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Consoli GML, Maugeri L, Musso N, Gulino A, D'Urso L, Bonacci P, Buscarino G, Forte G, Petralia S. One-Pot Synthesis of Luminescent and Photothermal Carbon Boron-Nitride Quantum Dots Exhibiting Cell Damage Protective Effects. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303692. [PMID: 38508224 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Zero-dimensional boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) are arousing interest for their versatile optical, chemical, and biochemical properties. Introducing carbon contents in BNQDs nanostructures is a great challenge to modulate their physicochemical properties. Among the carbon moieties, phenolic groups have attracted attention for their biochemical properties and phenol-containing nanomaterials are showing great promise for biomedical applications. Herein, the first example of direct synthesis of water dispersible BNQDs exposing phenolic and carboxylic groups is presented. The carbon-BNQDs are prepared in a single-step by solvent-assisted reaction of urea with boronic reagents and are characterized by optical absorption, luminescence, Raman, Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. The carbon-BNQDs exhibit nanodimension, stability, high photothermal conversion efficiency, pH-responsive luminescence and Z-potential. The potential of the carbon-BNQDs to provide photothermal materials in solid by embedding in agarose substrate is successfully investigated. The carbon-BNQDs exhibit biocompatibility on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and protective effects from chemical and oxidative stress on Caco-2, osteosarcoma (MG-63), and microglial (HMC-3) cells. Amplicon mRNA-seq analyses for the expression of 56 genes involve in oxidative-stress and inflammation are performed to evaluate the molecular events responsible for the cell protective effects of the carbon-BNQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia M L Consoli
- CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
- CIB-Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies U.O. of Catania, Via Flavia, 23/1, Trieste, 34148, Italy
| | - Ludovica Maugeri
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Gulino
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Luisa D'Urso
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Catania and I.N.S.T.M. UdR of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonacci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, Catania, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Buscarino
- Department of Physic and Chemistry, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore Petralia
- CNR-Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Via Paolo Gaifami 18, Catania, 95126, Italy
- CIB-Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnologies U.O. of Catania, Via Flavia, 23/1, Trieste, 34148, Italy
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 64, Catania, 95125, Italy
- NANOMED, Research Centre for Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, Catania, 95124, Italy
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Bivona D, Bonomo C, Colombini L, Bonacci PG, Privitera GF, Caruso G, Caraci F, Santoro F, Musso N, Bongiorno D, Iannelli F, Stefani S. Generation and Characterization of Stable Small Colony Variants of USA300 Staphylococcus aureus in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:264. [PMID: 38534699 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Intracellular survival and immune evasion are typical features of staphylococcal infections. USA300 is a major clone of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a community- and hospital-acquired pathogen capable of disseminating throughout the body and evading the immune system. Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties acting on the peripheral (macrophages) and tissue-resident (microglia) immune system. In this work, RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were infected with the USA300 ATCC BAA-1556 S. aureus strain and treated with 20 mM carnosine and/or 32 mg/L erythromycin. Stable small colony variant (SCV) formation on blood agar medium was obtained after 48 h of combined treatment. Whole genome sequencing of the BAA-1556 strain and its stable derivative SCVs when combining Illumina and nanopore technologies revealed three single nucleotide differences, including a nonsense mutation in the shikimate kinase gene aroK. Gene expression analysis showed a significant up-regulation of the uhpt and sdrE genes in the stable SCVs compared with the wild-type, likely involved in adaptation to the intracellular milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalida Bivona
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Carmelo Bonomo
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Colombini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo G Bonacci
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Grete F Privitera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Biochemical Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Dafne Bongiorno
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory (MMARLab), Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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Bhattacharjee B, Basak M, Das G, Ramesh A. Quinoxaline-based membrane-targeting therapeutic material: Implications in rejuvenating antibiotic and curb MRSA invasion in an in vitro bone cell infection model. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 148:213359. [PMID: 36963341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Manifestation of resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) against multiple antibiotics demands an effective strategy to counter the menace of the pathogen. To address this challenge, the current study explores quinoxaline-based synthetic ligands as an adjuvant material to target MRSA in a combination therapy regimen. Amongst the tested ligands (C1-C4), only C2 was bactericidal against the MRSA strain S. aureus 4 s, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μM. C2 displayed a membrane-directed activity and could effectively hinder MRSA biofilm formation. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that C2 downregulated expression of the regulator gene agrC and reduced the fold change in the expression of adhesin genes fnbA and cnbA in MRSA in a dose-dependent manner. C2 enabled a 4-fold reduction in the MIC of ciprofloxacin (CPX) and in presence of 10 μM C2 and 8.0 μM CPX, growth of MRSA was arrested. Furthermore, a combination of 10 μM C2 and 12 μM CPX could strongly inhibit MRSA biofilm formation and reduce biofilm metabolic activity. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of CPX against S. aureus 4 s biofilm was reduced and a synergy resulted between C2 and CPX. In a combinatorial treatment regimen, C2 could prevent emergence of CPX resistance and arrest growth of MRSA till 360 generations. C2 could also be leveraged in combination treatment (12 μM CPX and 10 μM C2) to target MRSA in an in vitro bone cell infection model, wherein MRSA cell adhesion and invasion onto cultured MG-63 cells was only ~17 % and ~ 0.37 %, respectively. The combinatorial treatment regimen was also biocompatible as the viability of MG-63 cells was high (~ 91 %). Thus, C2 is a promising adjuvant material to counter antibiotic-refractory therapy and mitigate MRSA-mediated bone cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basu Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Megha Basak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Gopal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
| | - Aiyagari Ramesh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Phenotypic and Genomic Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus Highlight Virulence and Host Adaptation Favoring the Success of Epidemic Clones. mSystems 2022; 7:e0083122. [PMID: 36409083 PMCID: PMC9765012 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00831-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) of the sequence type 59 (ST59) and ST398 lineages has emerged in hospitals and displayed a higher virulent potential than its counterparts ST5 and ST239. However, the mechanism of the host cell-pathogen interaction and specific determinates that contribute to the success of epidemic clones remain incompletely understood. In the present study, 142 S. aureus strains (ST59, ST398, ST239, and ST5) were selected from our 7-year national surveillance of S. aureus bloodstream infections (n = 983). We revealed that ST59 and ST398 had a higher prevalence of the protease-associated genes hysAVSaβ, paiB, and cfim and enhanced proteolytic activity than the other lineages. ST59 and ST398 showed a higher expression of RNAIII and psmα and greater proficiency at causing cell lysis than other lineages. Furthermore, ST59 and ST398 were strongly recognized by human neutrophils and caused more cell apoptosis and neutrophil extracellular trap degradation than the other lineages. In addition, these strains differed substantially in their repertoire and composition of intact adhesion genes. Moreover, ST398 displayed higher adaptability to human epidermal keratinocytes and a unique genetic arrangement inside the oligopeptide ABC transport system, indicating functional variations. Overall, our study revealed some potential genomic traits associated with virulence and fitness that might account for the success of epidemic clones. IMPORTANCE Considerable efforts have been exerted to identify factors contributing to the success of epidemic Staphylococcus aureus clones, however, comparative phenotypic studies lack representation owing to the small number of strains. Large-scale strain collections focused on the description of genomic characteristics. Moreover, methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections constitute 30% to 40% of S. aureus bloodstream infections, and recent research has elucidated highly virulent methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains. However, comprehensive research on the factors contributing to the success of epidemic S. aureus clones is lacking. In this study, 142 S. aureus strains were selected from our 7-year national surveillance of S. aureus bloodstream infections (n = 983) accompanied by a rigorous strain selection process. A combination of host cell-pathogen interactions and genomic analyses was applied to the represented strains. We revealed some potential genomic traits associated with virulence and fitness that might account for the success of epidemic clones.
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Impact of buffer composition on biochemical, morphological and mechanical parameters: A tare before dielectrophoretic cell separation and isolation. Transl Oncol 2022; 28:101599. [PMID: 36516639 PMCID: PMC9764254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dielectrophoresis (DEP) represents an electrokinetic approach for discriminating and separating suspended cells based on their intrinsic dielectric characteristics without the need for labeling procedure. A good practice, beyond the physical and engineering components, is the selection of a buffer that does not hinder cellular and biochemical parameters as well as cell recovery. In the present work the impact of four buffers on biochemical, morphological, and mechanical parameters was evaluated in two different cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and K562). Specifically, MTT ([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]) assay along with flow cytometry analysis were used to evaluate the occurring changes in terms of cell viability, morphology, and granulocyte stress formation, all factors directly influencing DEP sorting capability. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was instead employed to evaluate the gene expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), two well-known markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, respectively. An additional marker representing an index of cellular metabolic status, i.e. the expression of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, was also evaluated. Among the four buffers considered, two resulted satisfactory in terms of cell viability and growth recovery (24 h), with no significant changes in cell morphology for up to 1 h in suspension. Of note, gene expression analysis showed that in both cell lines the apparently non-cytotoxic buffers significantly modulated IL-6, iNOS, and GAPDH markers, underlining the importance to deeply investigate the molecular and biochemical changes occurring during the analysis, even at apparently non-toxic conditions. The selection of a useful buffer for the separation and analysis of cells without labeling procedures, preserving cell status, represents a key factor for DEP analysis, giving the opportunity to further use cells for additional analysis.
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Granata V, Possetti V, Parente R, Bottazzi B, Inforzato A, Sobacchi C. The osteoblast secretome in Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1048505. [PMID: 36483565 PMCID: PMC9723341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1048505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infectious disease of the bone predominantly caused by the opportunistic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Typically established upon hematogenous spread of the pathogen to the musculoskeletal system or contamination of the bone after fracture or surgery, osteomyelitis has a complex pathogenesis with a critical involvement of both osteal and immune components. Colonization of the bone by S. aureus is traditionally proposed to induce functional inhibition and/or apoptosis of osteoblasts, alteration of the RANKL/OPG ratio in the bone microenvironment and activation of osteoclasts; all together, these events locally subvert tissue homeostasis causing pathological bone loss. However, this paradigm has been challenged in recent years, in fact osteoblasts are emerging as active players in the induction and orientation of the immune reaction that mounts in the bone during an infection. The interaction with immune cells has been mostly ascribed to osteoblast-derived soluble mediators that add on and synergize with those contributed by professional immune cells. In this respect, several preclinical and clinical observations indicate that osteomyelitis is accompanied by alterations in the local and (sometimes) systemic levels of both pro-inflammatory (e.g., IL-6, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory (e.g., TGF-β1) cytokines. Here we revisit the role of osteoblasts in bacterial OM, with a focus on their secretome and its crosstalk with cellular and molecular components of the bone microenvironment and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Granata
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Possetti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy,Milan Unit, National Research Council - Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Cristina Sobacchi,
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7
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Zhang J, Wang X, Li H, Chen C, Liu X. Immunomodulatory Effects of Chicken Broth and Histidine Dipeptides on the Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression Mouse Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214491. [PMID: 36364753 PMCID: PMC9659005 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The carnosine and anserine, which represent histidine dipeptides (HD), are abundant in chicken broth (CB). HD are endogenous dipeptide that has excellent antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. The immunomodulatory effect of CB hydrolysate (CBH) and HD in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice was examined in this study. CBH and HD were given to mice via oral gavage for 15 days, accompanied by intraperitoneal CTX administration to induce immunosuppression. CBH and HD treatment were observed to reduce immune organ atrophy (p < 0.05) and stimulate the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes (p < 0.05) while improving white blood cell, immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and IgA levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, CBH and HD strongly stimulated interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production by up-regulating IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNA expression (p < 0.05) while inhibiting interleukin-10 (IL-10) overproduction and IL-10 mRNA expression (p < 0.05). In addition, CBH and HD prevented the inhibition of the nitric oxide (NP)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cGMP-cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway (p < 0.05). These results indicate that CBH and HD have the potential to prevent immunosuppression induced by CTX. Our data demonstrate that CBH can effectively improve the immune capacity of immunosuppressed mice similar to the same amount of purified HD, which indicates that CBH plays its role through its own HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xixi Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing 102618, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Cunshe Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.L.)
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Roberts WE, Mangum JE, Schneider PM. Pathophysiology of Demineralization, Part II: Enamel White Spots, Cavitated Caries, and Bone Infection. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:106-119. [PMID: 35156182 PMCID: PMC8930953 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Compare noninfectious (part I) to infectious (part II) demineralization of bones and teeth. Evaluate similarities and differences in the expression of hard tissue degradation for the two most common chronic demineralization diseases: osteoporosis and dental caries. RECENT FINDINGS The physiology of demineralization is similar for the sterile skeleton compared to the septic dentition. Superimposing the pathologic variable of infection reveals a unique pathophysiology for dental caries. Mineralized tissues are compromised by microdamage, demineralization, and infection. Osseous tissues remodel (turnover) to maintain structural integrity, but the heavily loaded dentition does not turnover so it is ultimately at risk of collapse. A carious tooth is a potential vector for periapical infection that may be life-threatening. Insipient caries is initiated as a subsurface decalcification in enamel that is not detectable until a depth of ~400μm when it becomes visible as a white spot. Reliable detection and remineralization of invisible caries would advance cost-effective wellness worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Eugene Roberts
- American Board of Orthodontics, Indiana University & Purdue University at Indianapolis, 8260 Skipjack Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46236 USA
| | - Jonathan E. Mangum
- Translational Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Corner Grattan Street and Royal Parade, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Paul M. Schneider
- American Board of Orthodontics, Melbourne Dental School, University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston St, Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
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Parente R, Possetti V, Schiavone ML, Campodoni E, Menale C, Loppini M, Doni A, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A, Sandri M, Tampieri A, Sobacchi C, Inforzato A. 3D Cocultures of Osteoblasts and Staphylococcus aureus on Biomimetic Bone Scaffolds as a Tool to Investigate the Host-Pathogen Interface in Osteomyelitis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070837. [PMID: 34357987 PMCID: PMC8308613 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis (OM) is an infectious disease of the bone primarily caused by the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (SA). This Gram-positive bacterium has evolved a number of strategies to evade the immune response and subvert bone homeostasis, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. OM has been modeled in vitro to challenge pathogenetic hypotheses in controlled conditions, thus providing guidance and support to animal experimentation. In this regard, traditional 2D models of OM inherently lack the spatial complexity of bone architecture. Three-dimensional models of the disease overcome this limitation; however, they poorly reproduce composition and texture of the natural bone. Here, we developed a new 3D model of OM based on cocultures of SA and murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells on magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite/collagen I (MgHA/Col) scaffolds that closely recapitulate the bone extracellular matrix. In this model, matrix-dependent effects were observed in proliferation, gene transcription, protein expression, and cell–matrix interactions both of the osteoblastic cell line and of bacterium. Additionally, these had distinct metabolic and gene expression profiles, compared to conventional 2D settings, when grown on MgHA/Col scaffolds in separate monocultures. Our study points to MgHA/Col scaffolds as biocompatible and bioactive matrices and provides a novel and close-to-physiology tool to address the pathogenetic mechanisms of OM at the host–pathogen interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Parente
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Valentina Possetti
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Lucia Schiavone
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
- National Research Council-Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Campodoni
- National Research Council-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Ciro Menale
- National Research Council-Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mattia Loppini
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Andrea Doni
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Barbara Bottazzi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Monica Sandri
- National Research Council-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
| | - Anna Tampieri
- National Research Council-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (CNR-ISTEC), 48018 Faenza, Italy; (E.C.); (M.S.); (A.T.)
- National Research Council-Institute of Nanostructured Material (CNR-ISMN), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Sobacchi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
- National Research Council-Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (CNR-IRGB), Milan Unit, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (A.I.); Tel.: +39-028-224-5153 (C.S.); +39-028-224-5132 (A.I.)
| | - Antonio Inforzato
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (R.P.); (V.P.); (M.L.S.); (M.L.); (A.D.); (B.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (A.I.); Tel.: +39-028-224-5153 (C.S.); +39-028-224-5132 (A.I.)
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10
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Contemporary clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from pediatric osteomyelitis patients display unique characteristics in a mouse model of hematogenous osteomyelitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0018021. [PMID: 34097469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00180-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis can result from the direct inoculation of pathogens into bone during injury or surgery, or from spread via the bloodstream, a condition called hematogenous osteomyelitis (HOM). HOM disproportionally affects children, and more than half of cases are caused by Staphylococcus (S.) aureus. Laboratory models of osteomyelitis mostly utilize direct injection of bacteria into the bone or the implantation of foreign material, and therefore do not directly interrogate the pathogenesis of pediatric hematogenous osteomyelitis. In this study, we inoculated mice intravenously and characterized resultant musculoskeletal infections using two strains isolated from adults (USA300-LAC and NRS384) and five new methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates from pediatric osteomyelitis patients. All strains were capable of creating stable infections over five weeks, although the incidence varied. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) analysis demonstrated decreases in trabecular bone volume fraction but little effect on bone cortices. Histologic assessment revealed differences in the precise focus of musculoskeletal infection, with varying mixtures of bone-centered osteomyelitis and joint-centered septic arthritis. Whole genome sequencing of three new isolates demonstrated distinct strains, two within the USA300 lineage and one USA100 isolate. Interestingly, this USA100 isolate showed a distinct predilection for septic arthritis, compared to the other isolates tested, including NRS384 and LAC, which more frequently led to osteomyelitis or mixed bone and joint infections. Collectively, these data outline the feasibility of using pediatric osteomyelitis clinical isolates to study the pathogenesis of HOM in murine models and lay the groundwork for future studies investigating strain-dependent differences in musculoskeletal infection.
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Bongiorno D, Musso N, Caruso G, Lazzaro LM, Caraci F, Stefani S, Campanile F. Staphylococcus aureus ST228 and ST239 as models for expression studies of diverse markers during osteoblast infection and persistence. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1178. [PMID: 33970534 PMCID: PMC8087985 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of S. aureus to infect bone and osteoblasts is correlated with its incredible virulence armamentarium that can mediate the invasion/internalization process, cytotoxicity, membrane damage, and intracellular persistence. We comparatively analyzed the interaction, persistence, and modulation of expression of selected genes and cell viability in an ex vivo model using human MG‐63 osteoblasts of two previously studied and well‐characterized S. aureus clinical strains belonging to the ST239‐SCCmecIII‐t037 and ST228‐SCCmecI‐t041 clones at 3 h and 24 h post‐infection (p.i). S. aureus ATCC12598 ST30‐t076 was used as a control strain. Using imaging flow cytometry (IFC), we found that these strains invaded and persisted in MG‐63 osteoblasts to different extents. The invasion was evaluated at 3 h p.i and persistence at 24 h p.i., in particular: ATCC12598 internalized in 70% and persisted in 50% of MG‐63 cells; ST239‐SCCmecIII internalized in 50% and persisted in 45% of MG‐63 cells; and ST228‐SCCmecI internalized in 30% and persisted in 20% of MG‐63 cells. During the infection period, ST239‐III exerted significant cytotoxic activity resulting from overexpression of hla and psmA and increased expression of the genes involved in adhesion, probably due to the release and re‐entry of bacteria inside MG‐63 cells at 24 h p.i. The lower invasiveness of ST228‐I was also associated with non‐cytotoxic activity inside osteoblasts. This clone was unable to activate sufficient cellular reaction and succumbed inside MG‐63 cells. Our findings support the idea of considering new strategies, based on a translational approach—eukaryotic host–pathogen interaction (EHPI)—and to be applied on a large scale, to predict S. aureus /osteoblast interaction and treat bone infections. Such strategies rely on the study of the genetic and biochemical basis of both pathogen and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafne Bongiorno
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance laboratory (MMARLab, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Nicolò Musso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug Sciences and Health Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Mattia Lazzaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance laboratory (MMARLab, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug Sciences and Health Science, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, Troina, Italy
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance laboratory (MMARLab, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), Medical Molecular Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance laboratory (MMARLab, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Caruso G, Fresta CG, Costantino A, Lazzarino G, Amorini AM, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B, Lunte SM, Dhar P, Gulisano M, Caraci F. Lung Surfactant Decreases Biochemical Alterations and Oxidative Stress Induced by a Sub-Toxic Concentration of Carbon Nanoparticles in Alveolar Epithelial and Microglial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2694. [PMID: 33800016 PMCID: PMC7962095 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials are nowadays attracting lots of attention, in particular in the biomedical field, where they find a wide spectrum of applications, including, just to name a few, the drug delivery to specific tumor cells and the improvement of non-invasive imaging methods. Nanoparticles inhaled during breathing accumulate in the lung alveoli, where they interact and are covered with lung surfactants. We recently demonstrated that an apparently non-toxic concentration of engineered carbon nanodiamonds (ECNs) is able to induce oxidative/nitrosative stress, imbalance of energy metabolism, and mitochondrial dysfunction in microglial and alveolar basal epithelial cells. Therefore, the complete understanding of their "real" biosafety, along with their possible combination with other molecules mimicking the in vivo milieu, possibly allowing the modulation of their side effects becomes of utmost importance. Based on the above, the focus of the present work was to investigate whether the cellular alterations induced by an apparently non-toxic concentration of ECNs could be counteracted by their incorporation into a synthetic lung surfactant (DPPC:POPG in 7:3 molar ratio). By using two different cell lines (alveolar (A549) and microglial (BV-2)), we were able to show that the presence of lung surfactant decreased the production of ECNs-induced nitric oxide, total reactive oxygen species, and malondialdehyde, as well as counteracted reduced glutathione depletion (A549 cells only), ameliorated cell energy status (ATP and total pool of nicotinic coenzymes), and improved mitochondrial phosphorylating capacity. Overall, our results on alveolar basal epithelial and microglial cell lines clearly depict the benefits coming from the incorporation of carbon nanoparticles into a lung surfactant (mimicking its in vivo lipid composition), creating the basis for the investigation of this combination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Caruso
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
| | - Claudia G. Fresta
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Angelita Costantino
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, 00131 Rome, Italy;
| | - Angela M. Amorini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Lazzarino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences (BIOMETEC), University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (C.G.F.); (A.M.A.); (G.L.)
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Susan M. Lunte
- Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA
| | - Prajnaparamita Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047-1620, USA;
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7576, USA
| | - Massimo Gulisano
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Interuniversity Consortium for Biotechnology, Area di Ricerca, Padriciano, 34149 Trieste, Italy
- Molecular Preclinical and Translational Imaging Research Centre-IMPRonTE, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Filippo Caraci
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (A.C.); (M.G.); (F.C.)
- Oasi Research Institute-IRCCS, 94018 Troina (EN), Italy
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Staphylococcus aureus Internalization in Osteoblast Cells: Mechanisms, Interactions and Biochemical Processes. What Did We Learn from Experimental Models? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020239. [PMID: 33669789 PMCID: PMC7922271 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial internalization is a strategy that non-intracellular microorganisms use to escape the host immune system and survive inside the human body. Among bacterial species, Staphylococcus aureus showed the ability to interact with and infect osteoblasts, causing osteomyelitis as well as bone and joint infection, while also becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotic therapy and a reservoir of bacteria that can make the infection difficult to cure. Despite being a serious issue in orthopedic surgery, little is known about the mechanisms that allow bacteria to enter and survive inside the osteoblasts, due to the lack of consistent experimental models. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about S. aureus internalization mechanisms and various aspects of the interaction between bacteria and osteoblasts (e.g., best experimental conditions, bacteria-induced damages and immune system response), focusing on studies performed using the MG-63 osteoblastic cell line, the best traditional (2D) model for the study of this phenomenon to date. At the same time, as it has been widely demonstrated that 2D culture systems are not completely indicative of the dynamic environment in vivo, and more recent 3D models—representative of bone infection—have also been investigated.
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