Characterization of Epigenetic and Molecular Factors in Endometrium of Females with Infertility

Cytokine and chemokine profiles in women with endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and unexplained infertility

Numerous factors (including immunological, congenital, hormonal, and morphological disorders) can lead to infertility. In this regard, 3 specific diseases associated with infertility are discussed in this review study (i.e., polycystic ovary syndrome [PCOS], endometriosis [EMS], and unexplained infertility [UI]). PCOS is a common endocrine disorder characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, and EMS is a benign disease characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue. UI refers to couples who are unable to conceive for no known reason. Conception and pregnancy are significantly affected by the immune system; in this regard, chemokines and cytokines play important roles in the regulation of immune responses. Patients with PCOS, EMS, and UI have altered cytokine and chemokine profiles, suggesting that dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to infertility in these conditions. Accordingly, the issue of infertility is addressed in this review study, a condition that affects approximately 16% of couples worldwide.

Hysteroscopic Endometrial Fundal Incision in Oocyte Recipients before Embryo Transfer May Improve Reproductive Outcomes: A Prospective Study

BACKGROUND

Induced endometrial injury is a technique described that have positive impact on implantation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether hysteroscopic endometrial fundal incision (EFI) in oocyte recipients before embryo transfer increases pregnancy and live birth rates or not.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A prospective study was conducted between 2014 and 2019 at an in vitro fertilization (IVF) unit in Greece. As part of the protocol, hysteroscopy and EFI were offered to all the egg recipients and the outcomes compared with those from an older cohort from the same Unit not undergoing hysteroscopy.

RESULTS

In total, 332 egg recipients participated in the study; 114 of them underwent EFI prior to embryo transfer. Both groups were similar in terms of age, years of infertility, duration of hormone replacement treatment (HRT) and number of blastocysts transferred. In the EFI group, minor anomalies were detected and treated in 6.1% (n=7) of the participants. Moreover, pregnancy test was positive in 73.7% of the women in the hysteroscopy group compared to 57.8% in the nonhysteroscopy group (P=0.004). Live birth rate was also higher (56.1 vs. 42.2%, P=0.016) in the EFI group compared to the non-hysteroscopy one.

CONCLUSION

Apart from the obvious benefit of recognizing obscured anomalies, requiring surgical correction, it appears that in oocyte recipients prior to embryo transfer, EFI might improve uterine receptivity and reproductive outcomes.

Palmitic Acid Upregulates CD96 Expression to Mediate Maternal-Foetal Interface Immune Tolerance by Inhibiting Cytotoxic Activity and Promoting Adhesion Function in Human Decidual Natural Killer Cells

Decidual natural killer cells (dNK cells) are an essential component of the immune cells present at the maternal-foetal interface during early pregnancy, and they play a vital role in various physiological processes. Abnormalities in the ratio or function of dNK cells have been linked to recurrent miscarriages. CD96 has been previously shown to regulate NK cell function in the tumour microenvironment; however, its role and mechanism at the maternal-foetal interface remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory role of CD96 in dNK cells and its function at the maternal-foetal interface. Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry were used to detect the expression of cellular markers such as CD96. Furthermore, the secretory function, adhesion-function-related molecules, and cell proliferation markers of CD96+ and CD96- dNK cells were detected using flow cytometry. In addition, we performed cell culture experiments via the magnetic bead sorting of NK cells to detect changes in the expression of the aforementioned functional molecules in dNK cells after the CD96 blockade. Furthermore, we examined the functional characteristics of dNK cells after palmitic acid treatment at a concentration of 10 μM. We also examined the changes in dNK cell function when subjected to the combined effect of palmitic acid and CD96 antagonists. The results indicated that CD96, TIGIT, CD155, and CD112 were highly expressed at the maternal-foetal interface, with dNK cells predominantly expressing CD96, whereas TIGIT was mainly expressed on T cells, and CD155 and CD112 were mainly present in metaphase stromal and trophoblast cells. CD96+ dNK cells displayed low cytotoxic activity and a high adhesion phenotype, which mediated the immunosuppressive effect on dNK cells at the maternal-foetal interface. Palmitic acid upregulated CD96 expression on the surface of dNK cells in the coculture system, inhibiting dNK cell activity and increasing their adhesion molecule expression. CD96 antagonist treatment blocked the inhibitory effect of trophoblasts on dNK cells, resulting in enhanced cytokine secretion and reduced adhesion. The results of this study provide valuable insight into the immunomodulatory role of CD96 in dNK cells and its mechanism at the maternal-foetal interface, particularly in metaphase NK cells. This study sheds light on the mechanisms of immune regulation at the maternal-foetal interface and their implications for the study of recurrent miscarriages of unknown origin.