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Donato L, Mordà D, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, D'Angelo R, Sidoti A. From powerhouse to regulator: The role of mitoepigenetics in mitochondrion-related cellular functions and human diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 218:105-119. [PMID: 38565400 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their crucial role in energy production, mitochondria harbor a distinct genome subject to epigenetic regulation akin to that of nuclear DNA. This paper delves into the nascent but rapidly evolving fields of mitoepigenetics and mitoepigenomics, exploring the sophisticated regulatory mechanisms governing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These mechanisms encompass mtDNA methylation, the influence of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and post-translational modifications of mitochondrial proteins. Together, these epigenetic modifications meticulously coordinate mitochondrial gene transcription, replication, and metabolism, thereby calibrating mitochondrial function in response to the dynamic interplay of intracellular needs and environmental stimuli. Notably, the dysregulation of mitoepigenetic pathways is increasingly implicated in mitochondrial dysfunction and a spectrum of human pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular conditions. This comprehensive review synthesizes the current state of knowledge, emphasizing recent breakthroughs and innovations in the field. It discusses the potential of high-resolution mitochondrial epigenome mapping, the diagnostic and prognostic utility of blood or tissue mtDNA epigenetic markers, and the promising horizon of mitochondrial epigenetic drugs. Furthermore, it explores the transformative potential of mitoepigenetics and mitoepigenomics in precision medicine. Exploiting a theragnostic approach to maintaining mitochondrial allostasis, this paper underscores the pivotal role of mitochondrial epigenetics in charting new frontiers in medical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.) 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Domenico Mordà
- Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.) 90139 Palermo, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy.
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.) 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy; Department of Biomolecular Strategies, Genetics, Cutting-Edge Therapies, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (I.E.ME.S.T.) 90139 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosalia D'Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy.
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98122, Messina, Italy.
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2
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Nesterov SV, Ilyinsky NS, Plokhikh KS, Manuylov VD, Chesnokov YM, Vasilov RG, Kuznetsova IM, Turoverov KK, Gordeliy VI, Fonin AV, Uversky VN. Order wrapped in chaos: On the roles of intrinsically disordered proteins and RNAs in the arrangement of the mitochondrial enzymatic machines. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131455. [PMID: 38588835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of cryo-electron tomography images of human and rat mitochondria revealed that the mitochondrial matrix is at least as crowded as the cytosol. To mitigate the crowding effects, metabolite transport in the mitochondria primarily occurs through the intermembrane space, which is significantly less crowded. The scientific literature largely ignores how enzyme systems and metabolite transport are organized in the crowded environment of the mitochondrial matrix. Under crowded conditions, multivalent interactions carried out by disordered protein regions (IDRs), may become extremely important. We analyzed the human mitochondrial proteome to determine the presence and physiological significance of IDRs. Despite mitochondrial proteins being generally more ordered than cytosolic or overall proteome proteins, disordered regions plays a significant role in certain mitochondrial compartments and processes. Even in highly ordered enzyme systems, there are proteins with long IDRs. Some IDRs act as binding elements between highly ordered subunits, while the roles of others are not yet established. Mitochondrial systems, like their bacterial ancestors, rely less on IDRs and more on RNA for LLPS compartmentalization. More evolutionarily advanced subsystems that enable mitochondria-cell interactions contain more IDRs. The study highlights the crucial and often overlooked role played by IDRs and non-coding RNAs in mitochondrial organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semen V Nesterov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Techonology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia; Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia.
| | - Nikolay S Ilyinsky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Techonology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia.
| | | | - Vladimir D Manuylov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Techonology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141701, Russia
| | - Yuriy M Chesnokov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Raif G Vasilov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Moscow 123182, Russia
| | - Irina M Kuznetsova
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | | | - Valentin I Gordeliy
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, Université Grenoble Alpes-Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives-CNRS, 38027 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexander V Fonin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194064, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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3
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Garrido P, Casas-Benito A, Larrayoz IM, Narro-Íñiguez J, Rubio-Mediavilla S, Zozaya E, Martín-Carnicero A, Martínez A. Expression of Mitochondrial Long Non-Coding RNAs, MDL1 and MDL1AS, Are Good Prognostic and/or Diagnostic Biomarkers for Several Cancers, Including Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:960. [PMID: 38473321 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs provide new opportunities to identify biomarkers that properly classify cancer patients. Here, we study the biomarker status of the mitochondrial long non-coding RNAs, MDL1 and MDL1AS. Expression of these genes was studied in public transcriptomic databases. In addition, a cohort of 69 locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients with a follow-up of more than 5 years was used to determine the prognostic value of these markers. Furthermore, cell lines of colorectal (HCT116) and breast (MDA-MB-231) carcinoma were employed to study the effects of downregulating MDL1AS in vitro. Expression of MDL1AS (but not MDL1) was significantly different in tumor cells than in the surrounding tissue in a tumor-type-specific context. Both MDL1 and MDL1AS were accurate biomarkers for the 5-year survival of LARC patients (p = 0.040 and p = 0.007, respectively) with promising areas under the curve in the ROC analyses (0.820 and 0.930, respectively). MDL1AS downregulation reduced mitochondrial respiration in both cell lines. Furthermore, this downregulation produced a decrease in growth and migration on colorectal cells, but the reverse effects on breast cancer cells. In summary, MDL1 and MDL1AS can be used as reliable prognostic biomarkers of LARC, and MDL1AS expression provides relevant information on the diagnosis of different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido
- Angiogenesis Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Adrián Casas-Benito
- Angiogenesis Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio M Larrayoz
- Department of Nursing, Biomarkers, Artificial Intelligence and Signaling (BIAS), University of La Rioja, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Judit Narro-Íñiguez
- Angiogenesis Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | | | - Enrique Zozaya
- Pathology Service, Hospital de Calahorra, 26500 Calahorra, Spain
| | | | - Alfredo Martínez
- Angiogenesis Group, Oncology Area, Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR), 26006 Logroño, Spain
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Siniscalchi C, Di Palo A, Petito G, Senese R, Manfrevola F, Leo ID, Mosca N, Chioccarelli T, Porreca V, Marchese G, Ravo M, Chianese R, Cobellis G, Lanni A, Russo A, Potenza N. A landscape of mouse mitochondrial small non-coding RNAs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293644. [PMID: 38165955 PMCID: PMC10760717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), particularly miRNAs, play key roles in a plethora of biological processes both in health and disease. Although largely operative in the cytoplasm, emerging data indicate their shuttling in different subcellular compartments. Given the central role of mitochondria in cellular homeostasis, here we systematically profiled their small ncRNAs content across mouse tissues that largely rely on mitochondria functioning. The ubiquitous presence of piRNAs in mitochondria (mitopiRNA) of somatic tissues is reported for the first time, supporting the idea of a strong and general connection between mitochondria biology and piRNA pathways. Then, we found groups of tissue-shared and tissue-specific mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs), potentially related to the "basic" or "cell context dependent" biology of mitochondria. Overall, this large data platform will be useful to deepen the knowledge about small ncRNAs processing and their governed regulatory networks contributing to mitochondria functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Siniscalchi
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Armando Di Palo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Petito
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesco Manfrevola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilenia De Leo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | - Nicola Mosca
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Teresa Chioccarelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Veronica Porreca
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health, CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Ravo
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., Baronissi (SA), Italy
- Genome Research Center for Health, CRGS, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Rosanna Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Cobellis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Aniello Russo
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Potenza
- Department of Environmental, Biological, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Caserta, Italy
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5
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Ma G, Zuo Z, Zhou X, Zhai X, Wang J. The Characterization of Mitochondrial Genome of Spotted Pond Turtle (Geoclemys hamiltonii). Biochem Genet 2023:10.1007/s10528-023-10562-y. [PMID: 38049685 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10562-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The spotted pond turtle Geoclemys hamiltonii (Gray, 1830) is widely distributed in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of G. hamiltonii was sequenced using the next-generation sequencing (NGS) and Sanger sequencing, and the essential characteristics, gene arrangement, and phylogenetic relationship were analyzed. The results showed that the G. hamiltonii mitogenome was 16,505 bp in length (A: 33.6%, C: 27.1%, G: 13.4%, T: 25.8%) and consisted of 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a non-coding control region (GenBank accession ON243873). The genome composition of G. hamiltonii presented a slight A + T bias (59.4%), and showed a positive AT skew (0.131) and a negative GC skew (- 0.338). All tRNAs had the typical clover structure, except trnS1 (GCT). The gene order of the G. hamiltonii mitogenome was the same as other Geoemydidae mitogenomes. A phylogenetic analysis based on the complete mitogenome indicated that the G. hamiltonii grouped independently of other species in the family Geoemydidae, supporting the species' placement in the monotypic genus Geoclemys. Our results describe a novel genome at the species level. As the first complete mitogenome of G. hamiltonii, it provided valuable molecular information for phylogenetic and conservation genetics analyses of G. hamiltonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Ziye Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China
| | - Jichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, China.
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6
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Yoon J, Kim S, Lee M, Kim Y. Mitochondrial nucleic acids in innate immunity and beyond. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:2508-2518. [PMID: 38036728 PMCID: PMC10766607 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in a wide range of cellular processes. One essential function of mitochondria is to be a platform for antiviral signaling proteins during the innate immune response to viral infection. Recently, studies have revealed that mitochondrion-derived DNAs and RNAs are recognized as non-self molecules and act as immunogenic ligands. More importantly, the cytosolic release of these mitochondrial nucleic acids (mt-NAs) is closely associated with the pathogenesis of human diseases accompanying aberrant immune activation. The release of mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) via BAX/BAK activation and/or VDAC1 oligomerization activates the innate immune response and inflammasome assembly. In addition, mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in the cytosol to induce type I interferon expression and initiate apoptotic programs. Notably, these cytosolic mt-NAs also mediate adipocyte differentiation and contribute to mitogenesis and mitochondrial thermogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent studies of innate immune signaling pathways regulated by mt-NAs, human diseases associated with mt-NAs, and the emerging physiological roles of mt-NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mihye Lee
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, 31151, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoosik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for BioCentury (KIB), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Mester-Tonczar J, Einzinger P, Hasimbegovic E, Kastner N, Schweiger V, Spannbauer A, Han E, Müller-Zlabinger K, Traxler-Weidenauer D, Bergler-Klein J, Gyöngyösi M, Lukovic D. A CircRNA-miRNA-mRNA Network for Exploring Doxorubicin- and Myocet-Induced Cardiotoxicity in a Translational Porcine Model. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1711. [PMID: 38136582 PMCID: PMC10741657 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of doxorubicin (DOX) as a chemotherapeutic agent, its severe cumulative cardiotoxicity represents a significant limitation. While the liposomal encapsulation of doxorubicin (Myocet, MYO) reduces cardiotoxicity, it is crucial to understand the molecular background of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Here, we examined circular RNA expression in a translational model of pigs treated with either DOX or MYO and its potential impact on the global gene expression pattern in the myocardium. This study furthers our knowledge about the regulatory network of circRNA/miRNA/mRNA and its interaction with chemotherapeutics. Domestic pigs were treated with three cycles of anthracycline drugs (DOX, n = 5; MYO, n = 5) to induce cardiotoxicity. Untreated animals served as controls (control, n = 3). We applied a bulk mRNA-seq approach and the CIRIquant algorithm to identify circRNAs. The most differentially regulated circRNAs were validated under cell culture conditions, following forecasting of the circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network. We identified eight novel significantly regulated circRNAs from exonic and mitochondrial regions in the porcine myocardium. The forecasted circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network suggested candidate circRNAs that sponge miR-17, miR-15b, miR-130b, the let-7 family, and miR125, together with their mRNA targets. The identified circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network provides an updated, coherent view of the mechanisms involved in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mester-Tonczar
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Patrick Einzinger
- Research Unit of Information and Software, Institute of Information Systems Engineering, 1040 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Ena Hasimbegovic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Nina Kastner
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Victor Schweiger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Andreas Spannbauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Emilie Han
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Katrin Müller-Zlabinger
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Denise Traxler-Weidenauer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Jutta Bergler-Klein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.M.-T.); (E.H.); (N.K.); (V.S.); (A.S.); (K.M.-Z.); (D.T.-W.); (J.B.-K.); (M.G.)
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