grillo G, Concari S, Cavani F, Cravotto G. Industrial Multiple-Effect Fractional Condensation under Vacuum for the Recovery of Hop Terpene Fractions in Water. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081716. [PMID: 37107511 PMCID: PMC10137393 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflorescences of Humulus lupulus L. are the most valuable ingredient in the brewing industry. Only female cones are used as their bitterness and aroma, much associated with beer, are granted by the production of resins and essential oils, respectively. The traditional brewing process for the extraction of the organic volatiles in hops is called dry hopping. It consists of extended maceration at low temperature after the fermentation phase. New extraction technologies can improve extraction rates and product quality while saving time and money. This article proves that multiple-effect fractional condensation under a vacuum is suitable for flavouring applications and especially for performing dry hopping without contamination risks and reductions in hop amounts. This technique leads to the recovery of aqueous aromatic fractions that are very rich in hop sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. These suspensions are extremely stable when stored at 5-8 °C and avoid degradation even after several months. This feature is crucial for the marketing of non-alcoholic beverages, where the dilution of essential oils is otherwise problematic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
- Baladin S.S. Agricola, via Carrù 23, 12060 Piozzo, Italy
| | - Luisa Boffa
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grillo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Concari
- Tropical Food Machinery, via Stradivari 17, 43011 Busseto, Italy
| | - Francesca Cavani
- Tropical Food Machinery, via Stradivari 17, 43011 Busseto, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lamberti L, Grillo G, Gallina L, Carnaroglio D, Chemat F, Cravotto G. Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation of Hop ( Humulus lupulus L.) Terpenes: A Pilot-Scale Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112726. [PMID: 34829008 PMCID: PMC8625699 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in essential oils has consistently increased in recent years. Essential oils have a large variety of applications in multiple fields, including in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile fraction (VF) in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) fits within this domain as it is primarily used in the brewery industry for the aromatization of beer, and is responsible for the floral and fruity tones. This work aims to design an optimized extraction protocol of the VF from hops, using microwaves. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) has been developed to reduce energy and time consumption in lab-scale reactors up to industrial-scale systems. Hops are principally available in three forms, according to a brewery’s applications: (i) fresh (FH); (ii) dried (DH) and (iii) pelletized (PH). In this work, all three forms have therefore been studied and the recovered volatiles characterized by means of GC-MS. The optimized lab-scale MAHD protocol gave the best extraction yield of 20.5 mLVF/kgdry matrix for FH. This value underwent a slight contraction when working at the highest matrix amount (3 kg), with 17.3 mLVF/kgdry matrix being achieved. Further tests were then performed in a pilot reactor that is able to process 30 kg of material. In this case, high yield increases were observed for PH and DH; quadruple and double the lab-scale yields, respectively. In addition, this industrial-scale system also provided marked energy savings, practically halving the absorbed kJ/mLVF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.L.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
- Baladin S.S. Agricola, Via Carrù 23, 12060 Piozzo, Italy
| | - Giorgio Grillo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.L.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.L.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
| | | | - Farid Chemat
- GREEN Extraction Team, INRAE, UMR 408, Avignon University, 84000 Avignon, France;
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy; (L.L.); (G.G.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6707183; Fax: +39-011-6707162
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taxonomic Insights and Its Type Cyclization Correlation of Volatile Sesquiterpenes in Vitex Species and Potential Source Insecticidal Compounds: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216405. [PMID: 34770814 PMCID: PMC8587464 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes (SS) are secondary metabolites formed by the bonding of 3 isoprene (C5) units. They play an important role in the defense and signaling of plants to adapt to the environment, face stress, and communicate with the outside world, and their evolutionary history is closely related to their physiological functions. This review considers their presence and extensively summarizes the 156 sesquiterpenes identified in Vitextaxa, emphasizing those with higher concentrations and frequency among species and correlating with the insecticidal activities and defensive responses reported in the literature. In addition, we classify the SS based on their chemical structures and addresses cyclization in biosynthetic origin. Most relevant sesquiterpenes of the Vitex genus are derived from the germacredienyl cation mainly via bicyclogermacrene and germacrene C, giving rise to aromadrendanes, a skeleton with the highest number of representative compounds in this genus, and 6,9-guaiadiene, respectively, indicating the production of 1.10-cyclizing sesquiterpene synthases. These enzymes can play an important role in the chemosystematics of the genus from their corresponding routes and cyclizations, constituting a new approach to chemotaxonomy. In conclusion, this review is a compilation of detailed information on the profile of sesquiterpene in the Vitex genus and, thus, points to new unexplored horizons for future research.
Collapse
|
7
|
Influence of Synthetic Flavorings on the Migration Activity of Tribolium confusum and Sitophilus granarius. EKOLÓGIA (BRATISLAVA) 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/eko-2021-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Flavorings and volatile biologically active substances, used by humans for various purposes, may potentially have fumigating, repellent, or attractive effects on various species of anthropod storage pests. Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val, 1863 (Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus granarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Curculionidae) are the two most abundant pests of grain and grain products; the damage they cause to stored products of horticulture is 5–20% of the total yield of grain crops. In the experiment, we video-recorded migratory activity of beetles and evaluated it according to standard time periods (10, 20, 30, 60, and 120 seconds after the start of the experiment). No reliable influence of the 15 tested flavoring substances (benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, toluene, hydroquinone, phenethyl alcohol, pinene, methylparaben, kojic acid, formic acid, isoamyl alcohol, tartaric acid, glycine, succinic acid, stearic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) on moving activity of Tribolium confusum was found. Exposure to benzyl alcohol brought a reliable decrease in locomotor activity of Sitophilus granarius (it exerted an attractant effect on imagoes as compared with the variant of the experiment without aromatic substances): 6.09 times more imagoes of S. granarius remained at a minimal distance from the aroma source than in the control, 6.07 more while exposed to hydroquinone, 5.50 to phenethyl alcohol, 4.50 to glycine, 3.44 to EDTA, 3.30 to toluene, 3.18 to methylparaben, 2.84 to succinic acid, 2.65 to benzoic acid, and 2.15 more when exposed to formic acid compared with the control variant of the experiment. Other surveyed flavoring substances (benzyl alcohol, pinene, kojic acid, isoamyl alcohol, tartaric acid, and stearic acid) had no significant effect on migratory activity of imagoes of S. granarius. The results allow us to recommend benzyl alcohol, hydroquinone, phenethyl alcohol, and glycine as potential luring substances or components of multicomponent flavoring mixtures during the assessment of the number of S. granarius in grain storage and processing facilities.
Collapse
|
8
|
Girisa S, Saikia Q, Bordoloi D, Banik K, Monisha J, Daimary UD, Verma E, Ahn KS, Kunnumakkara AB. Xanthohumol from Hop: Hope for cancer prevention and treatment. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1016-1044. [PMID: 34170599 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health concern due to high mortality and poor quality of life of patients. Despite the availability of advanced therapeutic interventions, most treatment modalities are not efficacious, very expensive, and cause several adverse side effects. The factors such as drug resistance, lack of specificity, and low efficacy of the cancer drugs necessitate developing alternative strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Xanthohumol (XN), a prenylated chalcone present in Hop (Humulus lupulus), has been found to possess prominent activities against aging, diabetes, inflammation, microbial infection, and cancer. Thus, this manuscript thoroughly reviews the literature on the anti-cancer properties of XN and its various molecular targets. XN was found to exert its inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of cancer cells via modulation of multiple signaling pathways such as Akt, AMPK, ERK, IGFBP2, NF-κB, and STAT3, and also modulates various proteins such as Notch1, caspases, MMPs, Bcl-2, cyclin D1, oxidative stress markers, tumor-suppressor proteins, and miRNAs. Thus, these reports suggest that XN possesses enormous therapeutic potential against various cancers and could be potentially used as a multi-targeted anti-cancer agent with minimal adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Queen Saikia
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Javadi Monisha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Elika Verma
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 24 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory and DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research (DAICENTER), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Paventi G, Rotundo G, Pistillo M, D’Isita I, Germinara GS. Bioactivity of Wild Hop Extracts against the Granary Weevil, Sitophilus granarius (L.). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12060564. [PMID: 34205331 PMCID: PMC8233782 DOI: 10.3390/insects12060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the outstanding problems in pest control is the extensive use of synthetic compounds characterized by concerns such as risks to non-target organisms, slow degradation, and development of resistance. For these reasons, the interest in more ecofriendly pesticides, such as botanicals, is progressively increased in the last two decades. In this regard, having recently found that essential oil obtained by wild hop has biological activity against Sitophilus granarius, here we checked whether and how three different crude extracts obtained by the same hop ecotype also presented toxicity (contact, ingestion, inhalation) and/or repellent activity against the same insect, which is one of the most damaging pests of stored products. Results reposted here clearly show that, in addition to the essential oil, hop crude extracts (methanol, acetone, and n-hexane) preserve interesting activities against pests. Moreover, since they can be easily obtained and produce high yields, hop crude extracts could represent a valid tool for S. granarius control. Abstract The use of bioinsecticides, rather than synthetic compounds, appears a goal to be pursued in pest control, especially for species such as Sitophilus granarius (L.) which attack stored products. Since Humulus lupulus (L.) is a remarkable source of bioactive compounds, this study investigated the bioactivity of hop flower extracts against S. granarius adults by evaluating toxic (contact, inhalation, and ingestion), repellent, antifeedant, and nutritional effects as well as their anticholinesterase activity and olfactory sensitivity. Hop extracts were obtained by soaking dried and ground hop cones in solvents of decreasing polarity: methanol, acetone, and n-hexane. Dried crude extracts were resuspended in each solvent, and used in topical application, ingestion, and fumigation toxicity assays, as well as in contact and short-range repellency tests, in vitro anticholinesterase activity evaluation, and electroantennographic tests. No inhalation toxicity for the extracts was found. On the contrary, all extracts showed adult contact toxicity 24 h after treatment (LD50/LD90 16.17/33.20, 25.77/42.64, and 31.07/49.48 µg/adult for acetone, n-hexane, and methanol extracts, respectively); negligible variations for these values at 48 h were found. The anticholinesterase activity shown by all extracts suggested that the inhibition of this enzyme was one of the mechanisms of action. Interestingly, flour disk bioassays revealed a significant ingestion toxicity for the acetone extract and a lower toxicity for the other two extracts. Moreover, all extracts affected insect nutritional parameters, at the highest dose checked. Filter paper and two-choice pitfall bioassays showed repellent activity and a strong reduction of insect orientation to a highly attractive food odor source, with minor differences among extracts, respectively. Finally, the presence of volatile compounds in the different extracts that are perceived by insect antennae was confirmed by electroantennography. All these findings strongly suggest a possible use of hop cone extracts against S. granarius, thus further confirming this plant as an interesting species for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Paventi
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (G.R.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Giuseppe Rotundo
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, via de Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (G.R.); (G.S.G.)
| | - Marco Pistillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Ilaria D’Isita
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.D.)
| | - Giacinto Salvatore Germinara
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, via Napoli 25, 71100 Foggia, Italy; (M.P.); (I.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.P.); (G.R.); (G.S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The influence of ergosterol on the action of the hop oil and its major terpenes on model fungi membranes. Towards understanding the mechanism of action of phytocompounds for food and plant protection. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 238:105092. [PMID: 34000279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find the correlation between the content of ergosterol in fungi membrane and the action of the hop essential oil, myrcene and humulene on its properties. To reach this goal, the monolayers and bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyethanol amine and ergosterol, differing in the concentration of sterol, were used as model membrane systems. The impact of the essential oil and its major terpenes on one component ergosterol film was also investigated. It was found that pure isolated terpenes, in contrast to the hop oil being the mixture of them, do not incorporate into pure ergosterol membrane, however, they cause the loss of monolayer material from the interface. These results are in contrast to the effect of these terpenes on phospholipid films reported previously and they may suggest a strong effect of ergosterol on the behavior of terpenes in the mixed systems. Surprisingly, for model membranes, the effect of myrcene was qualitatively similar to the effect of the hop oil and ergosterol was found to regulate the incorporation of both these substances into the film. In contrast, very strong correlation between ergosterol content and the action of humulene was found. Namely, the ability of humulene to change model membrane properties was found to increase with ergosterol concentration. Additionally, the differentiating effect of ergosterol on humulene action in membranes was much more pronounced than for myrcene or the hop oil. Interestingly, at the highest ergosterol level the influence of humulene was even stronger than the effect of the hop oil. This is very important finding suggesting that ergosterol may regulate the sensitivity of particular membrane to the impact of humulene. Summarizing, ergosterol substantially differentiates the effect of the hop oil, myrcene and humulene on the lipid systems and it can be the molecule important for antifungal effect of the essential oil and terpenes.
Collapse
|