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Jankech T, Gerhardtova I, Stefanik O, Chalova P, Jampilek J, Majerova P, Kovac A, Piestansky J. Current green capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography methods for analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples (2019-2023) - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1323:342889. [PMID: 39182966 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Separation analytical methods, including liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE), in combination with an appropriate detection technique, are dominant and powerful approaches preferred in the analysis of pharmaceutical and biomedical samples. Recent trends in analytical methods are focused on activities that push them to the field of greenness and sustainability. New approaches based on the implementation of greener solvents, non-hazardous chemicals, and reagents have grown exponentially. Similarly, recent trends are pushed in to the strategies based on miniaturization, reduction of wastes, avoiding derivatization procedures, or reduction of energy consumption. However, the real greenness of the analytical method can be evaluated only according to an objective and sufficient metric offering complex results taking into account all twelve rules of green analytical chemistry (SIGNIFICANCE mnemonic system). This review provides an extensive overview of papers published in the area of development of green LC and CE methods in the field of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis over the last 5 years (2019-2023). The main focus is situated on the metrics used for greenness evaluation of the methods applied for the determination of bioactive agents. It critically evaluates and compares the demands of the real applicability of the methods in quality control and clinical environment with the requirements of the green analytical chemistry (GAC). Greenness and practicality of the summarized methods are re-evaluated or newly evaluated with the use of the dominant metrics tools, i.e., Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), and Sample Preparation Metric of Sustainability (SPMS). Moreover, general conclusions and future perspectives of the greening procedures and greenness evaluation metrics systems are presented. This paper should provide comprehensive information to analytical chemists, biochemists, and it can also represent a valuable source of information for clinicians, biomedical or quality control laboratories interested in development of analytical methods based on greenness, practicality, and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timotej Jankech
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ivana Gerhardtova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Chalova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska Dolina, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, SK-845 45, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojarov 10, SK-832 32, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Stefanik O, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Quantitative analysis of therapeutic peptides by CZE using multiple sample injection in hydrodynamically closed separation system. Electrophoresis 2024. [PMID: 38738565 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202400039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides have emerged as an innovative and promising class of therapeutic compounds in modern medicine. Synthetic peptide analogs triptorelin and lanreotide are known for their pronounced clinical versatility and potency. In this study, we present the development and validation of novel methods based on capillary zone electrophoresis performed in hydrodynamically closed system (HCS) and paired with ultraviolet detection and repeated injection sample introduction. To the best of our knowledge, we developed the first capillary electrophoresis-based method for the determination of lanreotide, and concurrently, the first HCS method for the determination of triptorelin. Maximal separation efficiency and signal intensity were achieved using background electrolytes composed of 50 mM formic acid with the addition of 0.05% (v/v) methyl-hydroxyethyl cellulose. The proposed methods exhibit favorable performance characteristics, namely, calibration curve (r2 exceeding 0.99), low limits of detection (0.25 µg/mL in a water matrix and 0.5 µg/mL in synthetic urine), acceptable precision (relative standard deviation ranging from 2.2% to 9.6% for intraday repeatability and between 5.2% and 14.9% for interday reproducibility), and accuracy (relative errors falling within the 91.1%-107.8% range). The method for triptorelin determination was then used for its quantification in a commercially available drug dosage form (powder for injection) and in spiked synthetic urine samples. The developed methods were also evaluated according to the novel blue applicability grade index, revealing their superior applicability. The results collectively point out the potential of the proposed methods for both quality control and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2021-mid-2023). Electrophoresis 2024; 45:165-198. [PMID: 37670208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article brings a comprehensive survey of developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, micropreparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2021 up to ca. the middle of 2023. Progress in the study of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, electroosmotic flow regulation, and detection, are presented. New developments in the particular capillary electromigration methods are demonstrated, and several types of their applications are reported. They cover qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides and determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissues, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They include also amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical characterization of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Stefanik O, Majerova P, Kovac A, Mikus P, Piestansky J. Capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of therapeutic peptides-A review. Electrophoresis 2024; 45:120-164. [PMID: 37705480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides are a growing class of innovative drugs with high efficiency and a low risk of adverse effects. These biomolecules fall within the molecular mass range between that of small molecules and proteins. However, their inherent instability and potential for degradation underscore the importance of reliable and effective analytical methods for pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and compliance testing. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has long time been the "gold standard" conventional method for peptide analysis, but capillary electrophoresis (CE) is increasingly being recognized as a complementary and, in some cases, superior, highly efficient, green, and cost-effective alternative technique. CE can separate peptides composed of different amino acids owing to differences in their net charge and size, determining their migration behavior in an electric field. This review provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic peptides that have been used in the clinical environment for the last 25 years. It describes the properties, classification, current trends in development, and clinical use of therapeutic peptides. From the analytical point of view, it discusses the challenges associated with the analysis of therapeutic peptides in pharmaceutical and biological matrices, as well as the evaluation of CE as a whole and the comparison with LC methods. The article also highlights the use of microchip electrophoresis, nonaqueous CE, and nonconventional hydrodynamically closed CE systems and their applications. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of developing new CE-based analytical methods to ensure the high quality, safety, and efficacy of therapeutic peptides in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Stefanik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Majerova
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Peter Mikus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Piestansky
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Fanali C, Della Posta S, Gentili A, Chankvetadze B, Fanali S. Recent developments in electromigration techniques related to pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis - A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115647. [PMID: 37625282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of pharmaceutical compounds is an important research topic as the use of different drugs affects people's daily life for the treatment of diseases. In addition to the widespread use of the internet, counterfeit drugs have appeared in the market. The development of modern analytical techniques, reliable, precise, sensitive, and rapid methods, has provided powerful means of analysis used in various fields such as drug production, quality control, determination of impurities and/or metabolites, biochemistry, pharmacokinetics, etc. Analytical techniques so far used in the pharmaceutical analysis include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), super/sub-critical fluid chromatography (SFC), and capillary electromigration techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE) and rather rarely capillary electrochromatography (CEC). CE has some advantages over other techniques, e.g., very high efficiency, reduced costs (use of minute volumes of solvents and samples), the possibility to use different separation mechanisms, etc. In this review paper, the main features and limitations of the capillary electromigration techniques (especially CE) are discussed. Some selected applications of CE to the analysis of pharmaceutical compounds published in the period 2021-2023 (May) are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fanali
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Susanna Della Posta
- Department of Science and Technology for Humans and the Environment, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gentili
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Bezhan Chankvetadze
- Institute of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Salvatore Fanali
- Scientific Board of the Ph.D. School in Nanosciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Krebs F, Zagst H, Stein M, Ratih R, Minkner R, Olabi M, Hartung S, Scheller C, Lapizco-Encinas BH, Sänger-van de Griend C, García CD, Wätzig H. Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: Method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications-Updated and completely revised edition. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1279-1341. [PMID: 37537327 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
This review is in support of the development of selective, precise, fast, and validated capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods. It follows up a similar article from 1998, Wätzig H, Degenhardt M, Kunkel A. "Strategies for capillary electrophoresis: method development and validation for pharmaceutical and biological applications," pointing out which fundamentals are still valid and at the same time showing the enormous achievements in the last 25 years. The structures of both reviews are widely similar, in order to facilitate their simultaneous use. Focusing on pharmaceutical and biological applications, the successful use of CE is now demonstrated by more than 600 carefully selected references. Many of those are recent reviews; therefore, a significant overview about the field is provided. There are extra sections about sample pretreatment related to CE and microchip CE, and a completely revised section about method development for protein analytes and biomolecules in general. The general strategies for method development are summed up with regard to selectivity, efficiency, precision, analysis time, limit of detection, sample pretreatment requirements, and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finja Krebs
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Holger Zagst
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Matthias Stein
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Ratih Ratih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Surabaya, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Robert Minkner
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Mais Olabi
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Sophie Hartung
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christin Scheller
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Blanca H Lapizco-Encinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Kate Gleason College of Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Kantisto BV, Baarn, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala Universitet, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos D García
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Hermann Wätzig
- Institute, of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
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Kumar R, Sarin D, Rathore AS. High-throughput capillary electrophoresis analysis of biopharmaceuticals utilizing sequential injections. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:767-774. [PMID: 36719057 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of biotherapeutic products implies an ever-increasing list of product quality attributes that need to be monitored and characterized. In addition, the growing interest in implementing process analytical technology in biopharmaceutical production has further increased the testing burden, together with the need for rapid testing that can facilitate real-time or near-real-time decision-making. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) has made a place in biopharmaceutical analysis but is regarded as a low-throughput method, with the instrument dead time constituting more than 80% of the total time of analysis. In this study, the dead time of CE was utilized to analyse 3 mAb samples in a single-CE run. This approach resulted in an up to 77% reduction in the total analysis time and increased the productivity by up to 300%, compared to traditional single CE-ultraviolet runs, without compromising resolution or relative peak areas. Additionally, good method reproducibility was observed. The compatibility of the method has been demonstrated with protein A eluate and cation exchange chromatography fractions. We, thus, propose that sequential injections can be applied for fast and robust CE analysis of biopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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Seyfinejad B, Jouyban A. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Wang M, Gong Q, Liu W, Tan S, Xiao J, Chen C. Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis (2019-2021). J Sep Sci 2022; 45:1918-1941. [PMID: 35325510 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
So far, the potential of capillary electrophoresis (CE) in the application fields has been increasingly excavated due to the advantages of simple operation, short analysis time, high-resolution, less sample consumption and low cost. This review examines the implementations and advancements of CE in different application fields (environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis) covering the literature from 2019 to 2021. In addition, ultrasmall sample injection volume (nanoliter range) and short optical path lead to relatively low concentration sensitivity of the most frequently used UV-absorption spectrophotometric detection, so the pretreatment technology being developed has been gradually utilized to overcome this problem. Despite the review is focused on the development of CE in the fields of environmental, pharmaceutical, clinical and food analysis, the new sample pretreatment techniques of microextraction and enrichment which fit excellently to CE in recent three years are also described briefly. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hunan Cancer Hospital/ The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Wenfang Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
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