1
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Spencer-Smith R, Morrison DK. Regulation of RAF family kinases: new insights from recent structural and biochemical studies. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1061-1069. [PMID: 38695730 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The RAF kinases are required for signal transduction through the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway, and their activity is frequently up-regulated in human cancer and the RASopathy developmental syndromes. Due to their complex activation process, developing drugs that effectively target RAF function has been a challenging endeavor, highlighting the need for a more detailed understanding of RAF regulation. This review will focus on recent structural and biochemical studies that have provided 'snapshots' into the RAF regulatory cycle, revealing structures of the autoinhibited BRAF monomer, active BRAF and CRAF homodimers, as well as HSP90/CDC37 chaperone complexes containing CRAF or BRAFV600E. In addition, we will describe the insights obtained regarding how BRAF transitions between its regulatory states and examine the roles that various BRAF domains and 14-3-3 dimers play in both maintaining BRAF as an autoinhibited monomer and in facilitating its transition to an active dimer. We will also address the function of the HSP90/CDC37 chaperone complex in stabilizing the protein levels of CRAF and certain oncogenic BRAF mutants, and in serving as a platform for RAF dephosphorylation mediated by the PP5 protein phosphatase. Finally, we will discuss the regulatory differences observed between BRAF and CRAF and how these differences impact the function of BRAF and CRAF as drivers of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Spencer-Smith
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, U.S.A
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2
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. RAS and SHOC2 Roles in RAF Activation and Therapeutic Considerations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2024; 8:97-113. [PMID: 38882927 PMCID: PMC11178279 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-062822-030450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in RAS proteins play a pivotal role in the development of human cancers, driving persistent RAF activation and deregulating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. While progress has been made in targeting specific oncogenic RAS proteins, effective drug-based therapies for the majority of RAS mutations remain limited. Recent investigations on RAS-RAF complexes and the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C holoenzyme complex have provided crucial insights into the structural and functional aspects of RAF activation within the MAPK signaling pathway. Moreover, these studies have also unveiled new blueprints for developing inhibitors allowing us to think beyond the current RAS and MEK inhibitors. In this review, we explore the roles of RAS and SHOC2 in activating RAF and discuss potential therapeutic strategies to target these proteins. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular interactions involved in RAF activation and their therapeutic implications holds the potential to drive innovative approaches in combating RAS/RAF-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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3
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Liu NF, Enomoto M, Marshall CB, Ikura M. Reconstitution and characterization of BRAF in complex with 14-3-3 and KRAS4B on nanodiscs. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e5016. [PMID: 38747381 PMCID: PMC11094772 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
RAF kinases are key components of the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, which drives cell growth and is frequently overactivated in cancer. Upstream signaling activates the small GTPase RAS, which recruits RAF to the cell membrane, driving a transition of the latter from an auto-inhibited monomeric conformation to an active dimer. Despite recent progress, mechanistic details underlying RAF activation remain unclear, particularly the role of RAS and the membrane in mediating this conformational rearrangement of RAF together with 14-3-3 to permit RAF kinase domain dimerization. Here, we reconstituted an active complex of dimeric BRAF, a 14-3-3 dimer and two KRAS4B on a nanodisc bilayer and verified that its assembly is GTP-dependent. Biolayer interferometry (BLI) was used to compare the binding affinities of monomeric versus dimeric full-length BRAF:14-3-3 complexes for KRAS4B-conjugated nanodiscs (RAS-ND) and to investigate the effects of membrane lipid composition and spatial density of KRAS4B on binding. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine (DOPS) and higher KRAS4B density enhanced the interaction of BRAF:14-3-3 with RAS-ND to different degrees depending on BRAF oligomeric state. We utilized our reconstituted system to dissect the effects of KRAS4B and the membrane on the kinase activity of monomeric and dimeric BRAF:14-3-3 complexes, finding that KRAS4B or nanodiscs alone were insufficient to stimulate activity, whereas RAS-ND increased activity of both states of BRAF. The reconstituted assembly of full-length BRAF with 14-3-3 and KRAS on a cell-free, defined lipid bilayer offers a more holistic biophysical perspective to probe regulation of this multimeric signaling complex at the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningdi F. Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Masahiro Enomoto
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer CentreUniversity Health NetworkTorontoOntarioCanada
- Department of Medical BiophysicsUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
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4
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Dedden D, Nitsche J, Schneider EV, Thomsen M, Schwarz D, Leuthner B, Grädler U. Cryo-EM Structures of CRAF 2/14-3-3 2 and CRAF 2/14-3-3 2/MEK1 2 Complexes. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168483. [PMID: 38331211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
RAF protein kinases are essential effectors in the MAPK pathway and are important cancer drug targets. Structural understanding of RAF activation is so far based on cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and X-ray structures of BRAF in different conformational states as inactive or active complexes with KRAS, 14-3-3 and MEK1. In this study, we have solved the first cryo-EM structures of CRAF2/14-3-32 at 3.4 Å resolution and CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 at 4.2 Å resolution using CRAF kinase domain expressed as constitutively active Y340D/Y341D mutant in insect cells. The overall architecture of our CRAF2/14-3-32 and CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 cryo-EM structures is highly similar to corresponding BRAF structures in complex with 14-3-3 or 14-3-3/MEK1 and represent the activated dimeric RAF conformation. Our CRAF cryo-EM structures provide additional insights into structural understanding of the activated CRAF2/14-3-32/MEK12 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dedden
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julius Nitsche
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Maren Thomsen
- Proteros biostructures GmbH, Bunsenstraße 7a, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Schwarz
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Birgitta Leuthner
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Grädler
- The Healthcare Business of Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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5
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Lee KY. Membrane-Driven Dimerization of the Peripheral Membrane Protein KRAS: Implications for Downstream Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2530. [PMID: 38473778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient homo-dimerization of the RAS GTPase at the plasma membrane has been shown to promote the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway essential for cell proliferation and oncogenesis. To date, numerous crystallographic studies have focused on the well-defined GTPase domains of RAS isoforms, which lack the disordered C-terminal membrane anchor, thus providing limited structural insight into membrane-bound RAS molecules. Recently, lipid-bilayer nanodisc platforms and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement (PRE) analyses have revealed several distinct structures of the membrane-anchored homodimers of KRAS, an isoform that is most frequently mutated in human cancers. The KRAS dimerization interface is highly plastic and altered by biologically relevant conditions, including oncogenic mutations, the nucleotide states of the protein, and the lipid composition. Notably, PRE-derived structures of KRAS homodimers on the membrane substantially differ in terms of the relative orientation of the protomers at an "α-α" dimer interface comprising two α4-α5 regions. This interface plasticity along with the altered orientations of KRAS on the membrane impact the accessibility of KRAS to downstream effectors and regulatory proteins. Further, nanodisc platforms used to drive KRAS dimerization can be used to screen potential anticancer drugs that target membrane-bound RAS dimers and probe their structural mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CHA University, Pocheon-si 11160, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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6
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Whitley MJ, Tran TH, Rigby M, Yi M, Dharmaiah S, Waybright TJ, Ramakrishnan N, Perkins S, Taylor T, Messing S, Esposito D, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Stephen AG, Turbyville T, Cornilescu G, Simanshu DK. Comparative analysis of KRAS4a and KRAS4b splice variants reveals distinctive structural and functional properties. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj4137. [PMID: 38354232 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
KRAS, the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, produces two isoforms, KRAS4a and KRAS4b, through alternative splicing. These isoforms differ in exon 4, which encodes the final 15 residues of the G-domain and hypervariable regions (HVRs), vital for trafficking and membrane localization. While KRAS4b has been extensively studied, KRAS4a has been largely overlooked. Our multidisciplinary study compared the structural and functional characteristics of KRAS4a and KRAS4b, revealing distinct structural properties and thermal stability. Position 151 influences KRAS4a's thermal stability, while position 153 affects binding to RAF1 CRD protein. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis identified localized structural differences near sequence variations and provided a solution-state conformational ensemble. Notably, KRAS4a exhibits substantial transcript abundance in bile ducts, liver, and stomach, with transcript levels approaching KRAS4b in the colon and rectum. Functional disparities were observed in full-length KRAS variants, highlighting the impact of HVR variations on interaction with trafficking proteins and downstream effectors like RAF and PI3K within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Whitley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Timothy H Tran
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Megan Rigby
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ming Yi
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Srisathiyanarayanan Dharmaiah
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Timothy J Waybright
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nitya Ramakrishnan
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Shelley Perkins
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Troy Taylor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Simon Messing
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, 1450 3rd Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Turbyville
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel Cornilescu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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7
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Khan A, Bealy MA, Alharbi B, Khan S, Alharethi SH, Al-Soud WA, Mohammad T, Hassan MI, Alshammari N, Ahmed Al-Keridis L. Discovering potential inhibitors of Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase 1: a virtual screening approach towards anticancer drug development. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1846-1857. [PMID: 37104027 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2204380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Raf proto-oncogene serine/threonine kinase 1 (RAF1 or c-Raf) is a serine/threonine protein kinase crucial in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Any disruption or overexpression of RAF1 can result in neoplastic transformation and other disorders such as cardiomyopathy, Noonan syndrome, leopard syndrome, etc. RAF1 has been identified as a potential therapeutic target in drug development against various complex diseases, including cancer, due to its remarkable role in disease progression. Here, we carried out a multitier virtual screening study involving different in-silico approaches to discover potential inhibitors of RAF1. After applying the Lipinski rule of five, we retrieved all phytocompounds from the IMPPAT database based on their physicochemical properties. We performed a molecular docking-based virtual screening and got top hits with the best binding affinity and ligand efficiency. Then we screened out the selected hits using the PAINS filter, ADMET properties, and other druglike features. Eventually, PASS evaluation identifies two phytocompounds, Moracin C and Tectochrysin, with appreciable anti-cancerous properties. Finally, all-atom molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) followed by interaction analysis was performed on the elucidated compounds in complex with RAF1 for 200 ns to investigate their time-evolution dynamics and interaction mechanism. Molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) and Dynamical Cross-Correlation Matrix (DCCM) analyses then followed these results from the simulated trajectories. According to the results, the elucidated compounds stabilize the RAF1 structure and lead to fewer conformational alterations. The results of the current study indicated that Moracin C and Tectochrysin could serve as potential inhibitors of RAF1 after required validation.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsha Khan
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Bealy
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alharbi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shama Khan
- Faculty of Health Science, South Africa Medical Research Council, Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Salem Hussain Alharethi
- Department of Biological Science, College of Arts and Science, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Abu Al-Soud
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Nawaf Alshammari
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamya Ahmed Al-Keridis
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Trebino TE, Markusic B, Nan H, Banerjee S, Wang Z. Unveiling the domain-specific and RAS isoform-specific details of BRAF kinase regulation. eLife 2023; 12:RP88836. [PMID: 38150000 PMCID: PMC10752582 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BRAF is a key member in the MAPK signaling pathway essential for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Mutant BRAF is often the underlying cause of various types of cancer and mutant RAS, the upstream regulator of BRAF, is a driver of up to one-third of all cancers. BRAF interacts with RAS and undergoes a conformational change from an inactive, autoinhibited monomer to an active dimer, which propagates downstream signaling. Because of BRAF's complex regulation mechanism, the exact order and magnitude of its activation steps have yet to be confirmed experimentally. By studying the inter- and intramolecular interactions of BRAF, we unveil the domain-specific and isoform-specific details of BRAF regulation through pulldown assays, open surface plasmon resonance (OpenSPR), and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). We demonstrate that the BRAF specific region (BSR) and cysteine rich domain (CRD) play a crucial role in regulating the activation of BRAF in a RAS isoform-specific manner. Moreover, we quantified the binding affinities between BRAF N-terminal and kinase domains (KD) to reveal their individual roles in autoinhibition. Our findings also indicate that oncogenic BRAF-KDD594G mutant has a lower affinity for the N-terminal domains, implicating that pathogenic BRAF acts through decreased propensity for autoinhibition. Collectively, our study provides valuable insight into the activation mechanism of BRAF kinase to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Borna Markusic
- Rowan UniversityGlassboroUnited States
- Max Planck Institute of BiophysicsFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Haihan Nan
- Rowan UniversityGlassboroUnited States
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouChina
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9
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Lui K, Huang Y, Sheikh MS, Cheung KK, Tam WY, Sun KT, Cheng KM, Ng WWM, Loh AWK. The oncogenic potential of Rab-like protein 1A (RBEL1A) GTPase: The first review of RBEL1A research with future research directions and challenges. J Cancer 2023; 14:3214-3226. [PMID: 37928422 PMCID: PMC10622986 DOI: 10.7150/jca.84267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on Rab-like protein 1A (RBEL1A) in the past two decades highlighted the oncogenic properties of this gene. Despite the emerging evidence, its importance in cancer biology was underrated. This is the first RBEL1A critical review covering its discovery, biochemistry, physiological functions, and clinical insights. RBEL1A expression at the appropriate levels appears essential in normal cells and tissues to maintain chromosomal stability; however, its overexpression is linked to tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the upstream and downstream targets of the RBEL1A signaling pathways will be discussed. Mechanistically, RBEL1A promotes cell proliferation signals by enhancing the Erk1/2, Akt, c-Myc, and CDK pathways while blunting the apoptotic signals via inhibitions on p53, Rb, and caspase pathways. More importantly, this review covers the clinical relevance of RBEL1A in the cancer field, such as drug resistance and poor overall survival rate. Also, this review points out the bottle-necks of the RBEL1A research and its future research directions. It is becoming clear that RBEL1A could potentially serve as a valuable target of anticancer therapy. Genetic and pharmacological researches are expected to facilitate the identification and development of RBEL1A inhibitors as cancer therapeutics in the future, which could undoubtedly improve the management of human malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Lui
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, Hong Kong Metropolitan University, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - M. Saeed Sheikh
- Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Kwok-Kuen Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Yip Tam
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Keng-Ting Sun
- Division of Medical Sciences & Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ka Ming Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | | | - Anthony Wai-Keung Loh
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Studies (SEHS), College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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10
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Bonsor DA, Simanshu DK. Structural insights into the role of SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex in RAF activation. FEBS J 2023; 290:4852-4863. [PMID: 37074066 PMCID: PMC10584989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
RAF activation is a key step for signalling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The SHOC2 protein, along with MRAS and PP1C, forms a high affinity, heterotrimeric holoenzyme that activates RAF kinases by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine. Recently, our research, along with that of three other teams, has uncovered valuable structural and functional insights into the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) holoenzyme complex. In this structural snapshot, we review SMP complex assembly, the dependency on the bound-nucleotide state of MRAS, the substitution of MRAS by the canonical RAS proteins and the roles of SHOC2 and MRAS on PP1C activity and specificity. Furthermore, we discuss the effect of several RASopathy mutations identified within the SMP complex and explore potential therapeutic approaches for targeting the SMP complex in RAS/RAF-driven cancers and RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
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11
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Trebino T, Markusic B, Nan H, Banerjee S, Wang Z. Unveiling the Domain-Specific and RAS Isoform-Specific Details of BRAF Regulation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538112. [PMID: 37163002 PMCID: PMC10168249 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BRAF is a key member in the MAPK signaling pathway essential for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Dysregulation or mutation of BRAF is often the underlying cause of various types of cancer. RAS, a small GTPase protein that acts upstream of BRAF, has been identified as a driver of up to one-third of all cancers. When BRAF interacts with RAS via the RAS binding domain (RBD) and membrane recruitment, BRAF undergoes a conformational change from an inactive, autoinhibited monomer to an active dimer and subsequently phosphorylates MEK to propagate the signal. Despite the central role of BRAF in cellular signaling, the exact order and magnitude of its activation steps has yet to be confirmed experimentally. By studying the inter- and intramolecular interactions of BRAF, we unveil the domain-specific and isoform-specific details of BRAF regulation. We employed pulldown assays, open surface plasmon resonance (OpenSPR), and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate the roles of the regulatory regions in BRAF activation and autoinhibition. Our results demonstrate that the BRAF specific region (BSR) and cysteine rich domain (CRD) play a crucial role in regulating the activity of BRAF. Moreover, we quantified the autoinhibitory binding affinities between the N-terminal domains and the kinase domain (KD) of BRAF and revealed the individual roles of the BRAF regulatory domains. Additionally, our findings provide evidence that the BSR negatively regulates BRAF activation in a RAS isoform-specific manner. Our findings also indicate that oncogenic BRAF-KDD594G mutant has a lower affinity for the regulatory domains, implicating that pathogenic BRAF acts through decreased propensity for autoinhibition. Collectively, our study provides valuable insights into the activation mechanism of BRAF kinase and may help to guide the development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah Trebino
- Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Borna Markusic
- Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Straße 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Haihan Nan
- Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shrhea Banerjee
- Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Rowan University, 201 Mullica Hill Rd, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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12
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Chen PY, Huang BJ, Harris M, Boone C, Wang W, Carias H, Mesiona B, Mavrici D, Kohler AC, Bollag G, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Shannon K. Structural and functional analyses of a germline KRAS T50I mutation provide insights into Raf activation. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e168445. [PMID: 37681415 PMCID: PMC10544224 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.168445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A T50I substitution in the K-Ras interswitch domain causes Noonan syndrome and emerged as a third-site mutation that restored the in vivo transforming activity and constitutive MAPK pathway activation by an attenuated KrasG12D,E37G oncogene in a mouse leukemia model. Biochemical and crystallographic data suggested that K-RasT50I increases MAPK signal output through a non-GTPase mechanism, potentially by promoting asymmetric Ras:Ras interactions between T50 and E162. We generated a "switchable" system in which K-Ras mutant proteins expressed at physiologic levels supplant the fms like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) dependency of MOLM-13 leukemia cells lacking endogenous KRAS and used this system to interrogate single or compound G12D, T50I, D154Q, and E162L mutations. These studies support a key role for the asymmetric lateral assembly of K-Ras in a plasma membrane-distal orientation that promotes the formation of active Ras:Raf complexes in a membrane-proximal conformation. Disease-causing mutations such as T50I are a valuable starting point for illuminating normal Ras function, elucidating mechanisms of disease, and identifying potential therapeutic opportunities for Rasopathy disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Yu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Max Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Weijie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Heidi Carias
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian Mesiona
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Gideon Bollag
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Plexxikon Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kevin Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Smith MJ. Defining bone fide effectors of RAS GTPases. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300088. [PMID: 37401638 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
RAS GTPases play essential roles in normal development and are direct drivers of human cancers. Three decades of study have failed to wholly characterize pathways stimulated by activated RAS, driven by engagement with 'effector' proteins that have RAS binding domains (RBDs). Bone fide effectors must bind directly to RAS GTPases in a nucleotide-dependent manner, and this interaction must impart a clear change in effector activity. Despite this, for most proteins currently deemed effectors there is little mechanistic understanding of how binding to the GTPase alters protein function. There has also been limited effort to comprehensively resolve the specificity of effector binding to the full array of RAS superfamily GTPase proteins. This review will summarize what is known about RAS-driven activation for an array of potential effector proteins, focusing on structural and mechanistic effects and highlighting how little is still known regarding this key paradigm of cellular signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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14
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Townley R, Deniaud A, Stacy KS, Torres CSR, Cheraghi F, Wicker NB, de la Cova CC. The E3/E4 ubiquitin ligase UFD-2 suppresses normal and oncogenic signaling mediated by a Raf ortholog in Caenorhabditis elegans. Sci Signal 2023; 16:eabq4355. [PMID: 37643243 PMCID: PMC10656100 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abq4355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Signaling by the kinase cascade composed of Raf, MEK, and ERK is critical for animal development and is often inappropriately activated in human malignancies. We sought to identify factors that control signaling mediated by the Caenorhabditis elegans Raf ortholog LIN-45. A genetic screen showed that the degradation of LIN-45 required the E3/E4 ubiquitin ligase UFD-2. Both UFD-2 and its partner, the ATP-dependent segregase CDC-48, were required for the developmental regulation of LIN-45 protein abundance. We showed that UFD-2 acted in the same pathway as the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCFSEL-10 to decrease LIN-45 abundance in cells in which Raf-MEK-ERK signaling was most highly active. UFD-2 also reduced the protein abundance of activated LIN-45 carrying a mutation equivalent to the cancer-associated BRAF(V600E) variant. Our structure-function studies showed that the disruption of LIN-45 domains that mediate protein-protein interactions, including the conserved cysteine-rich domain and 14-3-3 binding motifs, were required for UFD-2-independent degradation of LIN-45. We propose a model in which UFD-2 and CDC-48 act downstream of SCFSEL-10 to remove LIN-45 from its protein interaction partners and facilitate proteasomal targeting and degradation. These findings imply that UFD-2 and CDC-48 may be important for Raf degradation during normal and oncogenic Ras and MAPK signaling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Townley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | - Augustin Deniaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | - Kennedy S. Stacy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | | | - Fatemeh Cheraghi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | - Nicole B. Wicker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
| | - Claire C. de la Cova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee; Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201 USA
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15
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Park E, Rawson S, Schmoker A, Kim BW, Oh S, Song K, Jeon H, Eck MJ. Cryo-EM structure of a RAS/RAF recruitment complex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4580. [PMID: 37516774 PMCID: PMC10387098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-family kinases are activated by recruitment to the plasma membrane by GTP-bound RAS, whereupon they initiate signaling through the MAP kinase cascade. Prior structural studies of KRAS with RAF have focused on the isolated RAS-binding and cysteine-rich domains of RAF (RBD and CRD, respectively), which interact directly with RAS. Here we describe cryo-EM structures of a KRAS bound to intact BRAF in an autoinhibited state with MEK1 and a 14-3-3 dimer. Analysis of this KRAS/BRAF/MEK1/14-3-3 complex reveals KRAS bound to the RAS-binding domain of BRAF, captured in two orientations. Core autoinhibitory interactions in the complex are unperturbed by binding of KRAS and in vitro activation studies confirm that KRAS binding is insufficient to activate BRAF, absent membrane recruitment. These structures illustrate the separability of binding and activation of BRAF by RAS and suggest stabilization of this pre-activation intermediate as an alternative therapeutic strategy to blocking binding of KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunyoung Park
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Pfizer R&D Center, 3200 Walnut St, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anna Schmoker
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Byeong-Won Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Oh
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kangkang Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation St, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Hyesung Jeon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael J Eck
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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16
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Simanshu DK, Philips MR, Hancock JF. Consensus on the RAS dimerization hypothesis: Strong evidence for lipid-mediated clustering but not for G-domain-mediated interactions. Mol Cell 2023; 83:1210-1215. [PMID: 36990093 PMCID: PMC10150945 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the open questions in RAS biology is the existence of RAS dimers and their role in RAF dimerization and activation. The idea of RAS dimers arose from the discovery that RAF kinases function as obligate dimers, which generated the hypothesis that RAF dimer formation might be nucleated by G-domain-mediated RAS dimerization. Here, we review the evidence for RAS dimerization and describe a recent discussion among RAS researchers that led to a consensus that the clustering of two or more RAS proteins is not due to the stable association of G-domains but, instead, is a consequence of RAS C-terminal membrane anchors and the membrane phospholipids with which they interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - John F Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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17
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Dynamic regulation of RAS and RAS signaling. Biochem J 2023; 480:1-23. [PMID: 36607281 PMCID: PMC9988006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins regulate most aspects of cellular physiology. They are mutated in 30% of human cancers and 4% of developmental disorders termed Rasopathies. They cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. When active, they can interact with a wide range of effectors that control fundamental biochemical and biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that RAS proteins are not simple on/off switches but sophisticated information processing devices that compute cell fate decisions by integrating external and internal cues. A critical component of this compute function is the dynamic regulation of RAS activation and downstream signaling that allows RAS to produce a rich and nuanced spectrum of biological outputs. We discuss recent findings how the dynamics of RAS and its downstream signaling is regulated. Starting from the structural and biochemical properties of wild-type and mutant RAS proteins and their activation cycle, we examine higher molecular assemblies, effector interactions and downstream signaling outputs, all under the aspect of dynamic regulation. We also consider how computational and mathematical modeling approaches contribute to analyze and understand the pleiotropic functions of RAS in health and disease.
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18
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Melo MCR, Gomes DEB, Bernardi RC. Molecular Origins of Force-Dependent Protein Complex Stabilization during Bacterial Infections. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:70-77. [PMID: 36455202 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The unbinding pathway of a protein complex can vary significantly depending on biochemical and mechanical factors. Under mechanical stress, a complex may dissociate through a mechanism different from that used in simple thermal dissociation, leading to different dissociation rates under shear force and thermal dissociation. This is a well-known phenomenon studied in biomechanics whose molecular and atomic details are still elusive. A particularly interesting case is the complex formed by bacterial adhesins with their human peptide target. These protein interactions have a force resilience equivalent to those of covalent bonds, an order of magnitude stronger than the widely used streptavidin:biotin complex, while having an ordinary affinity, much lower than that of streptavidin:biotin. Here, in an in silico single-molecule force spectroscopy approach, we use molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the dissociation mechanism of adhesin/peptide complexes. We show how the Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesin SdrG uses a catch-bond mechanism to increase complex stability with increasing mechanical stress. While allowing for thermal dissociation in a low-force regime, an entirely different mechanical dissociation path emerges in a high-force regime, revealing an intricate mechanism that does not depend on the peptide's amino acid sequence. Using a dynamic network analysis approach, we identified key amino acid contacts that describe the mechanics of this complex, revealing differences in dynamics that hinder thermal dissociation and establish the mechanical dissociation path. We then validate the information content of the selected amino acid contacts using their dynamics to successfully predict the rupture forces for this complex through a machine learning model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo C R Melo
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Diego E B Gomes
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Rafael C Bernardi
- Department of Physics, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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19
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Ngo VA, Garcia AE. Millisecond molecular dynamics simulations of KRas-dimer formation and interfaces. Biophys J 2022; 121:3730-3744. [PMID: 35462078 PMCID: PMC9617078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras dimers have been proposed as building blocks for initiating the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cellular signaling pathway. To better examine the structure of possible dimer interfaces, the dynamics of Ras dimerization, and its potential signaling consequences, we performed molecular dynamics simulations totaling 1 ms of sampling, using an all-atom model of two full-length, farnesylated, guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound, wild-type KRas4b proteins diffusing on 29%POPS (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine)-mixed POPC (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) membranes. Our simulations unveil an ensemble of thermodynamically weak KRas dimers spanning multiple conformations. The most stable conformations, having the largest interface areas, involve helix α2 and a hypervariable region (HVR). Among the dimer conformations, we found that the HVR of each KRas has frequent interactions with various parts of the dimer, thus potentially mediating the dimerization. Some dimer configurations have one KRas G-domain elevated above the lipid bilayer surface by residing on top of the other G-domain, thus likely contributing to the recruitment of cytosolic Raf kinases in the context of a stably formed multi-protein complex. We identified a variant of the α4-α5 KRas-dimer interface that is similar to the interfaces obtained with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) data of HRas on lipid bilayers. Interestingly, we found two arginine fingers, R68 and R149, that directly interact with the beta-phosphate of the GTP bound in KRas, in a manner similar to what is observed in a crystal structure of GAP-HRas complex, which can facilitate the GTP hydrolysis via the arginine finger of GTPase-activating protein (GAP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Ngo
- Advanced Computing for Life Sciences and Engineering Group, Science Engagement Section, National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Lab, Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Angel E Garcia
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
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20
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Nguyen K, López CA, Neale C, Van QN, Carpenter TS, Di Natale F, Travers T, Tran TH, Chan AH, Bhatia H, Frank PH, Tonelli M, Zhang X, Gulten G, Reddy T, Burns V, Oppelstrup T, Hengartner N, Simanshu DK, Bremer PT, Chen D, Glosli JN, Shrestha R, Turbyville T, Streitz FH, Nissley DV, Ingólfsson HI, Stephen AG, Lightstone FC, Gnanakaran S. Exploring CRD mobility during RAS/RAF engagement at the membrane. Biophys J 2022; 121:3630-3650. [PMID: 35778842 PMCID: PMC9617161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, the RAS-binding domain (RBD) and cysteine-rich domain (CRD) of RAF bind to active RAS at the plasma membrane. The orientation of RAS at the membrane may be critical for formation of the RAS-RBDCRD complex and subsequent signaling. To explore how RAS membrane orientation relates to the protein dynamics within the RAS-RBDCRD complex, we perform multiscale coarse-grained and all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of KRAS4b bound to the RBD and CRD domains of RAF-1, both in solution and anchored to a model plasma membrane. Solution MD simulations describe dynamic KRAS4b-CRD conformations, suggesting that the CRD has sufficient flexibility in this environment to substantially change its binding interface with KRAS4b. In contrast, when the ternary complex is anchored to the membrane, the mobility of the CRD relative to KRAS4b is restricted, resulting in fewer distinct KRAS4b-CRD conformations. These simulations implicate membrane orientations of the ternary complex that are consistent with NMR measurements. While a crystal structure-like conformation is observed in both solution and membrane simulations, a particular intermolecular rearrangement of the ternary complex is observed only when it is anchored to the membrane. This configuration emerges when the CRD hydrophobic loops are inserted into the membrane and helices α3-5 of KRAS4b are solvent exposed. This membrane-specific configuration is stabilized by KRAS4b-CRD contacts that are not observed in the crystal structure. These results suggest modulatory interplay between the CRD and plasma membrane that correlate with RAS/RAF complex structure and dynamics, and potentially influence subsequent steps in the activation of MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Cesar A López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Chris Neale
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Que N Van
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Francesco Di Natale
- Applications, Simulations, and Quality, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | | | - Timothy H Tran
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Albert H Chan
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Harsh Bhatia
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Peter H Frank
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Marco Tonelli
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Biochemistry Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaohua Zhang
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Gulcin Gulten
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Tyler Reddy
- CCS-7, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Violetta Burns
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Tomas Oppelstrup
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Nick Hengartner
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peer-Timo Bremer
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - De Chen
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - James N Glosli
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Rebika Shrestha
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Thomas Turbyville
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Frederick H Streitz
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Helgi I Ingólfsson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Andrew G Stephen
- National Cancer Institute RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Felice C Lightstone
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico.
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21
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Volmar AY, Guterres H, Zhou H, Reid D, Pavlopoulos S, Makowski L, Mattos C. Mechanisms of isoform-specific residue influence on GTP-bound HRas, KRas, and NRas. Biophys J 2022; 121:3616-3629. [PMID: 35794829 PMCID: PMC9617160 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
HRas, KRas, and NRas are GTPases with a common set of effectors that control many cell-signaling pathways, including proliferation through Raf kinase. Their G-domains are nearly identical in sequence, with a few isoform-specific residues that have an effect on dynamics and biochemical properties. Here, we use accelerated molecular dynamics (aMD) simulations consistent with solution x-ray scattering experiments to elucidate mechanisms through which isoform-specific residues associated with each Ras isoform affects functionally important regions connected to the active site. HRas-specific residues cluster in loop 8 to stabilize the nucleotide-binding pocket, while NRas-specific residues on helix 3 directly affect the conformations of switch I and switch II. KRas, the most globally flexible of the isoforms, shows greatest fluctuations in the switch regions enhanced by a KRas-specific residue in loop 7 and a highly dynamic loop 8 region. The analysis of isoform-specific residue effects on Ras proteins is supported by NMR experiments and is consistent with previously published biochemical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Y Volmar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hugo Guterres
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Derion Reid
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Spiro Pavlopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee Makowski
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts.
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22
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Bonsor DA, Alexander P, Snead K, Hartig N, Drew M, Messing S, Finci LI, Nissley DV, McCormick F, Esposito D, Rodriguez-Viciana P, Stephen AG, Simanshu DK. Structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C complex provides insights into RAF activation and Noonan syndrome. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2022; 29:966-977. [PMID: 36175670 PMCID: PMC10365013 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
SHOC2 acts as a strong synthetic lethal interactor with MEK inhibitors in multiple KRAS cancer cell lines. SHOC2 forms a heterotrimeric complex with MRAS and PP1C that is essential for regulating RAF and MAPK-pathway activation by dephosphorylating a specific phosphoserine on RAF kinases. Here we present the high-resolution crystal structure of the SHOC2-MRAS-PP1C (SMP) complex and apo-SHOC2. Our structures reveal that SHOC2, MRAS, and PP1C form a stable ternary complex in which all three proteins synergistically interact with each other. Our results show that dephosphorylation of RAF substrates by PP1C is enhanced upon interacting with SHOC2 and MRAS. The SMP complex forms only when MRAS is in an active state and is dependent on SHOC2 functioning as a scaffolding protein in the complex by bringing PP1C and MRAS together. Our results provide structural insights into the role of the SMP complex in RAF activation and how mutations found in Noonan syndrome enhance complex formation, and reveal new avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bonsor
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Alexander
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Snead
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Hartig
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Drew
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Simon Messing
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Lorenzo I Finci
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dwight V Nissley
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- University of California, San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dominic Esposito
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Andrew G Stephen
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Both the mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways respond to growth factor stimulation and play critical roles in cell growth and proliferation, disarray of these pathways leads to many diseases, especially cancer. These two signaling pathways crosstalk at many levels; recently it's become clear that the SIN1 component of mTORC2 could interact with Ras family small GTPases, but how these two proteins interact at the molecular level and the functional outcomes of this interaction remain to be addressed. In this work we determined the high-resolution structure of Ras-SIN1 complexes and revealed the detailed interaction mechanism. We also showed that Ras-SIN1 association inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. Insights from this work could improve our understanding of the disease-causing mechanism of errant mTORC2 or Ras proteins. Over the years it has been established that SIN1, a key component of mTORC2, could interact with Ras family small GTPases through its Ras-binding domain (RBD). The physical association of Ras and SIN1/mTORC2 could potentially affect both mTORC2 and Ras-ERK pathways. To decipher the precise molecular mechanism of this interaction, we determined the high-resolution structures of HRas/KRas-SIN1 RBD complexes, showing the detailed interaction interface. Mutation of critical interface residues abolished Ras-SIN1 interaction and in SIN1 knockout cells we demonstrated that Ras-SIN1 association promotes SGK1 activity but inhibits insulin-induced ERK activation. With structural comparison and competition fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assays we showed that HRas-SIN1 RBD association is much weaker than HRas-Raf1 RBD but is slightly stronger than HRas-PI3K RBD interaction, providing a possible explanation for the different outcome of insulin or EGF stimulation. We also found that SIN1 isoform lacking the PH domain binds stronger to Ras than other longer isoforms and the PH domain appears to have an inhibitory effect on Ras-SIN1 binding. In addition, we uncovered a Ras dimerization interface that could be critical for Ras oligomerization. Our results advance our understanding of Ras-SIN1 association and crosstalk between growth factor-stimulated pathways.
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24
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Li ZL, Mattos C, Buck M. Computational studies of the principle of dynamic-change-driven protein interactions. Structure 2022; 30:909-916.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Simanshu DK, Morrison DK. A Structure is Worth a Thousand Words: New Insights for RAS and RAF Regulation. Cancer Discov 2022; 12:899-912. [PMID: 35046094 PMCID: PMC8983508 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-21-1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS GTPases are frequently mutated in human cancer, with KRAS being the predominant tumor driver. For many years, it has been known that the structure and function of RAS are integrally linked, as structural changes induced by GTP binding or mutational events determine the ability of RAS to interact with regulators and effectors. Recently, a wealth of information has emerged from structures of specific KRAS mutants and from structures of multiprotein complexes containing RAS and/or RAF, an essential effector of RAS. These structures provide key insights regarding RAS and RAF regulation as well as promising new strategies for therapeutic intervention. SIGNIFICANCE The RAS GTPases are major drivers of tumorigenesis, and for RAS proteins to exert their full oncogenic potential, they must interact with the RAF kinases to initiate ERK cascade signaling. Although binding to RAS is typically a prerequisite for RAF to become an activated kinase, determining the molecular mechanisms by which this interaction results in RAF activation has been a challenging task. A major advance in understanding this process and RAF regulation has come from recent structural studies of various RAS and RAF multiprotein signaling complexes, revealing new avenues for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra K. Simanshu
- NCI RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Deborah K. Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
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26
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Johnson CW, Seo HS, Terrell EM, Yang MH, KleinJan F, Gebregiworgis T, Gasmi-Seabrook GMC, Geffken EA, Lakhani J, Song K, Bashyal P, Popow O, Paulo JA, Liu A, Mattos C, Marshall CB, Ikura M, Morrison DK, Dhe-Paganon S, Haigis KM. Regulation of GTPase function by autophosphorylation. Mol Cell 2022; 82:950-968.e14. [PMID: 35202574 PMCID: PMC8986090 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A unifying feature of the RAS superfamily is a conserved GTPase cycle by which these proteins transition between active and inactive states. We demonstrate that autophosphorylation of some GTPases is an intrinsic regulatory mechanism that reduces nucleotide hydrolysis and enhances nucleotide exchange, altering the on/off switch that forms the basis for their signaling functions. Using X-ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, binding assays, and molecular dynamics on autophosphorylated mutants of H-RAS and K-RAS, we show that phosphoryl transfer from GTP requires dynamic movement of the switch II region and that autophosphorylation promotes nucleotide exchange by opening the active site and extracting the stabilizing Mg2+. Finally, we demonstrate that autophosphorylated K-RAS exhibits altered effector interactions, including a reduced affinity for RAF proteins in mammalian cells. Thus, autophosphorylation leads to altered active site dynamics and effector interaction properties, creating a pool of GTPases that are functionally distinct from their non-phosphorylated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hyuk-Soo Seo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Terrell
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Moon-Hee Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fenneke KleinJan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Teklab Gebregiworgis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | - Ezekiel A Geffken
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jimit Lakhani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Kijun Song
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Puspalata Bashyal
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Olesja Popow
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Carla Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Deborah K Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Andreadelis I, Kiriakidi S, Lamprakis C, Theodoropoulou A, Doerr S, Chatzigoulas A, Manchester J, Velez-Vega C, Duca JS, Cournia Z. Membrane Composition and Raf[CRD]-Membrane Attachment Are Driving Forces for K-Ras4B Dimer Stability. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1504-1519. [PMID: 35142524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins are membrane-anchored GTPases that regulate key cellular signaling networks. It has been recently shown that different anionic lipid types can affect the properties of Ras in terms of dimerization/clustering on the cell membrane. To understand the effects of anionic lipids on key spatiotemporal properties of dimeric K-Ras4B, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the dimer K-Ras4B in the presence and absence of Raf[RBD/CRD] effectors on two model anionic lipid membranes: one containing 78% mol DOPC, 20% mol DOPS, and 2% mol PIP2 and another one with enhanced concentration of anionic lipids containing 50% mol DOPC, 40% mol DOPS, and 10% mol PIP2. Analysis of our results unveils the orientational space of dimeric K-Ras4B and shows that the stability of the dimer is enhanced on the membrane containing a high concentration of anionic lipids in the absence of Raf effectors. This enhanced stability is also observed in the presence of Raf[RBD/CRD] effectors although it is not influenced by the concentration of anionic lipids in the membrane, but rather on the ability of Raf[CRD] to anchor to the membrane. We generate dominant K-Ras4B conformations by Markov state modeling and yield the population of states according to the K-Ras4B orientation on the membrane. For the membrane containing anionic lipids, we observe correlations between the diffusion of K-Ras4B and PIP2 and anchoring of anionic lipids to the Raf[CRD] domain. We conclude that the presence of effectors with the Raf[CRD] domain anchoring on the membrane as well as the membrane composition both influence the conformational stability of the K-Ras4B dimer, enabling the preservation of crucial interface interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Andreadelis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Kiriakidi
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Lamprakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Stefan Doerr
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Chatzigoulas
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John Manchester
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Camilo Velez-Vega
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - José S Duca
- Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zoe Cournia
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou, 11527 Athens, Greece
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28
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Structural insights into the BRAF monomer-to-dimer transition mediated by RAS binding. Nat Commun 2022; 13:486. [PMID: 35078985 PMCID: PMC8789793 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RAF kinases are essential effectors of RAS, but how RAS binding initiates the conformational changes needed for autoinhibited RAF monomers to form active dimers has remained unclear. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of full-length BRAF complexes derived from mammalian cells: autoinhibited, monomeric BRAF:14-3-32:MEK and BRAF:14-3-32 complexes, and an inhibitor-bound, dimeric BRAF2:14-3-32 complex, at 3.7, 4.1, and 3.9 Å resolution, respectively. In both autoinhibited, monomeric structures, the RAS binding domain (RBD) of BRAF is resolved, revealing that the RBD forms an extensive contact interface with the 14-3-3 protomer bound to the BRAF C-terminal site and that key basic residues required for RBD-RAS binding are exposed. Moreover, through structure-guided mutational studies, our findings indicate that RAS-RAF binding is a dynamic process and that RBD residues at the center of the RBD:14-3-3 interface have a dual function, first contributing to RAF autoinhibition and then to the full spectrum of RAS-RBD interactions. RAF kinases are essential for RAS protein signalling but how RAS binding regulates dimerization and activation of RAF has remained unclear. Here, the authors report cryoEM structures that provide mechanistic insights into the RAS-mediated monomer-to-dimer transition of full-length BRAF.
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29
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Ozdemir ES, Koester AM, Nan X. Ras Multimers on the Membrane: Many Ways for a Heart-to-Heart Conversation. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:219. [PMID: 35205266 PMCID: PMC8872464 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of Ras multimers, including dimers and nanoclusters, has emerged as an exciting, new front of research in the 'old' field of Ras biomedicine. With significant advances made in the past few years, we are beginning to understand the structure of Ras multimers and, albeit preliminary, mechanisms that regulate their formation in vitro and in cells. Here we aim to synthesize the knowledge accrued thus far on Ras multimers, particularly the presence of multiple globular (G-) domain interfaces, and discuss how membrane nanodomain composition and structure would influence Ras multimer formation. We end with some general thoughts on the potential implications of Ras multimers in basic and translational biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sila Ozdemir
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Anna M. Koester
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 2720 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 S Moody Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA;
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30
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Zhang M, Maloney R, Jang H, Nussinov R. The mechanism of Raf activation through dimerization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15609-15619. [PMID: 35003591 PMCID: PMC8654025 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf, a threonine/serine kinase in the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway, regulates cell proliferation. Raf's full activation requires dimerization. Aberrant activation through dimerization is an important therapeutic target. Despite its clinical importance, fundamental questions, such as how the side-to-side dimerization promotes the OFF-to-ON transition of Raf's kinase domain and how the fully activated ON-state kinase domain is stabilized in the dimer for Raf signaling, remain unanswered. Herein, we decipher an atomic-level mechanism of Raf activation through dimerization, clarifying this enigma. The mechanism reveals that the replacement of intramolecular π–π stacking by intermolecular π–π stacking at the dimer interface releases the structural constraint of the αC-helix, promoting the OFF-to-ON transition. During the transition, the inhibitory hydrophobic interactions were disrupted, making the phosphorylation sites in A-loop approach the HRD motif for cis-autophosphorylation. Once fully activated, the ON-state kinase domain can be stabilized by a newly identified functional N-terminal basic (NtB) motif in the dimer for Raf signaling. This work provides atomic level insight into critical steps in Raf activation and outlines a new venue for drug discovery against Raf dimerization. We decipher an atomic-level mechanism of Raf activation through dimerization, revealing that the disruption of intramolecular π–π stacking at the dimer interface promotes the OFF-to-ON transition.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
| | - Ryan Maloney
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, National Cancer Institute Frederick MD 21702 USA +1-301-846-5579.,Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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