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Chen T, Qin X, Jiang J, He B. Diagnostic indicators and lifestyle interventions of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1424246. [PMID: 38946789 PMCID: PMC11211376 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1424246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
MAFLD has become a major global health problem and is the leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The disease progresses from a simple fatty liver to gradual fibrosis, which progresses to cirrhosis and even hepatocellular liver cancer. However, the methods currently used for diagnosis are invasive and do not facilitate clinical assessment of the condition. As a result, research on markers for the diagnosis of MAFLD is increasing. In addition, there are no clinical medications for the treatment of MAFLD, and lifestyle interventions remain effective in the prevention and treatment of MAFLD. In this review, we attempt to make a summary of the emerging diagnostic indicators and effective lifestyle interventions for MAFLD and to provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhu Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Qin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Hangzhou Lin’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beihui He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Henin G, Loumaye A, Leclercq IA, Lanthier N. Myosteatosis: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and consequences in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100963. [PMID: 38322420 PMCID: PMC10844870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with an increased risk of multisystemic complications, including muscle changes such as sarcopenia and myosteatosis that can reciprocally affect liver function. We conducted a systematic review to highlight innovative assessment tools, pathophysiological mechanisms and metabolic consequences related to myosteatosis in MASLD, based on original articles screened from PUBMED, EMBASE and COCHRANE databases. Forty-six original manuscripts (14 pre-clinical and 32 clinical studies) were included. Microscopy (8/14) and tissue lipid extraction (8/14) are the two main assessment techniques used to measure muscle lipid content in pre-clinical studies. In clinical studies, imaging is the most used assessment tool and included CT (14/32), MRI (12/32) and ultrasound (4/32). Assessed muscles varied across studies but mainly included paravertebral (4/14 in pre-clinical; 13/32 in clinical studies) and lower limb muscles (10/14 in preclinical; 13/32 in clinical studies). Myosteatosis is already highly prevalent in non-cirrhotic stages of MASLD and correlates with disease activity when using muscle density assessed by CT. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms were found and included: high-fat and high-fructose diet, dysregulation in fatty acid transport and ketogenesis, endocrine disorders and impaired microRNA122 pathway signalling. In this review we also uncover several potential consequences of myosteatosis in MASLD, such as insulin resistance, MASLD progression from steatosis to metabolic steatohepatitis and loss of muscle strength. In conclusion, data on myosteatosis in MASLD are already available. Screening for myosteatosis could be highly relevant in the context of MASLD, considering its correlation with MASLD activity as well as its related consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Henin
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Nutrition, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle A. Leclercq
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Hepatogastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Cheng XW, Narisawa M, Wang H, Piao L. Overview of multifunctional cysteinyl cathepsins in atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease: from insights into molecular functions to clinical implications. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:91. [PMID: 37202785 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins (CTSs) are widely known to have a proteolysis function that mediates recycling of unwanted proteins in endosomes and lysosomes, and investigation of CTSs has greatly improved with advances in live-imaging techniques both in vivo and in vitro, leading to three key findings. (1) CTSs are relocated from the lysosomes to other cellular spaces (i.e., cytosol, nucleus, nuclear membrane, plasma membrane, and extracellular milieu). (2) In addition to acidic cellular compartments, CTSs also exert biological activity in neutral environments. (3) CTSs also exert multiple nontraditional functions in, for example, extracellular matrix metabolism, cell signaling transduction, protein processing/trafficking, and cellular events. Various stimuli regulate the expression and activities of CTSs in vivo and vitro-e.g., inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, neurohormones, and growth factors. Accumulating evidence has confirmed the participation of CTSs in vascular diseases characterized by atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, thrombosis, calcification, aneurysm, restenosis/in-stent-restenosis, and neovasel formation. Circulating and tissue CTSs are promising as biomarkers and as a diagnostic imaging tool in patients with atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular disease (ACVD), and pharmacological interventions with their specific and non-specific inhibitors, and cardiovascular drugs might have potential for the therapeutic targeting of CTSs in animals. This review focuses on the update findings on CTS biology and the involvement of CTSs in the initiation and progression of ACVD and discusses the potential use of CTSs as biomarkers and small-molecule targets to prevent deleterious nontraditional functions in ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China.
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanji, Jilin PR. 133000, China.
| | - Megumi Narisawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichiken, 4668550, Japan
| | - Hailong Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Yanbian University Hospital, 1327 Juzijie, Yanjin, Jilin, 133000, People's Republic of China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Stress and Cardiovascular Disease, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanjin, 133000, Jilin, People's Republic of China
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4
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All Roads Lead to Cathepsins: The Role of Cathepsins in Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102351. [PMID: 36289617 PMCID: PMC9598942 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are lysosomal proteases that are essential to maintain cellular physiological homeostasis and are involved in multiple processes, such as immune and energy regulation. Predominantly, cathepsins reside in the lysosomal compartment; however, they can also be secreted by cells and enter the extracellular space. Extracellular cathepsins have been linked to several pathologies, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). NASH is an increasingly important risk factor for the development of HCC, which is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and poses a great medical and economic burden. While information regarding the involvement of cathepsins in NASH-induced HCC (NASH-HCC) is limited, data to support the role of cathepsins in either NASH or HCC is accumulating. Since cathepsins play a role in both NASH and HCC, it is likely that the role of cathepsins is more significant in NASH-HCC compared to HCC derived from other etiologies. In the current review, we provide an overview on the available data regarding cathepsins in NASH and HCC, argue that cathepsins play a key role in the transition from NASH to HCC, and shed light on therapeutic options in this context.
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Cespiati A, Meroni M, Lombardi R, Oberti G, Dongiovanni P, Fracanzani AL. Impact of Sarcopenia and Myosteatosis in Non-Cirrhotic Stages of Liver Diseases: Similarities and Differences across Aetiologies and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010182. [PMID: 35052859 PMCID: PMC8773740 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as a loss of muscle strength, mass and function and it is a predictor of mortality. Sarcopenia is not only a geriatric disease, but it is related to several chronic conditions, including liver diseases in both its early and advanced stages. Despite the increasing number of studies exploring the role of sarcopenia in the early stages of chronic liver disease (CLD), its prevalence and the relationship between these two clinical entities are still controversial. Myosteatosis is characterized by fat accumulation in the muscles and it is related to advanced liver disease, although its role in the early stages is still under researched. Therefore, in this narrative review, we firstly aimed to evaluate the prevalence and the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myosteatosis in the early stage of CLD across different aetiologies (mainly non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease and viral hepatitis). Secondly, due to the increasing prevalence of sarcopenia worldwide, we aimed to revise the current and the future therapeutic approaches for the management of sarcopenia in CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Cespiati
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Rosa Lombardi
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-5503-4192; Fax: +39-02-5503-3509
| | - Giovanna Oberti
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Dongiovanni
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
| | - Anna Ludovica Fracanzani
- General Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad. Granelli, Via F Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy; (A.C.); (M.M.); (G.O.); (P.D.); (A.L.F.)
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Ruiz-Blázquez P, Pistorio V, Fernández-Fernández M, Moles A. The multifaceted role of cathepsins in liver disease. J Hepatol 2021; 75:1192-1202. [PMID: 34242696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are the most abundant enzyme gene family in vertebrates and they execute essential functions in all living organisms. Their main role is to hydrolase the peptide bond within proteins, a process also called proteolysis. Contrary to the conventional paradigm, proteases are not only random catalytic devices, but can perform highly selective and targeted cleavage of specific substrates, finely modulating multiple essential cellular processes. Lysosomal protease cathepsins comprise 3 families of proteases that preferentially act within acidic cellular compartments, but they can also be found in other cellular locations. They can operate alone or as part of signalling cascades and regulatory circuits, playing important roles in apoptosis, extracellular matrix remodelling, hepatic stellate cell activation, autophagy and metastasis, contributing to the initiation, development and progression of liver disease. In this review, we comprehensively summarise current knowledge on the role of lysosomal cathepsins in liver disease, with a particular emphasis on liver fibrosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Blázquez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - María Fernández-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain.
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7
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Ding L, De Munck TJI, Oligschlaeger Y, Verbeek J, Koek GH, Houben T, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Insulin resistance is positively associated with plasma cathepsin D activity in NAFLD patients. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:110-115. [PMID: 34370929 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies associated plasma cathepsin D (CTSD) activity with hepatic insulin resistance in overweight and obese humans. Insulin resistance is a major feature of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and is one of the multiple hits determining the progression towards non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). In line, we have previously demonstrated that plasma CTSD levels are increased in NASH patients. However, it is not known whether insulin resistance associates with plasma CTSD activity in NAFLD. To increase our understanding regarding the mechanisms by which insulin resistance mediates NAFLD, fifty-five liver biopsy or MRI-proven NAFLD patients (BMI>25kg/m2) were included to investigate the link between plasma CTSD activity to insulin resistance in NAFLD. We concluded that HOMA-IR and plasma insulin levels are independently associated with plasma CTSD activity in NAFLD patients (standardized coefficient β: 0.412, 95% Cl: 0.142~0.679, p=0.004 and standardized coefficient β: 0.495, 95% Cl: 0.236~0.758, p=0.000, respectively). Together with previous studies, these data suggest that insulin resistance may link to NAFLD via elevation of CTSD activity in plasma. As such, these data pave the way for testing CTSD inhibitors as a pharmacological treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Toon J I De Munck
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ger H Koek
- Department of visceral and transplantation surgery, Klinikum, RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
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8
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Oligschlaeger Y, Gijbels MJ, Mohren R, Lütjohann D, Khurana P, Goyal S, Kulkarni A, Theys J, Cillero-Pastor B, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Inhibition of Extracellular Cathepsin D Reduces Hepatic Lipid Accumulation and Leads to Mild Changes in Inflammationin NASH Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:675535. [PMID: 34335574 PMCID: PMC8323051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.675535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The lysosomal enzyme, cathepsin D (CTSD) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a disease characterised by hepatic steatosis and inflammation. We have previously demonstrated that specific inhibition of the extracellular CTSD leads to improved metabolic features in Sprague-Dawley rats with steatosis. However, the individual roles of extracellular and intracellular CTSD in NASH are not yet known. In the current study, we evaluated the underlying mechanisms of extracellular and intracellular CTSD fractions in NASH-related metabolic inflammation using specific small-molecule inhibitors. Methods Low-density lipoprotein receptor knock out (Ldlr-/-) mice were fed a high-fat, high cholesterol (HFC) diet for ten weeks to induce NASH. Further, to investigate the effects of CTSD inhibition, mice were injected either with an intracellular (GA-12) or extracellular (CTD-002) CTSD inhibitor or vehicle control at doses of 50 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously once in two days for ten weeks. Results Ldlr-/- mice treated with extracellular CTSD inhibitor showed reduced hepatic lipid accumulation and an associated increase in faecal bile acid levels as compared to intracellular CTSD inhibitor-treated mice. Furthermore, in contrast to intracellular CTSD inhibition, extracellular CTSD inhibition switched the systemic immune status of the mice to an anti-inflammatory profile. In line, label-free mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed that extra- and intracellular CTSD fractions modulate proteins belonging to distinct metabolic pathways. Conclusion We have provided clinically translatable evidence that extracellular CTSD inhibition shows some beneficial metabolic and systemic inflammatory effects which are distinct from intracellular CTSD inhibition. Considering that intracellular CTSD inhibition is involved in essential physiological processes, specific inhibitors capable of blocking extracellular CTSD activity, can be promising and safe NASH drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulasi Yadati
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Albert Bitorina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Pathology CARIM, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ronny Mohren
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Jan Theys
- The M-Lab, Department of Precision Medicine, GROW - School for Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero-Pastor
- Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4I), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Ding L, De Munck TJI, Oligschlaeger Y, dos Reis IM, Verbeek J, Koek GH, Houben T, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Myosteatosis in NAFLD patients correlates with plasma Cathepsin D. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:27-35. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that hepatic lipid accumulation induces the secretion of cathepsin D (CTSD), and that plasma CTSD levels are associated with increased inflammation and disease severity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although it is clear that the liver is a major source of plasma CTSD, it is unknown whether other metabolically active organs such as the muscle, also associate with plasma CTSD levels in NAFLD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the relation between lipid accumulation in the muscle (myosteatosis) and plasma CTSD levels in forty-five NAFLD patients. We observed that hepatic steatosis positively associated with plasma CTSD levels, confirming the previously established link between plasma CTSD and the liver. Furthermore, a positive association between myosteatosis and plasma CTSD levels was observed, which was independent of sex, age, BMI, waist circumference and hepatic steatosis. By establishing a positive association between myosteatosis and plasma CTSD levels, our findings suggest that, in addition to the liver, the muscle is also linked to plasma CTSD levels in NAFLD patients. The observed link between myosteatosis and plasma CTSD levels supports the concept of a significant role of the skeletal muscle in metabolic disturbances in metabolic syndrome-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Toon. J. I. De Munck
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Inês Magro dos Reis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Jef Verbeek
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology , University Hospitals KU Leuven , Herestraat 49 , Leuven Leuven , Belgium
| | - Ger. H. Koek
- Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
- Department of internal medicine, division of gastroenterology and hepatology , Maastricht University Medical Center . P. Debyelaan 25 , HX Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism , Maastricht University Medical Center+ , Universiteitssingel 50 , Maastricht , the Netherlands
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10
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Ding L, Houben T, Oligschlaeger Y, Bitorina AV, Verwer BJ, Tushuizen ME, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Plasma Cathepsin D Activity Rather Than Levels Correlates With Metabolic Parameters of Type 2 Diabetes in Male Individuals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:575070. [PMID: 33101209 PMCID: PMC7554511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.575070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance. Previous studies in patients demonstrated that plasma levels of cathepsin D (CTSD), which is optimally active in the acidic environment of lysosomes, correlate with insulin resistance. As plasma pH is slightly reduced in type 2 diabetic patients and we have previously shown that plasma CTSD activity is causally linked to insulin levels in vivo, it is likely that the activity of CTSD in plasma will be increased in type 2 diabetes compared to healthy individuals. However, so far the interaction between CTSD activity and levels to postprandial metabolic derangements in type 2 diabetes is not known. Methods Eighteen type 2 diabetes and 16 age-matched healthy males were given 2 consecutive standardized mixed meals, after which blood samples were collected. Plasma metabolic parameters as well as CTSD levels and activity were measured, and changes in plasma pH was assessed. Results In line with the elevation of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) levels in male type 2 diabetics patients, plasma pH in type 2 diabetic individuals was decreased compared to male healthy individuals. While plasma CTSD levels were similar, plasma CTSD activity was increased in male type 2 diabetic compared to male healthy individuals. Besides, plasma CTSD activity rather than levels significantly correlated with indicators of type 2 diabetes (HbA1c, HOMA-IR and glucose). Furthermore, FFA was also independently associated with plasma CTSD activity (standardized β = 0.493, p = 0.007). Conclusions Despite similar plasma CTSD levels, type 2 diabetic male individuals showed increased plasma CTSD activity compared to healthy males, which was independently linked to plasma FFA levels. Our data therefore point toward plasma CTSD as a metabolic regulator in male type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht Universtiy, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht Universtiy, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht Universtiy, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Bitorina
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht Universtiy, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Bart J. Verwer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maarten E. Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht Universtiy, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Yadati T, Houben T, Bitorina A, Shiri-Sverdlov R. The Ins and Outs of Cathepsins: Physiological Function and Role in Disease Management. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071679. [PMID: 32668602 PMCID: PMC7407943 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins are the most abundant lysosomal proteases that are mainly found in acidic endo/lysosomal compartments where they play a vital role in intracellular protein degradation, energy metabolism, and immune responses among a host of other functions. The discovery that cathepsins are secreted and remain functionally active outside of the lysosome has caused a paradigm shift. Contemporary research has unraveled many versatile functions of cathepsins in extralysosomal locations including cytosol and extracellular space. Nevertheless, extracellular cathepsins are majorly upregulated in pathological states and are implicated in a wide range of diseases including cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Taking advantage of the differential expression of the cathepsins during pathological conditions, much research is focused on using cathepsins as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. A tailored therapeutic approach using selective cathepsin inhibitors is constantly emerging to be safe and efficient. Moreover, recent development of proteomic-based approaches for the identification of novel physiological substrates offers a major opportunity to understand the mechanism of cathepsin action. In this review, we summarize the available evidence regarding the role of cathepsins in health and disease, discuss their potential as biomarkers of disease progression, and shed light on the potential of extracellular cathepsin inhibitors as safe therapeutic tools.
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De Pasquale V, Moles A, Pavone LM. Cathepsins in the Pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses: New Perspectives for Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040979. [PMID: 32326609 PMCID: PMC7227001 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are ubiquitously expressed proteases normally found in the endolysosomal compartment where they mediate protein degradation and turnover. However, CTSs are also found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, and extracellular matrix where they actively participate in cell signaling, protein processing, and trafficking through the plasma and nuclear membranes and between intracellular organelles. Dysregulation in CTS expression and/or activity disrupts cellular homeostasis, thus contributing to many human diseases, including inflammatory and cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, obesity, cancer, kidney dysfunction, and others. This review aimed to highlight the involvement of CTSs in inherited lysosomal storage disorders, with a primary focus to the emerging evidence on the role of CTSs in the pathophysiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs). These latter diseases are characterized by severe neurological, skeletal and cardiovascular phenotypes, and no effective cure exists to date. The advance in the knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the activity of CTSs in MPSs may open a new challenge for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the cure of such intractable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-7463043
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13
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NAFLD Preclinical Models: More than a Handful, Less of a Concern? Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020028. [PMID: 32046285 PMCID: PMC7167756 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. Due to its increasing prevalence, NAFLD is currently a major public health concern. Although a wide variety of preclinical models have contributed to better understanding the pathophysiology of NAFLD, it is not always obvious which model is best suitable for addressing a specific research question. This review provides insights into currently existing models, mainly focusing on murine models, which is of great importance to aid in the identification of novel therapeutic options for human NAFLD.
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14
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Ding L, Goossens GH, Oligschlaeger Y, Houben T, Blaak EE, Shiri-Sverdlov R. Plasma cathepsin D activity is negatively associated with hepatic insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese humans. Diabetologia 2020; 63:374-384. [PMID: 31690989 PMCID: PMC6946744 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-05025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver plays a major role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp is considered the gold standard for assessing peripheral and hepatic insulin sensitivity, yet it is a costly and labour-intensive procedure. Therefore, easy-to-measure, cost-effective approaches to determine insulin sensitivity are needed to enable organ-specific interventions. Recently, evidence emerged that plasma cathepsin D (CTSD) is associated with insulin sensitivity and hepatic inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate whether plasma CTSD is associated with hepatic and/or peripheral insulin sensitivity in humans. METHODS As part of two large clinical trials (one designed to investigate the effects of antibiotics, and the other to investigate polyphenol supplementation, on insulin sensitivity), 94 overweight and obese adults (BMI 25-35 kg/m2) previously underwent a two-step hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp (using [6,6-2H2]glucose) to assess hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity (per cent suppression of endogenous glucose output during the low-insulin-infusion step, and the rate of glucose disappearance during high-insulin infusion [40 mU/(m2 × min)], respectively). In this secondary analysis, plasma CTSD levels, CTSD activity and plasma inflammatory cytokines were measured. RESULTS Plasma CTSD levels were positively associated with the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and TNF-α (IL-8: standardised β = 0.495, p < 0.001; TNF-α: standardised β = 0.264, p = 0.012). Plasma CTSD activity was negatively associated with hepatic insulin sensitivity (standardised β = -0.206, p = 0.043), independent of age, sex, BMI and waist circumference, but it was not associated with peripheral insulin sensitivity. However, plasma IL-8 and TNF-α were not significantly correlated with hepatic insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate that plasma CTSD activity, but not systemic inflammation, is inversely related to hepatic insulin sensitivity, suggesting that plasma CTSD activity may be used as a non-invasive marker for hepatic insulin sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ding
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H Goossens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ronit Shiri-Sverdlov
- Department of Molecular Genetics, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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