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Li Y, Cheng Z, Ma W, Qiu Y, Liu T, Nan B, Li M, Sun L, Liu W, Yin H, Wang C, Li X, Zang C. Effect of Exogenous Melatonin on Performance and Mastitis in Dairy Cows. Vet Sci 2024; 11:431. [PMID: 39330810 PMCID: PMC11435509 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11090431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an important factor affecting the health of cows that leads to elevated somatic cell counts in milk, which can seriously affect milk quality and result in huge economic losses for the livestock industry. Therefore, the aim of this trial was to investigate the effect of melatonin on performance and mastitis in dairy cows. Forty-eight Holstein cows with a similar body weight (470 ± 10 kg), parity (2.75 ± 1.23), number of lactation days (143 ± 43 days), BCS (3.0-3.5), milk yield (36.80 ± 4.18 kg), and somatic cell count (300,000-500,000 cells/mL) were selected and randomly divided into four groups: control (CON group), trial Ⅰ (T80 group), trial Ⅱ (T120 group), and trial Ⅲ (T160 group). Twelve cows in trial groups I, II, and III were pre-dispensed 80, 120, and 160 mg of melatonin in edible glutinous rice capsules along with the basal ration, respectively, while the control group was fed an empty glutinous rice capsule along with the ration. The trial period was 37 days, which included a 7-day adaptive phase followed by a 30-day experimental period. At the end of the trial period, feeding was ended and the cows were observed for 7 days. Milk samples were collected on days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 37 to determine the somatic cell number and milk composition. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, and 37 of the trial to determine the serum biochemical indicators, antioxidant and immune indicators, and the amount of melatonin in the blood. The results showed that the somatic cell counts of lactating cows in the CON group were lower than those in the T120 group on days 14 (p < 0.05) and 28 (p < 0.01) at 1 week after melatonin cessation. The milk protein percentage and milk fat percentage of cows in the T120 group were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.01). The total protein and globulin content in the T120 group were higher than those in the CON group (p < 0.01). In terms of antioxidant capacity and immunity, the cows 1 week after melatonin cessation showed higher superoxide dismutase activity and interleukin-10 contents (p < 0.01) compared with the CON group and lower malondialdehyde and tumor necrosis factor-alpha contents (p < 0.01) compared with the T120 group. The melatonin content in the T120 group was increased relative to that in the other groups. In conclusion, exogenous melatonin can increase the content of milk components, reduce the somatic cell count, and improve the antioxidant capacity and immune responses to a certain extent. Under the experimental conditions, 120 mg/day melatonin is recommended for mid- to late-lactation cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunmeng Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhiqiang Cheng
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Wenting Ma
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yaqi Qiu
- Karamay Green City Agricultural Development Co., Karamay 834000, China;
| | - Tuo Liu
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Bingyu Nan
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Mengfei Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Long Sun
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Wentao Liu
- Xinjiang Urumqi Rural Revitalization Guidance Service Center, Urumqi 830000, China;
| | - Haina Yin
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Caidie Wang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Changjiang Zang
- Xinjiang Laboratory of Herbivore Nutrition for Meat and Milk, College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China; (Y.L.); (Z.C.); (W.M.); (T.L.); (B.N.); (M.L.); (L.S.); (H.Y.); (C.W.); (X.L.)
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Hashem NM, Abdelnaby EA, Madkour M, El-Sherbiny HR. Melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy improves physiological response and reproductive performance of rabbits under heat stress conditions. Reprod Fertil Dev 2024; 36:RD23139. [PMID: 38753959 DOI: 10.1071/rd23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Context Melatonin may have a heat-stress-alleviating role during pregnancy. Aims To investigate the effects of melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy on heat-tolerance capacity and pregnancy outputs of naturally heat-stressed rabbits. Methods Forty female rabbits were stratified equally into two experimental groups and daily received 1mg melatonin/kg body weight or not (control) for 15 consecutive days post-insemination. Heat tolerance indices, hormone profile, ovarian structures, and fetal loss were determined. Key results Treatment with melatonin significantly decreased respiration rate and rectal temperature, improved concentrations of nitric oxide, and tended to decrease malondialdehyde concentrations (P =0.064) compared to control. Melatonin treatment significantly increased concentrations of high-density lipoprotein, oestradiol, and progesterone compared to control. No significant differences in the numbers of visible ovarian follicles, corpora lutea, and total implantation sites on day 18 of pregnancy were observed between experimental groups. However, melatonin treatment significantly reduced the number of absorbed implantation sites and significantly improved amniotic fluid volume and conception rate compared to control. Conclusions Melatonin administration during the first half of pregnancy can improve reproductive performance of heat-stressed female rabbits. Implications Melatonin can improve fetal survivability via improving heat-tolerance capacity of does and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrein M Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; and Departamento de Produccion y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal, Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia 46115, Spain
| | - Elshymaa A Abdelnaby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Madkour
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hossam R El-Sherbiny
- Theriogenology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
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Ning C, Xiao W, Liang Z, Wu Y, Fan H, Wang S, Kong X, Wang Y, Wu A, Li Y, Yuan Z, Wu J, Yang C. Melatonin alleviates T-2 toxin-induced oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in piglet spleen and thymus. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111653. [PMID: 38354511 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
T-2 toxin, an unavoidable contaminant in animal feeds, can induce oxidative stress and damage immune organs. Melatonin (MT), a natural and potent antioxidant, has shown promise as a detoxifier for various mycotoxins. However, the detoxifying effect of MT on T-2 toxin has not been previously reported. In order to investigate the protective effect of MT added to diets on the immune system of T-2 toxin-exposed piglets, twenty piglets weaned at 28d of age were randomly divided into control, T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg), MT (5 mg/kg), and T-2 toxin (1 mg/kg) + MT (5 mg/kg) groups(n = 5 per group). Our results demonstrated that MT mitigated T-2 toxin-induced histoarchitectural alterations in the spleen and thymus, such as hemorrhage, decreased white pulp size in the spleen, and medullary cell sparing in the thymus. Further research revealed that MT promoted the expression of Nrf2 and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD, while reducing the production of the lipid peroxidation product MDA. Moreover, MT inhibited the NF-κB signaling pathway, regulated the expression of downstream cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1. MT also suppressed the activation of caspase-3 while down-regulating the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 to reduce apoptosis. Additionally, MT ameliorated the T-2 toxin-induced disorders of immune cells and immune molecules in the blood. In conclusion, our findings suggest that MT may effectively protect the immune system of piglets against T-2 toxin-induced damage by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in the spleen and thymus. Therefore, MT holds the potential as an antidote for T-2 toxin poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Ning
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenguang Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zengenni Liang
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China; Longping Branch Graduate School, Hunan University, Changsha 410125, China
| | - You Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Fan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiangyi Kong
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Aoao Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhihang Yuan
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Chenglin Yang
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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Bouroutzika E, Proikakis S, Theodosiadou EK, Vougas K, Katsafadou AI, Tsangaris GT, Valasi I. Proteomics Analysis of Pregnancy in Ewes under Heat Stress Conditions and Melatonin Administration. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:400. [PMID: 38338042 PMCID: PMC10854642 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is an indoleamine with broad spectrum properties that acts as a regulator of antioxidant and immune response in organisms. In our previous studies, melatonin improved redox status and inflammatory response in pregnant ewes under heat stress conditions. In the present study, using proteomics, the proteins regulated by melatonin during different stages of pregnancy and lambing were assessed. Twenty-two ewes equally divided into two groups, the melatonin (M) (n = 11) and control (C) group (n = 11), participated in the study and were exposed to heat stress during the first months of pregnancy. In the M group, melatonin implants were administered throughout pregnancy, every 40 days, until parturition (a total of four implants per ewe). Blood samples were collected at the beginning of the study simultaneously with the administration of the first melatonin implant (blood samples M1, C1), mating (M2, C2), second implant (M3, C3), fourth implant (M4, C4) and parturition (M5, C5), and MALDI-TOF analysis was performed. The results revealed the existence of 42 extra proteins in samples M2, M3 and M4 and 53 in M5 (sample at parturition) that are linked to melatonin. The biological processes of these proteins refer to boosted immune response, the alleviation of oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress, energy metabolism, the protection of the maternal organism and embryo development. This proteomics analysis indicates that melatonin regulates protective mechanisms and controls cell proliferation under exogenous or endogenous stressful stimuli during pregnancy and parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Bouroutzika
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43131 Karditsa, Greece; (E.B.); (E.K.T.)
| | - Stavros Proikakis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Konstantinos Vougas
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.V.), (G.T.T.)
| | | | - George T. Tsangaris
- Proteomics Research Unit, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (K.V.), (G.T.T.)
| | - Irene Valasi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43131 Karditsa, Greece; (E.B.); (E.K.T.)
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Agradi S, Luridiana S, Mura MC, Cosso G, Vigo D, Menchetti L, Brecchia G, Carcangiu V, Curone G. Polymorphism of the MTNR1A Melatonin Receptor Gene in Goat Breeds of Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3855. [PMID: 38136892 PMCID: PMC10740901 DOI: 10.3390/ani13243855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin receptor MT1, encoded by the MTNR1A gene, is the main one involved in the seasonal regulation of reproductive activity. A correlation between this gene polymorphism and reproductive performance has been demonstrated in sheep. To date, no data about MTNR1A gene polymorphism are available regarding Italian goat breeds other than the Sarda goat. This study aimed to detect any PCR-RFLP polymorphic sites of MTNR1A using MnlI and RsaI enzymes in Northern Italian goat breeds, which are characterized by a pronounced reproductive seasonality. One-hundred-eight adult female goats belonging to four different breeds were included in the study (i.e., Frisa Valtellinese, n = 29; Orobica, n = 23; Lariana, n = 29; Camosciata delle Alpi, n = 27). Blood was sampled from each goat. Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample and the main part of exon II of MTNR1A gene was amplified by PCR and digested with MnlI and RsaI enzymes. Unexpectedly, none of the fragments were found to be polymorphic. The absence of polymorphism may be linked to the macro group of goat breeds that evolved during human migrations. Breeds of the Alpine-European strain would appear to show no polymorphism, as confirmed by our study, whereas breeds belonging to the Mediterranean-African or Asian-Middle Eastern strains do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Agradi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Sebastiano Luridiana
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.M.); (G.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Maria Consuelo Mura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.M.); (G.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Giovanni Cosso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.M.); (G.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Daniele Vigo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Laura Menchetti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Circonvallazione 93/95, 62024 Matelica, Italy
| | - Gabriele Brecchia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Carcangiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (S.L.); (M.C.M.); (G.C.); (V.C.)
| | - Giulio Curone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.A.); (D.V.); (G.C.)
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Bouroutzika E, Ciliberti MG, Caroprese M, Kantzoura V, Theodosiadou EK, Batikas G, Michailidis ML, Stampinas EG, Mimikou Z, Pantsios G, Saratsis A, Valasi I. Melatonin Administration to Pregnant Ewes for Coccidiosis Control in Their Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2381. [PMID: 37508158 PMCID: PMC10376582 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In livestock research, there has been a growing interest in the impact of melatonin on both health and disease conditions. The hypothesis of the present study was that melatonin treatment prenatally could support the immune competence and growth of experimentally infected lambs. This is the first study that aimed to investigate the impact of melatonin administration throughout pregnancy on immunity and oocyst excretion of pre-partum ewes and their offspring after experimental infection with Eimeria species. Thirty pregnant ewes were allocated into five equal groups, ΚΜ, ΚC, CM, CC, and NC, and gave birth to 47 lambs. Ewes of the KM and KC groups were orally challenged with a cocktail of Eimeria-sporulated oocysts (mainly consisting of Eimeria ovinoidalis), on day 120 of pregnancy, as well as all the lambs at the age of 5-9 days apart from those born from the NC group (environmental control). Fecal samples were collected from all ewes before infection and at parturition and from all lambs 14 times (S0-S13), before infection and during the following 8 weeks, for counting oocysts per gram of feces (OPG). Immunoglobulin (IgG) and cytokine (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ) levels were determined in ewes' plasma collected before infection and at parturition, in lambs' plasma at 24 and 72 h after their birth, and in colostrum samples at parturition and 72 h later. Body weight of lambs was recorded five times from birth until the age of 60 days. Accordingly, the leucogram was evaluated in blood samples collected six times within the same period. On average, IgG concentration was higher (p < 0.05) in the blood of KM-ewes compared to KC and CC groups and in colostrum of KM-ewes compared to other groups (p < 0.001). KM-lambs had greater IgG titer and IFN-γ level than the other groups (p < 0.05). The IL-10/ IFN-γ ratio in KM-ewes was lower than the CC group (p = 0.06). Overall, the growth rate of lambs did not differ among groups (p > 0.05). Total oocysts' excretion in KM- and CM-lambs was reduced by 94.9% (p = 0.05) and 92.6% (p = 0.025), respectively, compared to KC-lambs, following the 3-week period after challenge, when E. ovinoidalis predominated in all groups. The dominant type of leucocytes was monocytes in all experimentally infected lambs, but not in NC-lambs, while overall lymphocytes were lower in KC-lambs than in NC-lambs (p < 0.05). Considering that almost all young indoor-reared lambs are exposed to coccidia species during their early life, melatonin treatment prenatally could suggest an alternative management tool in alleviating infection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efterpi Bouroutzika
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43131 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Maria Giovanna Ciliberti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Caroprese
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering (DAFNE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vaia Kantzoura
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Batikas
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43131 Karditsa, Greece
| | | | | | - Zafeiro Mimikou
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Georgios Pantsios
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Anastasios Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Irene Valasi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 43131 Karditsa, Greece
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