The Role of Pyroptosis and Autophagy in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-367-3p mitigates lower limb ischemia/reperfusion injury in mouse skeletal muscle via EZH2 targeting

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exo) against lower limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury-induced pyroptosis in skeletal muscle.

METHODS

A mouse model of lower limb I/R injury was utilized to assess the impact of BMSCs-exo, particularly when loaded with microRNA-367-3p (miR-367-3p), on pyroptosis. Histological examination, wet weight/dry weight ratio measurements, and luciferase assays were employed to elucidate the mechanisms involved.

KEY FINDINGS

BMSCs-exo effectively suppressed pyroptosis in injured skeletal muscle tissue. Loading BMSCs-exo with miR-367-3p enhanced this protective effect by downregulating key pyroptosis-related proteins. Luciferase assays identified enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) as a direct target of miR-367-3p in BMSCs-exo.

CONCLUSIONS

BMSCs-exo loaded with miR-367-3p safeguarded mouse skeletal muscle against pyroptosis-induced I/R injury by targeting EZH2. These findings offer valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies for lower limb I/R injuries, emphasizing the therapeutic potential of BMSCs-exo in mitigating tissue damage caused by pyroptosis.

Bergapten attenuates hemorrhagic shock induced multi-organ injury by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis

OBJECTIVES

Treatment of hemorrhagic shock (HS) induced multi-organ injury remains a challenge. Bergapten (BeG) is a bioactive coumarin-derived compound, and previous articles have suggested that BeG may serve as a prospective therapeutic modality for HS. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of BeG in the treatment of HS and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

In this research, we established a rat model of HS, following which we assessed the protective effects of BeG on HS induced multi-organ injury. Subsequently, we scrutinized the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and pyroptosis in damaged organs. Additionally, we conducted examinations of AMPK and the downstream mitophagy pathway in damaged organs. Finally, we established a hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model in HK-2 cells to simulate the in vitro HS process. Following AMPK inhibition with compound C, we evaluated the levels of mitophagy and cellular pyroptosis in BeG-treated HK-2 cells subjected to H/R.

RESULTS

BeG treatment alleviated HS induced multi-organ injury. Subsequent analyses indicated that the therapeutic effects of BeG were related to the attenuation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis. Additionally, we found BeG treatment stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK, thereby enhancing mitophagy. Lastly, we found that the inhibition of AMPK in vitro attenuates BeG's enhancement of mitophagy and its suppression of pyroptosis.

CONCLUSION

Our research indicates that BeG has the potential to alleviate multi-organ injury induced by HS. The protective effect of BeG is likely associated with its promotion of mitophagy through AMPK activation, thereby inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis.

Emerging insights into the role of NLRP3 inflammasome and endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal diseases

NLRP3 inflammasome is a key component of the innate immune system, mediating the activation of caspase-1, and the maturity and secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta (IL-1β) and IL-18 to cope with microbial infections and cell injury. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by various endogenous danger signals, microorganisms and environmental stimuli, including urate, extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and cholesterol crystals. Increasing evidence indicates that the abnormal activation of NLRP3 is involved in multiple diseases including renal diseases. Hence, clarifying the mechanism of action of NLRP3 inflammasome in different diseases can help prevent and treat various diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important organelle which participates in cell homeostasis maintenance and protein quality control. The unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress are caused by the excessive accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in ER to recover ER homeostasis. Many factors can cause ER stress, including inflammation, hypoxia, environmental toxins, viral infections, glucose deficiency, changes in Ca2+ level and oxidative stress. The dysfunction of ER stress participates in multiple diseases, such as renal diseases. Many previous studies have shown that NLRP3 inflammasome and ER stress play an important role in renal diseases. However, the relevant mechanisms are not yet fully clear. Herein, we focus on the current understanding of the role and mechanism of ER stress and NLRP3 inflammasome in renal diseases, hoping to provide theoretical references for future related researches.

Molecular Changes in the Ischemic Brain as Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Targets-TMS and tDCS Mechanisms, Therapeutic Challenges, and Combination Therapies

Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability. As the currently used neurorehabilitation methods present several limitations, the ongoing research focuses on the use of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). NIBS methods were demonstrated to modulate neural excitability and improve motor and cognitive functioning in neurodegenerative diseases. However, their mechanisms of action are not fully elucidated, and the clinical outcomes are often unpredictable. This review explores the molecular processes underlying the effects of TMS and tDCS in stroke rehabilitation, including oxidative stress reduction, cell death, stimulation of neurogenesis, and neuroprotective phenotypes of glial cells. A highlight is put on the newly emerging therapeutic targets, such as ferroptotic and pyroptotic pathways. In addition, the issue of interindividual variability is discussed, and the role of neuroimaging techniques is investigated to get closer to personalized medicine. Furthermore, translational challenges of NIBS techniques are analyzed, and limitations of current clinical trials are investigated. The paper concludes with suggestions for further neurorehabilitation stroke treatment, putting the focus on combination and personalized therapies, as well as novel protocols of brain stimulation techniques.

Early-life bisphenol A exposure causes neuronal pyroptosis in juvenile and adult male rats through the NF-κB/IL-1β/NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway: exploration of age and dose as effective covariates using an in vivo and in silico modeling approach

Bisphenol A (BPA), a common endocrine-disrupting chemical, is found in a wide range of home plastics. Early-life BPA exposure has been linked to neurodevelopmental disorders; however, the link between neuroinflammation, pyroptosis, and the development of psychiatric disorders is rarely studied. The current study attempted to investigate the toxic effect of BPA on inflammatory and microglial activation markers, as well as behavioral responses, in the brains of male rats in a dose- and age-dependent manner. Early BPA exposure began on postnatal day (PND) 18 at dosages of 50 and 125 mg/kg/day. We started with a battery of behavioral activities, including open field, elevated plus- and Y-maze tests, performed on young PND 60 rats and adult PND 95 rats. BPA causes anxiogenic-related behaviors, as well as cognitive and memory deficits. The in vivo and in silico analyses revealed for the first time that BPA is a substantial activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-1β, -2, -12, cyclooxygenase-2, and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, with higher beclin-1 and LC3B levels in BPA rats' PFC and hippocampus. Furthermore, BPA increased the co-localization of caspase-1 immunoreactive neurons, as well as unique neurodegenerative histopathological hallmarks. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that neuroinflammation and microglial activation are involved with changes in the brain after postnatal BPA exposure and that these alterations may be linked to the development of psychiatric conditions later in life. Collectively, our findings indicate that BPA triggers anxiety-like behaviors and pyroptotic death of nerve cells via the NF-κB/IL-1β/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway.

Ginsenoside Rg1 mitigates cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion injury in mice by inhibiting autophagy through activation of mTOR signalling

Reperfusion injury, which is distinct from ischaemic injury, occurs when blood flow is restored in previously ischaemic brain tissue, further compromising neurons and other cells and worsening the injury. There is currently a lack of pharmaceutical agents and therapeutic interventions that specifically mitigate cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), a protopanaxatriol-type saponin isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, has been found to protect against cerebral I/R injury, but its intricate protective mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy plays a crucial role in protecting brain tissue during the I/R process and is emerging as a promising therapeutic strategy for effective treatment. In this study, we investigated whether Rg1 protected against I/R damage in vitro and in vivo by regulating autophagy. Both MCAO and OGD/R models were established. SK-N-AS and SH-SY5Y cells were subjected to OGD followed by reperfusion with Rg1 (4-32 μM). MCAO mice were injected with Rg1 (30 mg·kg-1·d-1. i.p.) for 3 days before and on the day of surgery. Rg1 treatment significantly mitigated ischaemia/reperfusion injury both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the induction of autophagy contributed to I/R injury, which was effectively inhibited by Rg1 in both in vitro and in vivo models of cerebral I/R injury. Rg1 inhibited autophagy through multiple steps, including impeding autophagy initiation, inducing lysosomal dysfunction and inhibiting cathepsin enzyme activities. We revealed that mTOR activation was pivotal in mediating the inhibitory effect of Rg1 on autophagy. Treatment with Torin-1, an autophagy inducer and mTOR-specific inhibitor, significantly reversed the impact of Rg1 on autophagy, decreasing its protective efficacy against I/R injury both in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that Rg1 may serve as a promising drug candidate against cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting autophagy through activation of mTOR signalling.

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate fatty liver ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating autophagy through upregulation of IFNγ

Liver ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is an important factor affecting the prognosis of liver transplantation, and extended criteria donors (e.g., steatosis donor livers) are considered to be more sensitive to ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation. Currently, the application of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has great promise in the treatment of various injuries in the liver. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic role and mechanism of hMSCs in fatty liver IRI. After more than 8 weeks of high-fat chow feeding, we constructed a fatty liver mouse model and established ischemic injury of about 70% of the liver. Six hours after IRI, liver injury was significantly alleviated in hMSCs-treated mice, and the expression levels of liver enzyme, inflammatory factor TNF-α, and apoptotic proteins were significantly lower than those of the control group, which were also significant in pathological sections. Transcriptomics analysis showed that IFNγ was significantly upregulated in the hMSCs group. Mechanistically, IFNγ, which activates the MAPK pathway, is a potent agonist that promotes the occurrence of autophagy in hepatocytes to exert a protective function, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. In summary, hMSCs treatment could slow down IRI in fatty liver by activating autophagy through upregulation of IFNγ, and this effect was partly direct.

B355252 Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation in the Mouse Brain

B355252 is a small molecular compound known for potentiating neural growth factor and protecting against neuronal cell death induced by glutamate in vitro and cerebral ischemia in vivo. However, its other biological functions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate whether B355252 suppresses neuroinflammatory responses and cell death in the brain. C57BL/6j mice were intraperitoneally injected with a single dosage of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 mg/kg) to induce inflammation. B355252 (1 mg/kg) intervention was started two days prior to the LPS injection. The animal behavioral changes were assessed pre- and post-LPS injections. The animal brains were harvested at 4 and 24 h post-LPS injection, and histological, biochemical, and cytokine array outcomes were examined. Results showed that B355252 improved LPS-induced behavioral deterioration, mitigated brain tissue damage, and suppressed the activation of microglial and astrocytes. Furthermore, B355252 reduced the protein levels of key pyroptotic markers TLR4, NLRP3, and caspase-1 and inhibited the LPS-induced increases in IL-1β, IL-18, and cytokines. In conclusion, B355252 demonstrates a potent anti-neuroinflammatory effect in vivo, suggesting that its potential therapeutic value warrants further investigation.

Emodin activates autophagy to suppress oxidative stress and pyroptosis via mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway and promotes multi-territory perforator flap survival

BACKGROUND

Multi-territory perforator flap reconstruction has been proven effective in treating large skin and soft tissue defects in clinical settings. However, in view of that the multi-territory perforator flap is prone to partial postoperative necrosis, increasing its survival is the key to the success of reconstruction. In this study, we aimed to clarify the effect of emodin on multi-territory perforator flap survival.

METHODS

Flap survival was assessed by viability area analysis, infrared laser imaging detector, HE staining, immunohistochemistry, and angiography. Western blotting, immunofluorescence assays, and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR were performed to detect the indicators of oxidative stress, pyroptosis and autophagy.

RESULTS

After emodin treatment, the multi-territory perforator flap showed a significantly increased survival rate, which was shown to be closely related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and pyroptosis and enhanced autophagy. Meanwhile, the use of autophagy inhibitor 3 MA was found to reverse the inhibitory effects of emodin on oxidative stress and pyroptosis and weaken the improving effect of emodin on flap survival, suggesting that autophagy plays a critical role in emodin-treated flaps. Interestingly, our mechanistic investigations revealed that the positive effect of emodin on multi-territory perforator flap was attributed to the mTOR-ULK1 signaling pathway activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Emodin can inhibit oxidative stress and pyroptosis by activating autophagy via the mTOR-ULK1 pathway, thereby improving the multi-territory perforator flap survival.

The Role of Pyroptosis and Autophagy in the Nervous System

Autophagy is a conservative self-degradation system, which includes the two major processes of enveloping abnormal proteins, organelles and other macromolecules, and transferring them into lysosomes for the subsequent degradation. It holds the stability of the intracellular environment under stress. So far, three types of autophagy have been found: microautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy and macroautophagy. Many diseases have the pathological process of autophagy dysfunction, such as nervous system diseases. Pyroptosis is one kind of programmed cell death mediated by gasdermin (GSDM). In this process of pyroptosis, the activated caspase-3, caspase-4/5/11, or caspase-1 cleaves GSDM into the N-terminal pore-forming domain (PFD). The oligomer of PFD combines with the cell membrane to form membrane holes, thus leading to pyroptosis. Pyroptosis plays a key role in multiple tissues and organs. Many studies have revealed that autophagy and pyroptosis participate in the nervous system, but the mechanisms need to be fully clarified. Here, we focused on the recent articles on the role and mechanism of pyroptosis and autophagy in the pathological processes of the nervous system.

Role of Autophagy and Pyroptosis in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration

Intervertebral disc degeneration is a chronic degenerative disease caused by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, mainly manifested as lower back pain. At present, the diagnosis of intervertebral disc degeneration mainly relies on imaging. However, early intervertebral disc degeneration is usually insidious, and there is currently a lack of relevant clinical biomarkers that can reliably reflect early disease progression. Pyroptosis is a regulatory form of cell death triggered by the activation of inflammatory bodies and caspase, which can induce the formation of plasma membrane pores and cell swelling or lysis. Previous studies have shown that during the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration, sustained activation of inflammasomes leads to nuclear cell pyroptosis, which can occur in the early stages of intervertebral disc degeneration. Moreover, intervertebral disc nucleus pulposus cells adapt to the external environment through autophagy and maintain cellular homeostasis and studying the mechanism of autophagy in IDD and intervening in its pathological and physiological processes can provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of IDD. This review analyzes the effects of pyroptosis and autophagy on IDD by reviewing relevant literature in recent years, in order to explore the relationship between pyroptosis, autophagy and IDD.

Ticagrelor alleviates pyroptosis of myocardial ischemia reperfusion-induced acute lung injury in rats: a preliminary study

Pulmonary infection is highly prevalent in patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the potential mechanism is not well characterized. Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) induces acute lung injury (ALI) related to pulmonary infection and inflammation. Recent studies have shown that pyroptosis mediates ALI in several human respiratory diseases. It is not known whether MIRI induces pyroptosis in the lungs. Furthermore, ticagrelor is a clinically approved anti-platelet drug that reduces ALI and inhibits the expression levels of several pyroptosis-associated proteins, but the effects of ticagrelor on MIRI-induced ALI have not been reported. Therefore, we investigated whether ticagrelor alleviated ALI in the rat MIRI model, and its effects on pyroptosis in the lungs. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, MIRI, MIRI plus low ticagrelor (30 mg/kg), and MIRI plus high ticagrelor (100 mg/kg). Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining was performed on the lung sections, and the HE scores were calculated to determine the extent of lung pathology. The wet-to-dry ratio of the lung tissues were also determined. The expression levels of pyroptosis-related proteins such as NLRP3, ASC, and Cleaved caspase-1 were estimated in the lung tissues using the western blot. ELISA was used to estimate the IL-1β levels in the lungs. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the levels of MPO-positive neutrophils as well as the total NLRP3-positive and Cleaved caspase-1-positive areas in the lung tissues. The lung tissues from the MIRI group rats showed significantly higher HE score, wet-to-dry ratio, and the MPO-positive area compared to the control group, but these effects were attenuated by pre-treatment with ticagrelor. Furthermore, lung tissues of the MIRI group rats showed significantly higher expression levels of pyroptosis-associated proteins, including NLRP3 (2.1-fold, P < 0.05), ASC (3.0-fold, P < 0.01), and Cleaved caspase-1 (9.0-fold, P < 0.01). Pre-treatment with the high-dose of ticagrelor suppressed MIRI-induced upregulation of NLRP3 (0.46-fold, P < 0.05), ASC (0.64-fold, P < 0.01), and Cleaved caspase-1 (0.80-fold, P < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry results also confirmed that pre-treatment with ticagrelor suppressed MIRI-induced upregulation of pyroptosis in the lungs. In summary, our data demonstrated that MIRI induced ALI and upregulated pyroptosis in the rat lung tissues. Pre-treatment with ticagrelor attenuated these effects.

Immunomodulatory Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Transplantation: Status and Prospects

BACKGROUND

Liver transplantation (LT) is the only effective therapy for end-stage liver diseases, but some patients usually present with serious infection and immune rejection. Those with immune rejection require long-term administration of immunosuppressants, leading to serious adverse effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have various advantages in immune regulation and are promising drugs most likely to replace immunosuppressants.

SUMMARY

This study summarized the application of MSCs monotherapy, its combination with immunosuppressants, MSCs genetic modification, and MSCs derivative therapy (cell-free therapy) in LT. This may deepen the understanding of immunomodulatory role of MSCs and promote the application of MSCs in immune rejection treatment after LT.

KEY MESSAGES

MSCs could attenuate ischemia-reperfusion injury and immune rejection. There is no consensus on the effects of types and concentrations of immunosuppressants on MSCs. Although genetically modified MSCs have contributed to better outcomes to some extent, the best modification is still unclear. Besides, multiple clinical complications developed frequently after LT. Unfortunately, there are still few studies on the polygenic modification of MSCs for the simultaneous treatment of these complications. Therefore, more studies should be performed to investigate the potency of multi-gene modified MSCs in treating complications after LT. Additionally, MSC derivatives mainly include exosomes, extracellular vesicles, and conditioned medium. Despite therapeutic effects, these three therapies still have some limitations such as heterogeneity between generations and that they cannot be quantified accurately.

The Temporal and Spatial Changes of Autophagy and PI3K Isoforms in Different Neural Cells After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury

There are limited therapeutic options for patient with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase family (PI3Ks) are the key molecules for regulating cell autophagy, which is a possible way of treating SCI. As we know, PI3K family are composed of eight isoforms, which are distributed into three classes. While the role of PI3Ks in regulating autophagy is controversial and the effects may be in a cell-specific manner. Different isoforms do not distribute in neural cells consistently and it is not clear how the PI3K isoforms regulate and interact with autophagy. Therefore, we explored the distributions and expression of different PI3K isoforms in two key neural cells (PC12 cells and astrocytes). The results showed that the expression of LC3II/I and p62, which are the markers of autophagy, changed in different patterns in PC12 cells and astrocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (H/R). Furthermore, the mRNA level of eight PI3K isoforms did not change in the same way, and even for the same isoform the mRNA activities are different between PC12 cells and astrocytes. What is more, the results of western blot of PI3K isoforms after H/R were inconsistent with the relevant mRNA. Based on this study, the therapeutic effects of regulating autophagy on SCI are not confirmed definitely, and its molecular mechanisms may be related with different temporal and spatial patterns of activation and distributions of PI3K isoforms.

Colquhounia Root Tablet Promotes Autophagy and Inhibits Apoptosis in Diabetic Nephropathy by Suppressing CD36 Expression In Vivo and In Vitro

Methods

Rat models of DN were established using streptozotocin (STZ). The primary metabolic parameters were assessed. The pathological changes of the rat kidney were investigated, and RNA sequencing was performed for each group. Renal tissue apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL assay. In rats and high glucose- (Hg-) induced HK-2 cells, RT-qPCR and western blot were used to analyze the expression of related genes and proteins. Hg medium was used to establish the diabetic kidney environment. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to assess cell viability and apoptosis, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy was used to evaluate autophagy in vitro.

Results

CRT treatment significantly reduced albuminuria and renal tissue damage in DN rats. Furthermore, CRT administration inhibited apoptosis and promoted autophagy in DN rat kidney tissues. CRT downregulated CD36 expression and activated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in DN rat kidney tissues. CRT intervention inhibited Hg-induced apoptosis and reversed autophagy in HK-2 cells. Moreover, overexpression of CD36 suppressed the beneficial effects of CRT.

Conclusions

Our study is the first to report that CRT inhibited apoptosis and promoted autophagy in vivo and in vitro, which was achieved by reducing CD36 expression and activating the AMPK pathway. Therefore, CRT may be an effective drug to treat DN.

Molecular regulation and therapeutic implications of cell death in pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a clinical and pathophysiological syndrome caused by changes in pulmonary vascular structure or function that results in increased pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure, and it is characterized by pulmonary endothelial dysfunction, pulmonary artery media thickening, pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right ventricular hypertrophy, all of which are driven by an imbalance between the growth and death of pulmonary vascular cells. Programmed cell death (PCD), different from cell necrosis, is an active cellular death mechanism that is activated in response to both internal and external factors and is precisely regulated by cells. More than a dozen PCD modes have been identified, among which apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and cuproptosis have been proven to be involved in the pathophysiology of PH to varying degrees. This article provides a summary of the regulatory patterns of different PCD modes and their potential effects on PH. Additionally, it describes the current understanding of this complex and interconnected process and analyzes the therapeutic potential of targeting specific PCD modes as molecular targets.

The Role of Hydrogen Sulfide Targeting Autophagy in the Pathological Processes of the Nervous System

Autophagy is an important cellular process, involving the transportation of cytoplasmic contents in the double membrane vesicles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy disorder contributes to many diseases, such as immune dysfunction, cancers and nervous system diseases. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a volatile and toxic gas with a rotten egg odor. For a long time, it was considered as an environmental pollution gas. In recent years, H₂S is regarded as the third most important gas signal molecule after NO and CO. H₂S has a variety of biological functions and can play an important role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Increasingly more evidences show that H₂S can regulate autophagy to play a protective role in the nervous system, but the mechanism is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize the recent literatures on the role of H₂S in the pathological process of the nervous system by regulating autophagy, and analyze the mechanism in detail, hoping to provide the reference for future related research.