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Kubatka P, Mazurakova A, Koklesova L, Kuruc T, Samec M, Kajo K, Kotorova K, Adamkov M, Smejkal K, Svajdlenka E, Dvorska D, Brany D, Baranovicova E, Sadlonova V, Mojzis J, Kello M. Salvia officinalis L. exerts oncostatic effects in rodent and in vitro models of breast carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1216199. [PMID: 38464730 PMCID: PMC10921418 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1216199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Based on extensive data from oncology research, the use of phytochemicals or plant-based nutraceuticals is considered an innovative tool for cancer management. This research aimed to analyze the oncostatic properties of Salvia officinalis L. [Lamiaceae; Salviae officinalis herba] using animal and in vitro models of breast carcinoma (BC). Methods: The effects of dietary administered S. officinalis in two concentrations (0.1%/SAL 0.1/and 1%/SAL 1/) were assessed in both syngeneic 4T1 mouse and chemically induced rat models of BC. The histopathological and molecular evaluations of rodent carcinoma specimens were performed after the autopsy. Besides, numerous in vitro analyses using two human cancer cell lines were performed. Results and Conclusion: The dominant metabolites found in S. officinalis propylene glycol extract (SPGE) were representatives of phenolics, specifically rosmarinic, protocatechuic, and salicylic acids. Furthermore, the occurrence of triterpenoids ursolic and oleanolic acid was proved in SPGE. In a mouse model, a non-significant tumor volume decrease after S. officinalis treatment was associated with a significant reduction in the mitotic activity index of 4T1 tumors by 37.5% (SAL 0.1) and 31.5% (SAL 1) vs. controls (set as a blank group with not applied salvia in the diet). In addition, salvia at higher doses significantly decreased necrosis/whole tumor area ratio by 46% when compared to control tumor samples. In a rat chemoprevention study, S. officinalis at a higher dose significantly lengthened the latency of tumors by 8.5 days and significantly improved the high/low-grade carcinomas ratio vs. controls in both doses. Analyses of the mechanisms of anticancer activities of S. officinalis included well-validated prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic biomarkers that are applied in both oncology practice and preclinical investigation. Our assessment in vivo revealed numerous significant changes after a comparison of treated vs. untreated cancer cells. In this regard, we found an overexpression in caspase-3, an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and a decrease in MDA, ALDH1, and EpCam expression. In addition, salvia reduced TGF-β serum levels in rats (decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α levels were with borderline significance). Evaluation of epigenetic modifications in rat cancer specimens in vivo revealed a decline in the lysine methylations of H3K4m3 and an increase in lysine acetylation in H4K16ac levels in treated groups. Salvia decreased the relative levels of oncogenic miR21 and tumor-suppressive miR145 (miR210, miR22, miR34a, and miR155 were not significantly altered). The methylation of ATM and PTEN promoters was decreased after S. officinalis treatment (PITX2, RASSF1, and TIMP3 promoters were not altered). Analyzing plasma metabolomics profile in tumor-bearing rats, we found reduced levels of ketoacids derived from BCAAs after salvia treatment. In vitro analyses revealed significant anti-cancer effects of SPGE extract in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines (cytotoxicity, caspase-3/-7, Bcl-2, Annexin V/PI, cell cycle, BrdU, and mitochondrial membrane potential). Our study demonstrates the significant chemopreventive and treatment effects of salvia haulm using animal or in vitro BC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kubatka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Mazurakova
- Department of Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Kuruc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Klaudia Kotorova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marian Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Karel Smejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Emil Svajdlenka
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Dana Dvorska
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Dusan Brany
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Eva Baranovicova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vladimira Sadlonova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
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Samec M, Mazurakova A, Lucansky V, Koklesova L, Pecova R, Pec M, Golubnitschaja O, Al-Ishaq RK, Caprnda M, Gaspar L, Prosecky R, Gazdikova K, Adamek M, Büsselberg D, Kruzliak P, Kubatka P. Flavonoids attenuate cancer metabolism by modulating Lipid metabolism, amino acids, ketone bodies and redox state mediated by Nrf2. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 949:175655. [PMID: 36921709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells is a common hallmark of malignant transformation. The preference for aerobic glycolysis over oxidative phosphorylation in tumors is a well-studied phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Importantly, metabolic transformation of cancer cells also involves alterations in signaling cascades contributing to lipid metabolism, amino acid flux and synthesis, and utilization of ketone bodies. Also, redox regulation interacts with metabolic reprogramming during malignant transformation. Flavonoids, widely distributed phytochemicals in plants, exert various beneficial effects on human health through modulating molecular cascades altered in the pathological cancer phenotype. Recent evidence has identified numerous flavonoids as modulators of critical components of cancer metabolism and associated pathways interacting with metabolic cascades such as redox balance. Flavonoids affect lipid metabolism by regulating fatty acid synthase, redox balance by modulating nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity, or amino acid flux and synthesis by phosphoglycerate mutase 1. Here, we discuss recent preclinical evidence evaluating the impact of flavonoids on cancer metabolism, focusing on lipid and amino acid metabolic cascades, redox balance, and ketone bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Samec
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Mazurakova
- Department of Anatomy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Renata Pecova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Martin Caprnda
- 1(st) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ludovit Gaspar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Robert Prosecky
- 2(nd) Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic; International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Gazdikova
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Mariusz Adamek
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | - Peter Kruzliak
- 2(nd) Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and St. Anne´s University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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Fan H, Hao X, Gao Y, Yang J, Liu A, Su Y, Xia Y. Nodosin Exerts an Anti-Colorectal Cancer Effect by Inhibiting Proliferation and Triggering Complex Cell Death in Vitro and in Vivo. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:943272. [PMID: 35935881 PMCID: PMC9353177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.943272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common digestive system cancer in the world. Its incidence and mortality are increasing annually. Presently, CRC lacks long-term effective treatment methods and drugs. Therefore, finding new treatment methods and drugs is of great significance for CRC treatment. Compounds derived from natural plants have been widely used in tumor research and treatment because of their good antitumor activity these years. This study found that nodosin, a diterpenoid extracted from the medicinal plant Rabdosia serra (Maxim.) Hara, inhibited the growth of CRC cells SW480, HT-29 and LoVo in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 7.4, 7.7, and 6.6 μM respectively. We selected highly metastatic and poorly differentiated SW480 cells for further studies. We found that nodosin could inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting DNA synthesis and induce cell death by inducing oxidative stress, apoptosis and autophagy in cells. Through in vitro assays combined with transcriptomic analysis, it was found that nodosin could downregulate tribbles pseudokinase 3 and upregulate oxidative stress-induced growth inhibitor 1 to induce oxidative stress in cells; nodosin-induced reactive oxygen species were able to upregulate the expression of heme oxygenase 1 to induce apoptosis and the expression of cathepsin L. and light chain-3 to induce autophagy. In vivo, we found that nodosin inhibited tumor growth and induced cells to undergo apoptosis and autophagy without significant toxic effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that nodosin exerts anti-CRC effects mainly through its ability to induce apoptosis and autophagy in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our study contributes to the development of nodosin-based potential CRC therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Jian Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijng, China
| | - Aojun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yarui Su
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Yarui Su, ; Yong Xia,
| | - Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Precision Oncology of Shandong Higher Education, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
- *Correspondence: Yarui Su, ; Yong Xia,
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Mazurakova A, Koklesova L, Samec M, Kudela E, Kajo K, Skuciova V, Csizmár SH, Mestanova V, Pec M, Adamkov M, Al-Ishaq RK, Smejkal K, Giordano FA, Büsselberg D, Biringer K, Golubnitschaja O, Kubatka P. Anti-breast cancer effects of phytochemicals: primary, secondary, and tertiary care. EPMA J 2022; 13:315-334. [PMID: 35437454 PMCID: PMC9008621 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer incidence is actually the highest one among all cancers. Overall breast cancer management is associated with challenges considering risk assessment and predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention of metastatic disease, appropriate treatment options, and cost-effectiveness of approaches applied. Accumulated research evidence indicates promising anti-cancer effects of phytochemicals protecting cells against malignant transformation, inhibiting carcinogenesis and metastatic spread, supporting immune system and increasing effectiveness of conventional anti-cancer therapies, among others. Molecular and sub-/cellular mechanisms are highly complex affecting several pathways considered potent targets for advanced diagnostics and cost-effective treatments. Demonstrated anti-cancer affects, therefore, are clinically relevant for improving individual outcomes and might be applicable to the primary (protection against initial cancer development), secondary (protection against potential metastatic disease development), and tertiary (towards cascading complications) care. However, a detailed data analysis is essential to adapt treatment algorithms to individuals’ and patients’ needs. Consequently, advanced concepts of patient stratification, predictive diagnostics, targeted prevention, and treatments tailored to the individualized patient profile are instrumental for the cost-effective application of natural anti-cancer substances to improve overall breast cancer management benefiting affected individuals and the society at large.
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Treating Cancers Using Nature's Medicine: Significance and Challenges. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111698. [PMID: 34827696 PMCID: PMC8615517 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Samec M, Liskova A, Koklesova L, Zhai K, Varghese E, Samuel SM, Šudomová M, Lucansky V, Kassayova M, Pec M, Biringer K, Brockmueller A, Kajo K, Hassan STS, Shakibaei M, Golubnitschaja O, Büsselberg D, Kubatka P. Metabolic Anti-Cancer Effects of Melatonin: Clinically Relevant Prospects. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3018. [PMID: 34208645 PMCID: PMC8234897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming characterized by alterations in nutrient uptake and critical molecular pathways associated with cancer cell metabolism represents a fundamental process of malignant transformation. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Melatonin primarily regulates circadian rhythms but also exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. Concerning cancer metabolism, melatonin displays significant anticancer effects via the regulation of key components of aerobic glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and lipid metabolism. Melatonin treatment affects glucose transporter (GLUT) expression, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity, lactate production and other metabolic contributors. Moreover, melatonin modulates critical players in cancer development, such as HIF-1 and p53. Taken together, melatonin has notable anti-cancer effects at malignancy initiation, progression and metastasing. Further investigations of melatonin impacts relevant for cancer metabolism are expected to create innovative approaches supportive for the effective prevention and targeted therapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Zhai
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Elizabeth Varghese
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Miroslava Šudomová
- Museum of Literature in Moravia, Klašter 1, 66461 Rajhrad, Czech Republic;
| | - Vincent Lucansky
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mala Hora 4D, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Monika Kassayova
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafarik University, 04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Aranka Brockmueller
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute Hospital, 81250 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomedical Research Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 81439 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sherif T. S. Hassan
- Department of Applied Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, D-80336 Munich, Germany; (A.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium;
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar; (K.Z.); (E.V.); (S.M.S.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium;
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Natural products in the reprogramming of cancer epigenetics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 417:115467. [PMID: 33631231 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the technological advancements, including next generation sequencing, the significance of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in cancer initiation, progression and treatment has become evident. The accumulating knowledge relating to the epigenetic markers viz. DNA methylation, Histone modifications and non-coding RNAs make them one of the most interesting candidates for developing anti-cancer therapies. The reversibility of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms through environmental and dietary factors opens numerous avenues in the field of chemoprevention and drug development. Recent studies have proven that plant-derived natural products encompass a great potential in targeting epigenetic signatures in cancer and numerous natural products are being explored for their possibility to be considered as "epi-drug". This review intends to highlight the major aberrant epigenetic mechanisms and summarizes the essential functions of natural products like Resveratrol, Quercetin, Genistein, EGCG, Curcumin, Sulforaphane, Apigenin, Parthenolide and Berberine in modulating these aberrations. This knowledge along with the challenges and limitations in this field has potential and wider implications in developing novel and successful therapeutic strategies. The increased focus in the area will possibly provide a better understanding for the development of dietary supplements and/or drugs either alone or in combination. The interaction of epigenetics with different hallmarks of cancer and how natural products can be utilized to target them will also be interesting in the future therapeutic approaches.
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Liskova A, Samec M, Koklesova L, Kudela E, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Mitochondriopathies as a Clue to Systemic Disorders-Analytical Tools and Mitigating Measures in Context of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized (3P) Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042007. [PMID: 33670490 PMCID: PMC7922866 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial respiratory chain is the main site of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cell. Although mitochondria possess a powerful antioxidant system, an excess of ROS cannot be completely neutralized and cumulative oxidative damage may lead to decreasing mitochondrial efficiency in energy production, as well as an increasing ROS excess, which is known to cause a critical imbalance in antioxidant/oxidant mechanisms and a "vicious circle" in mitochondrial injury. Due to insufficient energy production, chronic exposure to ROS overproduction consequently leads to the oxidative damage of life-important biomolecules, including nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and amino acids, among others. Different forms of mitochondrial dysfunction (mitochondriopathies) may affect the brain, heart, peripheral nervous and endocrine systems, eyes, ears, gut, and kidney, among other organs. Consequently, mitochondriopathies have been proposed as an attractive diagnostic target to be investigated in any patient with unexplained progressive multisystem disorder. This review article highlights the pathomechanisms of mitochondriopathies, details advanced analytical tools, and suggests predictive approaches, targeted prevention and personalization of medical services as instrumental for the overall management of mitochondriopathy-related cascading pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Liskova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.L.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Marek Samec
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.L.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.L.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Erik Kudela
- Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (A.L.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (E.K.)
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (O.G.)
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine, EPMA, 1160 Brussels, Belgium
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (O.G.)
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Byun WS, Lee GH, Park HG, Lee SK. Inhibition of DOT1L by Half-Selenopsammaplin A Analogs Suppresses Tumor Growth and EMT-Mediated Metastasis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 14:ph14010018. [PMID: 33379275 PMCID: PMC7824081 DOI: 10.3390/ph14010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a lack of hormone receptors, current treatment strategies for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are limited with frequent disease recurrence and metastasis. Recent findings have suggested that aberrant methylation of histone H3 lysine 79 residue (H3K79me) by the histone methyltransferase disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like (DOT1L) is a potential therapeutic target for TNBC clinical management. Therefore, we developed DOT1L inhibitors as potential antitumor agents against TNBC cells. We reveal that a synthetic half-selenopsammaplin A analog 9l (subsequently known as 9l) exhibited inhibitory activity against DOT1L-mediated H3K79 methylation, and showed antitumor activity in TNBC cells. The analog 9l also significantly inhibited TNBC invasion and migration via the modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including N-cadherin and vimentin downregulation and E-cadherin upregulation. In an MDA-MB-231/Luc-implanted orthotopic mouse metastasis model, treatment with 9l effectively inhibited tumor growth and lung metastasis via DOT1L regulatory activity and EMT processes. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of 9l as a novel therapeutic candidate for treating metastatic TNBC via DOT1L modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sub Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Gyu Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Hyeung-geun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-g.P.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.-g.P.); (S.K.L.)
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Kubatka P, Kello M, Kajo K, Samec M, Liskova A, Jasek K, Koklesova L, Kuruc T, Adamkov M, Smejkal K, Svajdlenka E, Solar P, Pec M, Büsselberg D, Sadlonova V, Mojzis J. Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) Demonstrates Oncostatic Activity in the Therapeutic and Preventive Model of Breast Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010183. [PMID: 33375383 PMCID: PMC7795985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive scientific data provide evidence that isolated phytochemicals or whole plant foods may beneficially modify carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oncostatic activities of Rhus coriaria L. (sumac) using animal models (rat and mouse), and cell lines of breast carcinoma. R. coriaria (as a powder) was administered through the diet at two concentrations (low dose: 0.1% (w/w) and high dose: 1 % (w/w)) for the duration of the experiment in a syngeneic 4T1 mouse and chemically-induced rat mammary carcinoma models. After autopsy, histopathological and molecular analyses of tumor samples in rodents were performed. Moreover, in vitro analyses using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were conducted. The dominant metabolites present in tested R. coriaria methanolic extract were glycosides of gallic acid (possible gallotannins). In the mouse model, R. coriaria at a higher dose (1%) significantly decreased tumor volume by 27% when compared to controls. In addition, treated tumors showed significant dose-dependent decrease in mitotic activity index by 36.5% and 51% in comparison with the control group. In the chemoprevention study using rats, R. coriaria at a higher dose significantly reduced the tumor incidence by 20% and in lower dose non-significantly reduced tumor frequency by 29% when compared to controls. Evaluations of the mechanism of oncostatic action using valid clinical markers demonstrated several positive alterations in rat tumor cells after the treatment with R. coriaria. In this regard, histopathological analysis of treated tumor specimens showed robust dose-dependent decrease in the ratio of high-/low-grade carcinomas by 66% and 73% compared to controls. In treated rat carcinomas, we found significant caspase-3, Bax, and Bax/Bcl-2 expression increases; on the other side, a significant down-regulation of Bcl-2, Ki67, CD24, ALDH1, and EpCam expressions and MDA levels. When compared to control specimens, evaluation of epigenetic alterations in rat tumor cells in vivo showed significant dose-dependent decrease in lysine methylation status of H3K4m3 and H3K9m3 and dose-dependent increase in lysine acetylation in H4K16ac levels (H4K20m3 was not changed) in treated groups. However, only in lower dose of sumac were significant decreases in the expression of oncogenic miR210 and increase of tumor-suppressive miR145 (miR21, miR22, and miR155 were not changed) observed. Finally, only in lower sumac dose, significant decreases in methylation status of three out of five gene promoters-ATM, PTEN, and TIMP3 (PITX2 and RASSF1 promoters were not changed). In vitro evaluations using methanolic extract of R. coriaria showed significant anticancer efficacy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (using Resazurin, cell cycle, annexin V/PI, caspase-3/7, Bcl-2, PARP, and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses). In conclusion, sumac demonstrated significant oncostatic activities in rodent models of breast carcinoma that were validated by mechanistic studies in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Karin Jasek
- Division of Oncology, Biomedical Center Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.S.); (A.L.); (L.K.)
| | - Tomas Kuruc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Marian Adamkov
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Karel Smejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Emil Svajdlenka
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic; (K.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Peter Solar
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weill Cornell Medicine in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, 24144 Doha, Qatar;
| | - Vladimira Sadlonova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Šafárik University, 040 11 Košice, Slovakia; (M.K.); (T.K.)
- Correspondence: (P.K.); (V.S.); (J.M.)
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hashemipour M, Vosough M, Najafi M, Shahinozzaman M, Hushmandi K, Khan H, Mirzaei H. Sensing the scent of death: Modulation of microRNAs by Curcumin in gastrointestinal cancers. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Hashemi F, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Entezari M, Hushmandi K, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M. Curcumin in cancer therapy: A novel adjunct for combination chemotherapy with paclitaxel and alleviation of its adverse effects. Life Sci 2020; 256:117984. [PMID: 32593707 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dealing with cancer is of importance due to enhanced incidence rate of this life-threatening disorder. Chemotherapy is an ideal candidate in overcoming and eradication of cancer. To date, various chemotherapeutic agents have been applied in cancer therapy and paclitaxel (PTX) is one of them. PTX is a key member of taxane family with potential anti-tumor activity against different cancers. Notably, PTX has demonstrated excellent proficiency in elimination of cancer in clinical trials. This chemotherapeutic agent is isolated from Taxus brevifolia, and is a tricyclic diterpenoid. However, resistance of cancer cells into PTX chemotherapy has endangered its efficacy. Besides, administration of PTX is associated with a number of side effects such as neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity and so on, demanding novel strategies in obviating PTX issues. Curcumin is a pharmacological compound with diverse therapeutic effects including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and so on. In the current review, we demonstrate that curcumin, a naturally occurring nutraceutical compound is able to enhance anti-tumor activity of PTX against different cancers. Besides, curcumin administration reduces adverse effects of PTX due to its excellent pharmacological activities. These topics are discussed with an emphasis on molecular pathways to provide direction for further studies in revealing other signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey; Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces (EFSUN), Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Tuzia, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM, Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Koklesova L, Liskova A, Samec M, Qaradakhi T, Zulli A, Smejkal K, Kajo K, Jakubikova J, Behzadi P, Pec M, Zubor P, Biringer K, Kwon TK, Büsselberg D, Sarria GR, Giordano FA, Golubnitschaja O, Kubatka P. Genoprotective activities of plant natural substances in cancer and chemopreventive strategies in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA J 2020; 11:261-287. [PMID: 32547652 PMCID: PMC7272522 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Severe durable changes may occur to the DNA structure caused by exogenous and endogenous risk factors initiating the process of carcinogenesis. By evidence, a large portion of malignancies have been demonstrated as being preventable. Moreover, the targeted prevention of cancer onset is possible, due to unique properties of plant bioactive compounds. Although genoprotective effects of phytochemicals have been well documented, there is an evident lack of articles which would systematically present the spectrum of anticancer effects by phytochemicals, plant extracts, and plant-derived diet applicable to stratified patient groups at the level of targeted primary (cancer development) and secondary (cancer progression and metastatic disease) prevention. Consequently, clinical implementation of knowledge accumulated in the area is still highly restricted. To stimulate coherent co-development of the dedicated plant bioactive compound investigation on one hand and comprehensive cancer preventive strategies on the other hand, the current paper highlights and deeply analyses relevant evidence available in the area. Key molecular mechanisms are presented to detail genoprotective and anticancer activities of plants and phytochemicals. Clinical implementation is discussed. Based on the presented evidence, advanced chemopreventive strategies in the context of 3P medicine are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Tawar Qaradakhi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Anthony Zulli
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Karel Smejkal
- Department of Natural Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Masaryk University, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathology, St. Elisabeth Oncology Institute, 812 50 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jakubikova
- Biomedical Research Center SAS, Cancer Research Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Payam Behzadi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin Pec
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Zubor
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- OBGY Health & Care, Ltd., 01001 Zilina, Slovakia
| | - Kamil Biringer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology and School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Dalseo-Gu, Daegu, 42601 Korea
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Gustavo R. Sarria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive and Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
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Chemopreventive and Therapeutic Efficacy of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. Bark in Experimental Breast Carcinoma: Mechanistic In Vivo and In Vitro Analyses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061399. [PMID: 32204409 PMCID: PMC7144360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive oncology research suggests an important role of phytochemicals or whole plant foods in the modulation of signaling pathways associated with anticancer action. The goal of this study is to assess the anticancer activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. using rat, mouse, and cell line breast carcinoma models. C. zeylanicum (as bark powder) was administered in the diet at two concentrations of 0.1% (w/w) and 1% (w/w) during the whole experiment in chemically induced rat mammary carcinomas and a syngeneic 4T1 mouse model. After autopsy, histopathological and molecular evaluations of mammary gland tumors in rodents were carried out. Moreover, in vitro analyses using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were performed. The dominant metabolites present in the tested C. zeylanicum essential oil (with relative content over 1%) were cinnamaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde dimethyl acetal, cinnamyl acetate, eugenol, linalool, eucalyptol, limonene, o-cymol, and α-terpineol. The natural mixture of mentioned molecules demonstrated significant anticancer effects in our study. In the mouse model, C. zeylanicum at a higher dose (1%) significantly decreased tumor volume by 44% when compared to controls. In addition, treated tumors showed a significant dose-dependent decrease in mitotic activity index by 29% (0.1%) and 45.5% (1%) in comparison with the control group. In rats, C. zeylanicum in both doses significantly reduced the tumor incidence by 15.5% and non-significantly suppressed tumor frequency by more than 30% when compared to controls. An evaluation of the mechanism of anticancer action using valid oncological markers showed several positive changes after treatment with C. zeylanicum. Histopathological analysis of treated rat tumor specimens showed a significant decrease in the ratio of high-/low-grade carcinomas compared to controls. In treated rat carcinomas, we found caspase-3 and Bax expression increase. On the other hand, we observed a decrease in Bcl-2, Ki67, VEGF, and CD24 expressions and MDA levels. Assessment of epigenetic changes in rat tumor cells in vivo showed a significant decrease in lysine methylation status of H3K4m3 and H3K9m3 in the high-dose treated group, a dose-dependent increase in H4K16ac levels (H4K20m3 was not changed), down-regulations of miR21 and miR155 in low-dose cinnamon groups (miR22 and miR34a were not modulated), and significant reduction of the methylation status of two out of five gene promoters-ATM and TIMP3 (PITX2, RASSF1, PTEN promoters were not changed). In vitro study confirmed results of animal studies, in that the essential oil of C. zeylanicum displayed significant anticancer efficacy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells (using MTS, BrdU, cell cycle, annexin V/PI, caspase-3/7, Bcl-2, PARP, and mitochondrial membrane potential analyses). As a conclusion, C. zeylanicum L. showed chemopreventive and therapeutic activities in animal breast carcinoma models that were also significantly confirmed by mechanistic evaluations in vitro and in vivo.
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