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Arabzadeh E, Shirvani H, Masjedi MR, Ghanei M, Hofmeister M, Rostamkhani F. Treadmill exercise with nanoselenium supplementation affects the expression of Irisin/FNDC5 and semaphorin 3A in rats exposed to cigarette smoke extract. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:4. [PMID: 38058362 PMCID: PMC10695908 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated the impacts of 6 weeks of aerobic interval training (AIT) with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on muscle, serum, and lung irisin (FNDC5) and Sema3A in rats exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). To this end, 49 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into seven groups: control, SeNPs (2.5 mg/kg b.w by oral gavage, 3 days/week, 6 weeks), AIT (49 min/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks, interval), SeNPs + AIT, CSE (150 µL by IP injection, 1 day/week for 6 weeks), CSE + AIT, and CSE + SeNPs + AIT. The CSE group showed a significant reduction in irisin and Sema3A serum levels, as well as a decrease in FNDC5 and Sema3A gene expression in lung tissue (p < 0.05). A combined treatment (AIT with SeNPs) significantly increased the serum level and the expression of muscle and lung irisin (FNDC5) and Sema3A in CSE received groups (p < 0.05). There was a positive and significant correlation between muscle FNDC5 and lung FNDC5 in the CSE + SeNPs + AIT group (r = 0.92, p = 0.025). In addition, there was a positive and significant correlation between serum Sema3A and lung Sema3A of CSE + SeNPs + AIT group (r = 0.97, p = 0.004). Seemingly, performing aerobic exercises with the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplement nano-selenium in the model of lung damage (similar to COPD) can boost myokine irisin and Sema3A, especially in serum and lung tissue. These results displayed the paracrine/endocrine regulatory function of these myokines on other tissues. In other words, these interventions emphasized the creation of crosstalk between skeletal muscles and damaged lung, focusing on its recovery; however, further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Masjedi
- Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin Hofmeister
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Consumer Centre of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rostamkhani
- Department of Biology, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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El-Kot SM, Wanas W, Hafez AM, Mahmoud NA, Tolba AM, Younis AH, Sayed GE, Abdelwahab HE. Effect of silymarin on the relative gene expressions of some inflammatory cytokines in the liver of CCl 4-intoxicated male rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15245. [PMID: 37710007 PMCID: PMC10502111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The intensive exposure of the liver cells to any type of noxae, such as viruses, drugs, alcohols, and xenobiotics could induce hepatic inflammation through the upregulation of gene expression of several fibrotic and inflammatory mediators. So, our study assessed the role of silymarin on the inflammatory response induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as an example of xenobiotics on liver tissues in male rats. Forty-eight Wister male rats (weight: 130 ± 10) were housed for 14 days and then divided randomly into six groups: control, SLY: rats received only silymarin orally for 12 weeks (daily), CO: rats were injected with corn oil for 8 weeks (3 times weekly), CCl4: rats were injected with CCl4 solubilized in corn oil for 8 weeks (day by day), Treated: rats received silymarin for 4 weeks after CCl4 injection, Protected: rats received silymarin for 4 weeks before and 8 weeks during CCl4 injection. When the treatment period for the rats was over, they underwent scarification after anesthesia. Then, the sera were extracted from the collected blood for the determination of irisin levels, liver functions, and lipid profiles. Liver tissues were separated for the histopathological examinations, the determination of oxidative stress (OS) parameters content, and the relative gene expression of inflammatory cytokines; nuclear factor kappa (NF)-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). The findings showed that silymarin reduced liver inflammation by overcoming the OS process and inflammatory cytokines production which was stimulated by CCl4. These results were confirmed by histopathology of liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M El-Kot
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt.
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt.
| | - Wessam Wanas
- Materials Science Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Afaf M Hafez
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Nihal A Mahmoud
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Amina M Tolba
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11754, Egypt
| | - Abeer H Younis
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Alexandria, 21556, Egypt
| | - Gamal El Sayed
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
- Waste Water Lab, Baheria Water and Waste Company, Baheria, Damanhur, 107, Egypt
| | - Huda E Abdelwahab
- Environmental Studies Department, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21568, Egypt
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Arjunan A, Song J. Pharmacological and physiological roles of adipokines and myokines in metabolic-related dementia. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114847. [PMID: 37150030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a detrimental neuropathologic condition with considerable physical, mental, social, and financial impact on patients and society. Patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS), a group of diseases that occur in tandem and increase the risk of neurologic diseases, have a higher risk of dementia. The ratio between muscle and adipose tissue is crucial in MetS, as these contain many hormones, including myokines and adipokines, which are involved in crosstalk and local paracrine/autocrine interactions. Evidence suggests that abnormal adipokine and myokine synthesis and release may be implicated in various MetS, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia, but their precise role is unclear. Here we review the literature on adipokine and myokine involvement in MetS-induced dementia via glucose and insulin homeostasis regulation, neuroinflammation, vascular dysfunction, emotional changes, and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Arjunan
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyangro 264, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Seoyangro 264, Hwasun 58128, Republic of Korea.
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Arabzadeh E, Shirvani H, Ebadi Zahmatkesh M, Riyahi Malayeri S, Meftahi GH, Rostamkhani F. Irisin/FNDC5 influences myogenic markers on skeletal muscle following high and moderate-intensity exercise training in STZ-diabetic rats. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:193. [PMID: 35910290 PMCID: PMC9325938 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03253-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) on irisin and expression of myogenic markers (paired box 7 (Pax7), myogenic differentiation 1 (MyoD), myogenin) in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. Eighty-four male Wistar rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 12): basic control (Co Basic), 8 weeks control (Co 8w), diabetes mellitus (DM), HIIT, DM + HIIT, MICT, and DM + MICT groups. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). TheV ˙ o 2 max protocol was characterized by running on a rodent treadmill with moderate intensity (60-70%V ˙ o 2 max ), 60 min per session, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. HIIT consisted of six 3-min runs at a high intensity (80-90%V ˙ o 2 max ) alternated with 2-min running at low intensity (50%V ˙ o 2 max ), 30 min per session, 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. Results showed that DM decreased myoblast markers compared to Co Basic and Co 8w groups. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5) mRNA decrease was correlated with myoblast markers (Pax7 r = 0.632, p = 0.027; MyoD r = 0.999, p = 0.001; myogenin r = 1.000, p = 0.001) in DM group. DM + MICT significantly increased gene expression of MyoD, myogenin, and FNDC5 compared to DM and DM + HIIT. The results also showed that the intensity and duration of exercise on the treadmill were effective in stimulating irisin and myogenic markers after DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Shirvani
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahin Riyahi Malayeri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rostamkhani
- Department of Biology, College of Basic Sciences, Yadegar-e-Imam Khomeini (RAH) Shahre Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Mediatory role for irisin/BDNF signaling in the protective effects of combined MSROM and aerobic training against metabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-00994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Antioxidant Effects of Irisin in Liver Diseases: Mechanistic Insights. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3563518. [PMID: 35035659 PMCID: PMC8759828 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3563518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a crucial factor in the development of various liver diseases. Irisin, a metabolic hormone discovered in 2012, is mainly produced by proteolytic cleavage of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) in skeletal muscles. Irisin is induced by physical exercise, and a rapidly growing body of literature suggests that irisin is, at least partially, responsible for the beneficial effects of regular exercise. The major biological function of irisin is believed to be involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. However, recent studies have suggested the therapeutic potential of irisin against a variety of liver diseases involving its antioxidative function. In this review, we aim to summarize the accumulating evidence demonstrating the antioxidative effects of irisin in liver diseases, with an emphasis on the current understanding of the potential molecular mechanisms.
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Renzini A, D’Onghia M, Coletti D, Moresi V. Histone Deacetylases as Modulators of the Crosstalk Between Skeletal Muscle and Other Organs. Front Physiol 2022; 13:706003. [PMID: 35250605 PMCID: PMC8895239 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.706003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a major role in controlling body mass and metabolism: it is the most abundant tissue of the body and a major source of humoral factors; in addition, it is primarily responsible for glucose uptake and storage, as well as for protein metabolism. Muscle acts as a metabolic hub, in a crosstalk with other organs and tissues, such as the liver, the brain, and fat tissue. Cytokines, adipokines, and myokines are pivotal mediators of such crosstalk. Many of these circulating factors modulate histone deacetylase (HDAC) expression and/or activity. HDACs form a numerous family of enzymes, divided into four classes based on their homology to their orthologs in yeast. Eleven family members are considered classic HDACs, with a highly conserved deacetylase domain, and fall into Classes I, II, and IV, while class III members are named Sirtuins and are structurally and mechanistically distinct from the members of the other classes. HDACs are key regulators of skeletal muscle metabolism, both in physiological conditions and following metabolic stress, participating in the highly dynamic adaptative responses of the muscle to external stimuli. In turn, HDAC expression and activity are closely regulated by the metabolic demands of the skeletal muscle. For instance, NAD+ levels link Class III (Sirtuin) enzymatic activity to the energy status of the cell, and starvation or exercise affect Class II HDAC stability and intracellular localization. SUMOylation or phosphorylation of Class II HDACs are modulated by circulating factors, thus establishing a bidirectional link between HDAC activity and endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine factors. Indeed, besides being targets of adipo-myokines, HDACs affect the synthesis of myokines by skeletal muscle, altering the composition of the humoral milieu and ultimately contributing to the muscle functioning as an endocrine organ. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the interplay between HDACs and circulating factors, in relation to skeletal muscle metabolism and its adaptative response to energy demand. We believe that enhancing knowledge on the specific functions of HDACs may have clinical implications leading to the use of improved HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of metabolic syndromes or aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Renzini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco D’Onghia
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Coletti
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Dario Coletti,
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Nanotechnology (Nanotec), National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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Verma AK, Aladel A, Dabeer S, Ahmad I, Khan MI, Almutairi MG, Al-Harbi AI, Beg MMA. Clinical Importance of FNDC-5 and Selectin-E mRNA Expression Among Type 2 Diabetics with and without Obesity. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1011-1021. [PMID: 35401010 PMCID: PMC8986209 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s352483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing illnesses associated with metabolic dysregulation such as obesity affecting a large population become leading causes of death worldwide. Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC-5) and selectin-E were suggested to have effects on metabolism and diabetes, therefore present study aimed to evaluate the clinical importance of FNDC-5 and selectin-E among the T2DM patients with and without obesity. METHODS Study included cohort of 200 T2DM patients with and without obesity. We evaluated FNDC-5, selectin-E mRNA expression as well as vitamin-D, and vitamin-B12 levels in among the T2DM patients with and without obesity. RESULTS Study observed significant difference in biochemical parameters included in study. T2DM patients with obesity had significantly higher fasting blood glucose levels (p<0.0001) and HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) (p<0.0001) compared to those T2DM patients without obesity. T2DM patients with obesity also had higher systolic blood pressure (p=0.001), LDL (low density lipoprotein) (p=0.02), TG (triglycerides) (p=0.02) and cholesterol (p=0.01) compared to T2DM patients without obesity. The mRNA expression of FNDC-5 (p<0.0001) was lower in T2DM patients with obesity compared to T2DM patients without obesity. It was observed that the T2DM patients with vitamin-D deficiency had significantly lower FNDC-5 mRNA expression (p=0.03) when compared with those with sufficient vitamin-D level. T2DM patients with clinically normal vitamin-B12 level expressed 0.60 fold FNDC-5 mRNA expression while B12 deficient T2DM patients had 0.28 fold FNDC-5 mRNA expression (p=0.005). No as such significant association was was observed with selectin-E. A negative correlation of FNDC-5 mRNA expression with Post prandial glucose (mg/dl) (p=0.04) and TG (mg/dl) (p=0.02) was observed. CONCLUSION FNDC-5 down regulation was observed with T2DM with obesity, vitamin-D and vitamin-B12 deficiency suggesting obesity, vitamin-D and vitamin-B12 deficiency could be the factor for FNDC-5 down-regulation leading to worseness or progression of disease. We suggest that FNDC-5 down-regulation could be used as an indicator for T2DM worseness and development of other associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, India
| | - Alanoud Aladel
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadaf Dabeer
- Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Idreesh Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Health Sciences in Arras, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malak Ghazi Almutairi
- Department of nutrition, Almethnab General Hospital, Qassim Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al Mithnab, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhanouf I Al-Harbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mirza Masroor Ali Beg
- Faculty of Medicine, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Centre for Promotion of Medical Research, Ala-Too International University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
- Correspondence: Mirza Masroor Ali Beg, Email
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Liu S, Cui F, Ning K, Wang Z, Fu P, Wang D, Xu H. Role of irisin in physiology and pathology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:962968. [PMID: 36225200 PMCID: PMC9549367 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.962968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Irisin, out-membrane part of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 protein (FNDC5), was activated by Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) during physical exercise in skeletal muscle tissues. Most studies have reported that the concentration of irisin is highly associated with health status. For instance, the level of irisin is significantly lower in patients with obesity, osteoporosis/fractures, muscle atrophy, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) but higher in patients with cancer. Irisin can bind to its receptor integrin αV/β5 to induce browning of white fat, maintain glucose stability, keep bone homeostasis, and alleviate cardiac injury. However, it is unclear whether it works by directly binding to its receptors to regulate muscle regeneration, promote neurogenesis, keep liver glucose homeostasis, and inhibit cancer development. Supplementation of recombinant irisin or exercise-activated irisin might be a successful strategy to fight obesity, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, liver injury, and CVDs in one go. Here, we summarize the publications of FNDC5/irisin from PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science until March 2022, and we review the role of FNDC5/irisin in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fengqi Cui
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Kaiting Ning
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Xi’an International Medical Center Hospital Affiliated to Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Pengyu Fu
- Department of Physical Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dongen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Huiyun Xu, ; Dongen Wang,
| | - Huiyun Xu
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Research Center of Special Environmental Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Huiyun Xu, ; Dongen Wang,
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Zhu W, Sahar NE, Javaid HMA, Pak ES, Liang G, Wang Y, Ha H, Huh JY. Exercise-Induced Irisin Decreases Inflammation and Improves NAFLD by Competitive Binding with MD2. Cells 2021; 10:3306. [PMID: 34943814 PMCID: PMC8699279 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global clinical problem. The MD2-TLR4 pathway exacerbates NAFLD progression by promoting inflammation. Long-term exercise is considered to improve NAFLD but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, we examined the protective effect and molecular mechanism of exercise on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced liver injury. In an HFD-induced NAFLD mouse model, exercise training significantly decreased hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Interestingly, exercise training blocked the binding of MD2-TLR4 and decreased the downstream inflammatory response. Irisin is a myokine that is highly expressed in response to exercise and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. We found that circulating irisin levels and muscle irisin expression were significantly increased in exercised mice, suggesting that irisin could mediate the effect of exercise on NAFLD. In vitro studies showed that irisin improved lipid metabolism, fibrosis, and inflammation in palmitic acid (PA)-stimulated AML12 cells. Moreover, binding assay results showed that irisin disturbed MD2-TLR4 complex formation by directly binding with MD2 but not TLR4, and interfered with the recognition of stimuli such as PA and lipopolysaccharide with MD2. Our study provides novel evidence that exercise-induced irisin inhibits inflammation via competitive binding with MD2 to improve NAFLD. Thus, irisin could be considered a potential therapy for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.Z.); (N.E.S.); (H.M.A.J.)
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (G.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Namood E Sahar
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.Z.); (N.E.S.); (H.M.A.J.)
| | | | - Eun Seon Pak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (E.S.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (G.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China; (G.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hunjoo Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea; (E.S.P.); (H.H.)
| | - Joo Young Huh
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (W.Z.); (N.E.S.); (H.M.A.J.)
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Liu C, Zhou X, Pan Y, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Pyruvate carboxylase promotes thyroid cancer aggressiveness through fatty acid synthesis. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:722. [PMID: 34158007 PMCID: PMC8220755 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyruvate carboxylase (PC) is an important anaplerotic enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in cancer cells. Although PC overexpression has been observed in thyroid cancer (TC), the mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic effects of PC are still unclear. Methods Bioinformatics analysis and clinical specimens were used to analyze the relationship of PC expression with clinicopathological variables in TC. Fatty acid synthesis was monitored by LC/MS, Nile red staining, and triglyceride analysis. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated by the Seahorse XF Mito Cell Stress Test. The correlation of PC with FASN and SREBP1c was assessed by qRT-PCR and IHC in 38 human TC tissues. Western blotting was used to evaluate the protein expression of PC, FASN, and SREBP1c and members of the AKT/mTOR and EMT pathways in TC cell lines. Wound-healing, CCK-8, and Transwell assays and a nude mouse xenograft model were used to verify the regulatory effects of PC and SREBP1c on thyroid tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Results We demonstrated that PC increased fatty acid synthesis, which then promoted TC progression and metastasis. Analysis of GEO data showed that the overexpression of PC in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) was associated with PTC invasion and the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Analysis of clinical tissue specimens from PTC patients revealed that PC was more highly expressed in specimens from PTC patients with lymph node metastasis than in those from patients without metastasis. Multiple genes in the fatty acid synthesis signaling pathway, including FASN and SREBP1c, were downregulated in PC-knockdown TC cells compared to control cells. Lipid levels were also decreased in the PC-knockdown TC cells. Moreover, the ability of cells to grow, invade, and metastasize was also suppressed upon PC knockdown, suggesting that PC-mediated lipogenesis activation increases the aggressiveness of TC cells. In addition, PC was found to activate the AKT/mTOR pathway, thus improving FASN-mediated de novo lipogenesis in TC cells by upregulating SREBP1c expression. Studies in a nude mouse xenograft model showed that PC knockdown decreased tumor weight, but this effect was attenuated by forced expression of SREBP1c. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that PC is strongly involved in the tumor aggressiveness of TC via its stimulation of fatty acid synthesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08499-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 197, Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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