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Panchuk I, Smirnikhina S. Toolbox for creating three-dimensional liver models. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 731:150375. [PMID: 39018971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Research within the hepato-biliary system and hepatic function is currently experiencing heightened interest, this is due to the high frequency of relapse rates observed in chronic conditions, as well as the imperative for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to address both inherited and acquired diseases within this domain. The most commonly used sources for studying hepatocytes include primary human hepatocytes, human hepatic cancer cell lines, and hepatic-like cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. However, a significant challenge in primary hepatic cell culture is the rapid decline in their phenotypic characteristics, dedifferentiation and short cultivation time. This limitation creates various problems, including the inability to maintain long-term cell cultures, which can lead to failed experiments in drug development and the creation of relevant disease models for researchers' purposes. To address these issues, the creation of a powerful 3D cell model could play a pivotal role as a personalized disease model and help reduce the use of animal models during certain stages of research. Such a cell model could be used for disease modelling, genome editing, and drug discovery purposes. This review provides an overview of the main methods of 3D-culturing liver cells, including a discussion of their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Panchuk
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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2
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Sittiju P, Wudtiwai B, Chongchai A, Hajitou A, Kongtawelert P, Pothacharoen P, Suwan K. Bacteriophage-based particles carrying the TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) gene for targeted delivery in hepatocellular carcinoma. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6603-6617. [PMID: 38470366 PMCID: PMC10977282 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05660k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The TRAIL (Tumour Necrosis Factor-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand) is a promising candidate for cancer treatment due to its unique ability to selectively induce programmed cell death, or apoptosis, in cancer cells while sparing healthy ones. This selectivity arises from the preferential binding of the TRAIL to death receptors on cancer cells, triggering a cascade of events that lead to their demise. However, significant limitations in using the TRAIL for cancer treatment are the administration of the TRAIL protein that can potentially lead to tissue toxicity (off-target) and the short half-life of the TRAIL in the body which may necessitate frequent and sustained administration; these can pose logistical challenges for long-term treatment regimens. We have devised a novel approach for surmounting these limitations by introducing the TRAIL gene directly into cancer cells, enabling them to produce the TRAIL locally and subsequently trigger apoptosis. A novel gene delivery system such as a bacteriophage-based particle TPA (transmorphic phage/AAV) was utilized to address these limitations. TPA is a hybrid M13 filamentous bacteriophage particle encapsulating a therapeutic gene cassette with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). The particle also showed a tumour targeting ligand, CDCRGDCFC (RGD4C), on its capsid (RGD4C.TPA) to target the particle to cancer cells. RGD4C selectively binds to αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins overexpressed on the surface of most of the cancer cells but is barely present on normal cells. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was chosen as a model because it has one of the lowest survival rates among cancers. We demonstrated that human HCC cell lines (Huh-7 and HepG2) express αvβ5 integrin receptors on their surface. These HCC cells also express death receptors and TRAIL-binding receptors. We showed that the targeted TPA particle carrying the transmembrane TRAIL gene (RGD4C.TPA-tmTRAIL) selectively and efficiently delivered the tmTRAIL gene to HCC cells resulting in the production of tmTRAIL from transduced cells and subsequently induced apoptotic death of HCC cells. This tumour-targeted particle can be an excellent candidate for the targeted gene therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattaralawan Sittiju
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Benjawan Wudtiwai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Aitthiphon Chongchai
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Amin Hajitou
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
| | - Keittisak Suwan
- Cancer Phage Therapy Group, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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An J, Zhang S, Wu J, Chen H, Xu G, Hou Y, Liu R, Li N, Cui W, Li X, Du Y, Gu Q. Assessing bioartificial organ function: the 3P model framework and its validation. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1586-1601. [PMID: 38362645 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc01020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The rapid advancement in the fabrication and culture of in vitro organs has marked a new era in biomedical research. While strides have been made in creating structurally diverse bioartificial organs, such as the liver, which serves as the focal organ in our study, the field lacks a uniform approach for the predictive assessment of liver function. Our research bridges this gap with the introduction of a novel, machine-learning-based "3P model" framework. This model draws on a decade of experimental data across diverse culture platform studies, aiming to identify critical fabrication parameters affecting liver function, particularly in terms of albumin and urea secretion. Through meticulous statistical analysis, we evaluated the functional sustainability of the in vitro liver models. Despite the diversity of research methodologies and the consequent scarcity of standardized data, our regression model effectively captures the patterns observed in experimental findings. The insights gleaned from our study shed light on optimizing culture conditions and advance the evaluation of the functional maintenance capacity of bioartificial livers. This sets a precedent for future functional evaluations of bioartificial organs using machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingmin An
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Juan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Haolin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Guoshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100864, P.R. China.
| | - Wenjuan Cui
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100864, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Yi Du
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100864, P.R. China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
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Calori IR, Alves SR, Bi H, Tedesco AC. Type-I Collagen/Collagenase Modulates the 3D Structure and Behavior of Glioblastoma Spheroid Models. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:723-733. [PMID: 35068151 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids have emerged as well-structured, three-dimensional culture models that resemble and mimic the complexity of the dense and hypoxic cancer microenvironment. However, in brain tumor studies, a variety of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines only self-assemble into loose cellular aggregates, lacking the properties of actual glioma tumors in humans. In this study, we used type-I collagen as an extracellular matrix component to promote the compaction of GBM aggregates forming tight spheroids to understand how collagen influences the properties of tumors, such as their growth, proliferation, and invasion, and collagenase to promote collagen degradation. The GBM cell lines U87MG, T98G, and A172, as well as the medulloblastoma cell line UW473, were used as standard cell lines that do not spontaneously self-assemble into spheroids, and GBM U251 was used as a self-assembling cell line. According to the findings, all cell lines formed tight spheroids at collagen concentrations higher than 15.0 μg mL-1. Collagen was distributed along the spheroid, similarly to that observed in invasive GBM tumors, and decreased cell migration with no effect on the cellular uptake of small active molecules, as demonstrated by uptake studies using the photosensitizer verteporfin. The enzymatic cleavage of collagen affected spheroid morphology and increased cell migration while maintaining cell viability. Such behaviors are relevant to the physiological models of GBM tumors and are useful for better understanding cell migration and the in vivo infiltration path, drug screening, and kinetics of progression of GBM tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Rodrigo Calori
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Samara Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Hong Bi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering -Photobiology and Photomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
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Gajula SNR, Nadimpalli N, Sonti R. Drug metabolic stability in early drug discovery to develop potential lead compounds. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:459-477. [PMID: 34406889 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1970178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the metabolic stability of a new drug substance eliminated by biotransformation is essential for envisaging the pharmacokinetic parameters required for deciding drug dosing and frequency. Strategies aimed at modifying lead compounds may improve metabolic stability, thereby reducing the drug dosing frequency. Replacement of selective hydrogens with deuterium can effectively enhance the drug's metabolic stability by increasing the biological half-life. Further, cyclization, change in ring size, and chirality can substantially improve the metabolic stability of drugs. The microsomal t1/2 approach for measuring drug in vitro intrinsic clearance by automated LC-MS/MS offers sensitive high-throughput screens with reliable data. The obtained in vitro intrinsic clearance from metabolic stability data helps predict the drug's in vivo total clearance using different scaling factors and hepatic clearance models. This review summarizes all the recent approaches and technological advancements in metabolic stability studies for narrowing down the potential lead compounds in drug discovery. Further, we summarized the potential pitfalls and assumptions made during the in vivo intrinsic clearance estimation from in vitro intrinsic clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Nimisha Nadimpalli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
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Kim JW, Yi J, Park J, Jeong JH, Kim J, Won J, Chung S, Kim TS, Pak JH. Transcriptomic profiling of three-dimensional cholangiocyte spheroids long term exposed to repetitive Clonorchis sinensis excretory-secretory products. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:213. [PMID: 33879231 PMCID: PMC8056535 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04717-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biliary tract infection with the carcinogenic human liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis, provokes chronic inflammation, epithelial hyperplasia, periductal fibrosis, and even cholangiocarcinoma. Complications are proportional to the intensity and duration of the infection. In addition to mechanical irritation of the biliary epithelia from worms, their excretory-secretory products (ESPs) cause chemical irritation, which leads to inflammation, proliferation, and free radical generation. Methods A three-dimensional in vitro cholangiocyte spheroid culture model was established, followed by ESP treatment. This allowed us to examine the intrinsic pathological mechanisms of clonorchiasis via the imitation of prolonged and repetitive in vivo infection. Results Microarray and RNA-Seq analysis revealed that ESP-treated cholangiocyte H69 spheroids displayed global changes in gene expression compared to untreated spheroids. In ESP-treated H69 spheroids, 185 and 63 probes were found to be significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively, corresponding to 209 genes (p < 0.01, fold change > 2). RNA-Seq was performed for the validation of the microarray results, and the gene expression patterns in both transcriptome platforms were well matched for 209 significant genes. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes were mainly classified into immune system processes, the extracellular region, and the extracellular matrix. Among the upregulated genes, four genes (XAF1, TRIM22, CXCL10, and BST2) were selected for confirmation using quantitative RT-PCR, resulting in 100% similar expression patterns in microarray and RNA-Seq. Conclusions These findings broaden our understanding of the pathological pathways of liver fluke-associated hepatobiliary disorders and suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for this infectious cancer. Graphic abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04717-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woong Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyeong Yi
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Park
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihee Won
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong-Soo Kim
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jhang Ho Pak
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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Park Y, Huh KM, Kang SW. Applications of Biomaterials in 3D Cell Culture and Contributions of 3D Cell Culture to Drug Development and Basic Biomedical Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2491. [PMID: 33801273 PMCID: PMC7958286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of drugs is important in the production of new drugs to treat diseases. Testing in humans is the most accurate method, but there are technical and ethical limitations. To overcome these limitations, various models have been developed in which responses to various external stimuli can be observed to help guide future trials. In particular, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture has a great advantage in simulating the physical and biological functions of tissues in the human body. This article reviews the biomaterials currently used to improve cellular functions in 3D culture and the contributions of 3D culture to cancer research, stem cell culture and drug and toxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Kang Moo Huh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea;
| | - Sun-Woong Kang
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
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Synthesis and characterization of site selective photo-crosslinkable glycidyl methacrylate functionalized gelatin-based 3D hydrogel scaffold for liver tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 123:111694. [PMID: 33812568 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The presented work outlined the development of a new biocompatible hydrogel material that has potential applications in soft tissue engineering. As a proof of concept, human hepatocytes were used to demonstrate the suitability of this material in providing conducive environment for cellular growth and functional development. Herein, a detailed synthesis of novel gelatin derivatives - photo-crosslinkable glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) functionalized gelatins (Gelatin-GMA), and preparation of three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel scaffolds for the encapsulated Huh-7.5 cells is reported. The Gelatin-GMA biopolymers were synthesized at two different pH values of 3.5 (acidic) and 10.5 (basic) where two different photo-crosslinkable polymers were formed utilizing -COOH & -OH groups in acidic pH, and -NH2 & -OH groups in basic pH. The hydrogels were prepared using an initiator (Irgacure I2959) in the presence of UV light. The Gelatin-GMA biopolymers were characterized using spectroscopic studies which confirmed the successful preparation of the polymer derivatives. Rheological measurement was carried out to characterize the mechanical properties and derive the mesh sizes of the 3D hydrogels. Subsequently, detailed in vitro hepatocyte compatibility and functionality studies were performed in the 3D cell seeded hydrogel platform. The 3D hydrogel design with larger mesh sizes utilizes the advantage of the excellent diffusion properties of porous platform, and enhanced cell-growth was observed, which in turn elicited favorable Huh-7.5 response. The hydrogels led to improved cellular functions such as differentiation, viability and proliferation. Overall, it showed that the Gelatin-GMA based hydrogels presented better results compared to control sample (GelMA) because of the higher mesh sizes in Gelatin-GMA based hydrogels. Additionally, the functional group studies of the two Gelatin-GMA samples revealed that the cell functionalities are almost unaffected even after the tripeptide - Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) in Gelatin-GMA synthesized at pH 3.5 is no longer completely available.
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Systematic transcriptome-based comparison of cellular adaptive stress response activation networks in hepatic stem cell-derived progeny and primary human hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105107. [PMID: 33545341 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Various adaptive cellular stress response pathways are critical in the pathophysiology of liver disease and drug-induced liver injury. Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) provide a promising tool to study cellular stress response pathways, but in this context there is limited insight on how HLCs compare to other in vitro liver models. Here, we systematically compared the transcriptomic profiles upon chemical activation in HLCs, hiPSC, primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and HepG2 liver cancer cells. We used targeted RNA-sequencing to map concentration transcriptional response using benchmark concentration modeling for the various stress responses in the different test systems. We found that HLCs are very sensitive towards oxidative stress and inflammation conditions as corresponding genes were activated at over 3 fold lower concentrations of the corresponding pathway inducing compounds as compared to PHH. PHH were the most sensitive model when studying UPR related effects. Due to the non-proliferative nature of PHH and HLCs, these do not pose a good/sensitive model to pick up DNA damage responses, while hiPSC and HepG2 were more sensitive in these conditions. We envision that this study contributes to a better understanding on how HLCs can contribute to the assessment of cell physiological stress response activation to predict hepatotoxic events.
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10
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Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials for Engineering Multicellular Tumor Spheroids. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112506. [PMID: 33126468 PMCID: PMC7692845 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of in vitro models that represent the native tumor microenvironment is a significant challenge for cancer research. Two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture has long been the standard for in vitro cell-based studies. However, differences between 2D culture and the in vivo environment have led to poor translation of cancer research from in vitro to in vivo models, slowing the progress of the field. Recent advances in three-dimensional (3D) culture have improved the ability of in vitro culture to replicate in vivo conditions. Although 3D cultures still cannot achieve the complexity of the in vivo environment, they can still better replicate the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions of solid tumors. Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are three-dimensional (3D) clusters of cells with tumor-like features such as oxygen gradients and drug resistance, and represent an important translational tool for cancer research. Accordingly, natural and synthetic polymers, including collagen, hyaluronic acid, Matrigel®, polyethylene glycol (PEG), alginate and chitosan, have been used to form and study MCTS for improved clinical translatability. This review evaluates the current state of biomaterial-based MCTS formation, including advantages and disadvantages of the different biomaterials and their recent applications to the field of cancer research, with a focus on the past five years.
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Tasnim F, Singh NH, Tan EKF, Xing J, Li H, Hissette S, Manesh S, Fulwood J, Gupta K, Ng CW, Xu S, Hill J, Yu H. Tethered primary hepatocyte spheroids on polystyrene multi-well plates for high-throughput drug safety testing. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4768. [PMID: 32179810 PMCID: PMC7075904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte spheroids are useful models for mimicking liver phenotypes in vitro because of their three-dimensionality. However, the lack of a biomaterial platform which allows the facile manipulation of spheroid cultures on a large scale severely limits their application in automated high-throughput drug safety testing. In addition, there is not yet a robust way of controlling spheroid size, homogeneity and integrity during extended culture. This work addresses these bottlenecks to the automation of hepatocyte spheroid culture by tethering 3D hepatocyte spheroids directly onto surface-modified polystyrene (PS) multi-well plates. However, polystyrene surfaces are inert toward functionalization, and this makes the uniform conjugation of bioactive ligands very challenging. Surface modification of polystyrene well plates is achieved herein using a three-step sequence, resulting in a homogeneous distribution of bioactive RGD and galactose ligands required for spheroid tethering and formation. Importantly, treatment of polystyrene tethered spheroids with vehicle and paradigm hepatotoxicant (chlorpromazine) treatment using an automated liquid handling platform shows low signal deviation, intact 3D spheroidal morphology and Z’ values above 0.5, and hence confirming their amenability to high-throughput automation. Functional analyses performance (i.e. urea and albumin production, cytochrome P450 activity and induction studies) of the polystyrene tethered spheroids reveal significant improvements over hepatocytes cultured as collagen monolayers. This is the first demonstration of automated hepatotoxicant treatment on functional 3D hepatocyte spheroids tethered directly on polystyrene multi-well plates, and will serve as an important advancement in the application of 3D tethered spheroid models to high throughput drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Tasnim
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Nisha Hari Singh
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Elijah Keng Foo Tan
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore.,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Jiangwa Xing
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sebastien Hissette
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Sravanthy Manesh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Justina Fulwood
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Kapish Gupta
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Chan Way Ng
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore
| | - Shuoyu Xu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre (ETC), Level 3, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.,Sussex Drug Discovery Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN19RH, UK
| | - Hanry Yu
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore. .,Mechanobiology Institute, T-Labs, #05-01, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore. .,Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine (Department of Physiology) and Graduate School for Integrative Sciences & Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, MD9-04-11, 2 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117593, Singapore. .,CAMP IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, 1 CREATE Way, Enterprise Wing, Level 4, Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
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12
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Brown GE, Khetani SR. Microfabrication of liver and heart tissues for drug development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0225. [PMID: 29786560 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity remain among the leading causes of preclinical and clinical drug attrition, marketplace drug withdrawals and black-box warnings on marketed drugs. Unfortunately, animal testing has proven to be insufficient for accurately predicting drug-induced liver- and cardiotoxicity across many drug classes, likely due to significant differences in tissue functions across species. Thus, the field of in vitro human tissue engineering has gained increasing importance over the last 10 years. Technologies such as protein micropatterning, microfluidics, three-dimensional scaffolds and bioprinting have revolutionized in vitro platforms as well as increased the long-term phenotypic stability of both primary cells and stem cell-derived differentiated cells. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver and heart models with utility for drug development. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues. Overall, bioengineered liver and heart models have significantly advanced our understanding of organ function and injury, which will prove useful for mitigating the risk of drug-induced organ toxicity to human patients, reducing animal usage for preclinical drug testing, aiding in the discovery of novel therapeutics against human diseases, and ultimately for applications in regenerative medicine.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Brown
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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13
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Legallais C, Kim D, Mihaila SM, Mihajlovic M, Figliuzzi M, Bonandrini B, Salerno S, Yousef Yengej FA, Rookmaaker MB, Sanchez Romero N, Sainz-Arnal P, Pereira U, Pasqua M, Gerritsen KGF, Verhaar MC, Remuzzi A, Baptista PM, De Bartolo L, Masereeuw R, Stamatialis D. Bioengineering Organs for Blood Detoxification. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800430. [PMID: 30230709 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For patients with severe kidney or liver failure the best solution is currently organ transplantation. However, not all patients are eligible for transplantation and due to limited organ availability, most patients are currently treated with therapies using artificial kidney and artificial liver devices. These therapies, despite their relative success in preserving the patients' life, have important limitations since they can only replace part of the natural kidney or liver functions. As blood detoxification (and other functions) in these highly perfused organs is achieved by specialized cells, it seems relevant to review the approaches leading to bioengineered organs fulfilling most of the native organ functions. There, the culture of cells of specific phenotypes on adapted scaffolds that can be perfused takes place. In this review paper, first the functions of kidney and liver organs are briefly described. Then artificial kidney/liver devices, bioartificial kidney devices, and bioartificial liver devices are focused on, as well as biohybrid constructs obtained by decellularization and recellularization of animal organs. For all organs, a thorough overview of the literature is given and the perspectives for their application in the clinic are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Legallais
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Dooli Kim
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia M. Mihaila
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Milos Mihajlovic
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marina Figliuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
| | - Barbara Bonandrini
- Department of Chemistry; Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”; Politecnico di Milano; Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Simona Salerno
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maarten B. Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Pilar Sainz-Arnal
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud (IACS); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Ulysse Pereira
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Mattia Pasqua
- UMR CNRS 7338 Biomechanics & Bioengineering; Université de technologie de Compiègne; Sorbonne Universités; 60203 Compiègne France
| | - Karin G. F. Gerritsen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marianne C. Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension; University Medical Center Utrecht and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht; Utrecht University; Heidelberglaan 100 3584 CX Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Remuzzi
- IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri; via Stezzano 87 24126 Bergamo Italy
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
| | - Pedro M. Baptista
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragon); 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Department of Management; Information and Production Engineering; University of Bergamo; viale Marconi 5 24044 Dalmine Italy
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas (CIBERehd); 28029 Barcelona Spain
- Fundación ARAID; 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de la Fundación Jiménez Díaz; 28040 Madrid Spain. Department of Biomedical and Aerospace Engineering; Universidad Carlos III de Madrid; 28911 Madrid Spain
| | - Loredana De Bartolo
- Institute on Membrane Technology; National Research Council of Italy; ITM-CNR; Via Pietro BUCCI, Cubo 17C - 87036 Rende Italy
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of Pharmacology; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Stamatialis
- (Bio)artificial organs; Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; TechMed Institute; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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14
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Advances in Engineered Human Liver Platforms for Drug Metabolism Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1626-1637. [PMID: 30135245 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism in the liver often determines the overall clearance rates of many pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, induction or inhibition of the liver drug metabolism enzymes by perpetrator drugs can influence the metabolism of victim drugs (drug-drug interactions). Therefore, determining liver-drug interactions is critical during preclinical drug development. Unfortunately, studies in animals are often of limited value because of significant differences in the metabolic pathways of the liver across different species. To mitigate such limitations, the pharmaceutical industry uses a continuum of human liver models, ranging from microsomes to transfected cell lines and cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). Of these models, PHHs provide a balance of high-throughput testing capabilities together with a physiologically relevant cell type that exhibits all the characteristic enzymes, cofactors, and transporters. However, PHH monocultures display a rapid decline in metabolic capacity. Consequently, bioengineers have developed several tools, such as cellular microarrays, micropatterned cocultures, self-assembled and bioprinted spheroids, and perfusion devices, to enhance and stabilize PHH functions for ≥2 weeks. Many of these platforms have been validated for drug studies, whereas some have been adapted to include liver nonparenchymal cells that can influence hepatic drug metabolism in health and disease. Here, we focus on the design features of such platforms and their representative drug metabolism validation datasets, while discussing emerging trends. Overall, the use of engineered human liver platforms in the pharmaceutical industry has been steadily rising over the last 10 years, and we anticipate that these platforms will become an integral part of drug development with continued commercialization and validation for routine screening use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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15
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Underhill GH, Khetani SR. Bioengineered Liver Models for Drug Testing and Cell Differentiation Studies. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 5:426-439.e1. [PMID: 29675458 PMCID: PMC5904032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models of the human liver are important for the following: (1) mitigating the risk of drug-induced liver injury to human beings, (2) modeling human liver diseases, (3) elucidating the role of single and combinatorial microenvironmental cues on liver cell function, and (4) enabling cell-based therapies in the clinic. Methods to isolate and culture primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), the gold standard for building human liver models, were developed several decades ago; however, PHHs show a precipitous decline in phenotypic functions in 2-dimensional extracellular matrix-coated conventional culture formats, which does not allow chronic treatment with drugs and other stimuli. The development of several engineering tools, such as cellular microarrays, protein micropatterning, microfluidics, biomaterial scaffolds, and bioprinting, now allow precise control over the cellular microenvironment for enhancing the function of both PHHs and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cells; long-term (4+ weeks) stabilization of hepatocellular function typically requires co-cultivation with liver-derived or non-liver-derived nonparenchymal cell types. In addition, the recent development of liver organoid culture systems can provide a strategy for the enhanced expansion of therapeutically relevant cell types. Here, we discuss advances in engineering approaches for constructing in vitro human liver models that have utility in drug screening and for determining microenvironmental determinants of liver cell differentiation/function. Design features and validation data of representative models are presented to highlight major trends followed by the discussion of pending issues that need to be addressed. Overall, bioengineered liver models have significantly advanced our understanding of liver function and injury, which will prove useful for drug development and ultimately cell-based therapies.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- BAL, bioartificial liver
- Bioprinting
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- CYP450, cytochrome P450
- Cellular Microarrays
- DILI, drug-induced liver injury
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- HSC, hepatic stellate cell
- Hepatocytes
- IL, interleukin
- KC, Kupffer cell
- LSEC, liver sinusoidal endothelial cell
- MPCC, micropatterned co-culture
- Microfluidics
- Micropatterned Co-Cultures
- NPC, nonparenchymal cell
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PHH, primary human hepatocyte
- Spheroids
- iHep, induced pluripotent stem cell-derived human hepatocyte-like cell
- iPS, induced pluripotent stem
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory H. Underhill
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Salman R. Khetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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16
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Liaw CY, Ji S, Guvendiren M. Engineering 3D Hydrogels for Personalized In Vitro Human Tissue Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29345429 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in engineering hydrogels for 3D tissue and disease models. The major motivation is to better mimic the physiological microenvironment of the disease and human condition. 3D tissue models derived from patients' own cells can potentially revolutionize the way treatment and diagnostic alternatives are developed. This requires development of tissue mimetic hydrogels with user defined and tunable properties. In this review article, a recent summary of 3D hydrogel platforms for in vitro tissue and disease modeling is given. Hydrogel design considerations and available hydrogel systems are summarized, followed by the types of currently available hydrogel models, such as bulk hydrogels, porous scaffolds, fibrous scaffolds, hydrogel microspheres, hydrogel sandwich systems, microwells, and 3D bioprinted constructs. Although hydrogels are utilized for a wide range of tissue models, this article focuses on liver and cancer models. This article also provides a detailed section on current challenges and future perspectives of hydrogel-based tissue models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chya-Yan Liaw
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Shen Ji
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
| | - Murat Guvendiren
- Instructive Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing Laboratory; Otto H. York Chemical; Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering; Newark College of Engineering; New Jersey Institute of Technology; University Heights; 138 York Center Newark NJ 07102 USA
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17
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Meseguer-Ripolles J, Khetani SR, Blanco JG, Iredale M, Hay DC. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Human Tissue: Platforms to Evaluate Drug Metabolism and Safety. AAPS J 2017; 20:20. [PMID: 29270863 PMCID: PMC5804345 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-017-0171-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the improvements in drug screening, high levels of drug attrition persist. Although high-throughput screening platforms permit the testing of compound libraries, poor compound efficacy or unexpected organ toxicity are major causes of attrition. Part of the reason for drug failure resides in the models employed, most of which are not representative of normal organ biology. This same problem affects all the major organs during drug development. Hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity are two interesting examples of organ disease and can present in the late stages of drug development, resulting in major cost and increased risk to the patient. Currently, cell-based systems used within industry rely on immortalized or primary cell lines from donated tissue. These models possess significant advantages and disadvantages, but in general display limited relevance to the organ of interest. Recently, stem cell technology has shown promise in drug development and has been proposed as an alternative to current industrial systems. These offerings will provide the field with exciting new models to study human organ biology at scale and in detail. We believe that the recent advances in production of stem cell-derived hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes combined with cutting-edge engineering technologies make them an attractive alternative to current screening models for drug discovery. This will lead to fast failing of poor drugs earlier in the process, delivering safer and more efficacious medicines for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salman R Khetani
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Bioengineering (MC 063) 851 S Morgan St, 218 SEO, Chicago, Illinois, 60607, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Mairi Iredale
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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18
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Kung FH, Sillitti D, Shreiber DI, Zahn JD, Firestein BL. Microfluidic device-assisted etching of p-HEMA for cell or protein patterning. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 34:243-248. [PMID: 29086494 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The construction of biomaterials with which to limit the growth of cells or to limit the adsorption of proteins is essential for understanding biological phenomena. Here, we describe a novel method to simply and easily create thin layers of poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p-HEMA) for protein and cellular patterning via etching with ethanol and microfluidic devices. First, a cell culture surface or glass coverslip is coated with p-HEMA. Next, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic is placed onto the p-HEMA surface, and ethanol is aspirated through the device. The PDMS device is removed, and the p-HEMA surface is ready for protein adsorption or cell plating. This method allows for the fabrication of 0.3 µm thin layers of p-HEMA, which can be etched to 10 µm wide channels. Furthermore, it creates regions of differential protein adhesion, as shown by Coomassie staining and fluorescent labeling, and cell adhesion, as demonstrated by C2C12 myoblast growth. This method is simple, versatile, and allows biologists and bioengineers to manipulate regions for cell culture adhesion and growth. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 34:243-248, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Kung
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - David Sillitti
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - David I Shreiber
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854.,Graduate Faculty in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - Jeffrey D Zahn
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854.,Graduate Faculty in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
| | - Bonnie L Firestein
- Dept. of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854.,Graduate Faculty in Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854
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19
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Langan LM, Harper GM, Owen SF, Purcell WM, Jackson SK, Jha AN. Application of the rainbow trout derived intestinal cell line (RTgutGC) for ecotoxicological studies: molecular and cellular responses following exposure to copper. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:1117-1133. [PMID: 28785844 PMCID: PMC5617881 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an acknowledged need for in vitro fish intestinal model to help understand dietary exposure to chemicals in the aquatic environment. The presence and use of such models is however largely restrictive due to technical difficulties in the culturing of enterocytes in general and the availability of appropriate established cell lines in particular. In this study, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestinal derived cell line (RTgutGC) was used as a surrogate for the "gut sac" method. To facilitate comparison, RTgutGC cells were grown as monolayers (double-seeded) on permeable Transwell supports leading to a two-compartment intestinal model consisting of polarised epithelium. This two-compartment model divides the system into an upper apical (lumen) and a lower basolateral (portal blood) compartment. In our studies, these cells stained weakly for mucosubstances, expressed the tight junction protein ZO-1 in addition to E-cadherin and revealed the presence of polarised epithelium in addition to microvilli protrusions. The cells also revealed a comparable transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) to the in vivo situation. Importantly, the cell line tolerated apical saline (1:1 ratio) thus mimicking the intact organ to allow assessment of uptake of compounds across the intestine. Following an exposure over 72 h, our study demonstrated that the RTgutGC cell line under sub-lethal concentrations of copper sulphate (Cu) and modified saline solutions demonstrated uptake of the metal with saturation levels comparable to short term ex situ gut sac preparations. Gene expression analysis revealed no significant influence of pH or time on mRNA expression levels of key stress related genes (i.e. CYP3A, GST, mtA, Pgp and SOD) in the Transwell model. However, significant positive correlations were found between all genes investigated suggesting a co-operative relationship amongst the genes studied. When the outlined characteristics of the cell line are combined with the division of compartments, the RTgutGC double seeded model represents a potential animal replacement model for ecotoxicological studies. Overall, this model could be used to study the effects and predict aquatic gastrointestinal permeability of metals and other environmentally relevant contaminants in a cost effective and high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Langan
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Glenn M Harper
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Alderly Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Wendy M Purcell
- School of Biomedical and Health Care Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Simon K Jackson
- School of Biomedical and Health Care Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Awadhesh N Jha
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
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20
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Regmi S, Jeong JH. Superiority of three-dimensional stem cell clusters over monolayer culture: An archetype to biological application. Macromol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-016-4107-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Jeong D, Han C, Kang I, Park HT, Kim J, Ryu H, Gho YS, Park J. Effect of Concentrated Fibroblast-Conditioned Media on In Vitro Maintenance of Rat Primary Hepatocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148846. [PMID: 26863621 PMCID: PMC4749383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media were tested to determine whether hepatocyte function can be maintained without direct contact between hepatocytes and fibroblasts. Primary rat hepatocytes cultured with a concentrated conditioned media of NIH-3T3 J2 cell line (final concentration of 55 mg/ml) showed significantly improved survival and functions (albumin and urea) compared to those of control groups. They also showed higher expression levels of mRNA, albumin and tyrosine aminotransferase compared to hepatocyte monoculture. The results suggest that culture with concentrated fibroblast-conditioned media could be an easy method for in vitro maintenance of primary hepatocytes. They also could be contribute to understand and analyze co-culture condition of hepatocyte with stroma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayeong Jeong
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungmin Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Inhye Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Taek Park
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Ryu
- Chadwick International School, Songdo, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Science and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesung Park
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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22
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Kumari J, Karande AA, Kumar A. Combined Effect of Cryogel Matrix and Temperature-Reversible Soluble-Insoluble Polymer for the Development of in Vitro Human Liver Tissue. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:264-277. [PMID: 26654271 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic cell culture on a three-dimensional (3D) matrix or as a hepatosphere appears to be a promising in vitro biomimetic system for liver tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have combined the concept of a 3D scaffold and a spheroid culture to develop an in vitro model to engineer liver tissue for drug screening. We have evaluated the potential of poly(ethylene glycol)-alginate-gelatin (PAG) cryogel matrix for in vitro culture of human liver cell lines. The synthesized cryogel matrix has a flow rate of 7 mL/min and water uptake capacity of 94% that enables easy nutrient transportation in the in vitro cell culture. Young's modulus of 2.4 kPa and viscoelastic property determine the soft and elastic nature of synthesized cryogel. Biocompatibility of PAG cryogel was evaluated through MTT assay of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells on matrices. The proliferation and functionality of the liver cells were enhanced by culturing hepatic cells as spheroids (hepatospheres) on the PAG cryogel using temperature-reversible soluble-insoluble polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm). Pore size of the cryogel above 100 μm modulated spheroid size that can prevent hypoxia condition within the spheroid culture. Both the hepatic cells have shown a significant difference (P < 0.05) in terms of cell number and functionality when cultured with PNIPAAm. After 10 days of culture using 0.05% PNIPAAm, the cell number increased by 11- and 7-fold in case of HepG2 and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Similarly, after 10 days of hepatic spheroids culture on PAG cryogel, the albumin production, urea secretion, and CYP450 activity were significantly higher in case of culture with PNIPAAm. The developed tissue mass on the PAG cryogel in the presence of PNIPAAm possess polarity, which was confirmed using F-actin staining and by presence of intercellular bile canalicular lumen. The developed cryogel matrix supports liver cells proliferation and functionality and therefore can be used for in vitro and in vivo drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Kumari
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, 208016 UP, India
| | - Anjali A Karande
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sciences , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur, 208016 UP, India
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Kim JH, Jang YJ, An SY, Son J, Lee J, Lee G, Park JY, Park HJ, Hwang DY, Kim JH, Han J. Enhanced Metabolizing Activity of Human ES Cell-Derived Hepatocytes Using a 3D Culture System with Repeated Exposures to Xenobiotics. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:190-206. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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Xiao W, Kodama M, Komori K, Sakai Y. Oxygen-permeable membrane-based direct oxygenation remarkably enhances functions and gene expressions of rat hepatocytes in both 3D and sandwich cultures. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zhang RR, Takebe T, Miyazaki L, Takayama M, Koike H, Kimura M, Enomura M, Zheng YW, Sekine K, Taniguchi H. Efficient hepatic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells in a three-dimensional microscale culture. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1210:131-141. [PMID: 25173165 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1435-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a novel source of hepatocytes for drug development, disease modeling studies, and regenerative therapy for the treatment of liver diseases. A number of protocols for generating functional hepatocytes have been reported worldwide; however, reproducible and efficient differentiation remained challenging under conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture. In this study, we describe an efficient differentiation protocol for generating functional hepatocyte-like cells from human iPSC-derived homogenous hepatic endoderm cells combined with three-dimensional (3D) microscale culture system. First, hepatic endoderm cells (iPSC-HEs) were directly differentiated using two-step approaches, and then cultured in the 3D micropattern plate. Human iPSC-HEs quickly reaggregated and formed hundreds of round-shaped spheroids at day 4 of cell plating. The size distribution of iPSC-HEs derived spheroids was relatively uniform around 100-200 μm in diameter. After 14 days, iPSC-HEs efficiently differentiated into hepatocyte-like cells in terms of hepatic maker gene expression compared with conventional 2D approach. We conclude that our scalable and three-dimensional culture system would be one promising approach to generate a huge number of hepatocyte-like cells from human iPSCs aiming at future industrial and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Zhang
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo-Hoon Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Lifeliver Co. Ltd., Yongin, Korea
| | - Kwang-Woong Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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