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Yu W, Deng D, Li Y, Ding K, Qian Q, Shi H, Luo Q, Cai J, Liu J. Cardiomyocyte-specific Tbk1 deletion aggravated chronic doxorubicin cardiotoxicity via inhibition of mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 222:244-258. [PMID: 38901499 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) use is limited by Dox-induced cardiotoxicity. TANK-blinding kinase 1 (TBK1) is an important kinase involved in the regulation of mitophagy, but the role of TBK1 in cardiomyocytes in chronic Dox-induced cardiomyopathy remains unclear. Cardiomyocyte-specific Tbk1 knockout (Tbk1CKO) mice received Dox (6 mg/kg, injected intraperitoneally) once a week for 4 times, and cardiac assessment was performed 4 weeks after the final Dox injection. Adenoviruses encoding Tbk1 or containing shRNA targeting Tbk1, or a TBK1 phosphorylation inhibitor were used for overexpression or knockdown of Tbk1, or inhibit phosphorylation of TBK1 in isolated primary cardiomyocytes. Our results revealed that moderate Dox challenge decreased TBK1 phosphorylation (with no effect on TBK1 protein levels), resulting in compromised myocardial function, obvious mortality and overt interstitial fibrosis, and the effects were accentuated by Tbk1 deletion. Dox provoked mitochondrial membrane potential collapse and oxidative stress, the effects of which were exacerbated and mitigated by Tbk1 knockdown, specific inhibition of phosphorylation and overexpression, respectively. However, Tbk1 (Ser172A) overexpression did not alleviate these effects. Further scrutiny revealed that TBK1 exerted protective effects on mitochondria via SQSTM1/P62-mediated mitophagy. Tbk1 overexpression mediated cardioprotective effects on Dox-induced cardiotoxicity were cancelled off by Sqstm1/P62 knockdown. Moreover, TBK1-mitophagy-mitochondria cascade was confirmed in heart tissues from dilated cardiomyopathy patients. Taken together, our findings denoted a pivotal role of TBK1 in Dox-induced mitochondrial injury and cardiotoxicity possibly through its phosphorylation and SQSTM1/P62-mediated mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
| | - Dawei Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Kehan Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Qiaofeng Qian
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Hongjie Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Qiujie Luo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Jie Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Minimally Invasive Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan, 430071, PR China; Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Structural Heart Disease, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
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Xu G, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Kao G, Li J. miR-1268a Regulates Fatty Acid Metabolism by Targeting CD36 in Angiotensin II-induced Heart Failure. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1193-1201. [PMID: 38619643 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Multiple RNAs have been involved in the progress of heart failure. However, the role of miR-1268a in heart failure is still unclear. The differentially expressed miRNAs in heart failure was analyzed based on GEO dataset GSE104150. AC16 cells were treated with Angiotensin II (Ang II) to explore the role of miR-1268a in heart failure. The web tool miRWalk was used to analyze the targets of miR-1268a. miR-1268a was up-regulated in Ang II-treated AC16 cells. Ang II treatment markedly inhibited cell proliferation, ATP production, fatty acid (FA) uptake and enhanced levels of HF markers BNP and ST2, and oxidative stress of AC16 cells. Notably, inhibition of miR-1268a eliminated the inhibiting effect of Ang II on cell proliferation, ATP production, FA uptake and decreased levels of BNP an ST2, and oxidative stress on AC16 cells. Furthermore, CD36 was a target of miR-1268a and the CD36 level was decreased by miR-1268a mimics but increased by miR-1268a inhibitor in AC16 cells. miR-1268a regulates FA metabolism and oxidative stress in myocardial cells by targeting CD36 in heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Guoying Kao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400010, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400010, China.
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Song XM, Zhao MN, Li GZ, Li N, Wang T, Zhou H. Atorvastatin ameliorated myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice by inhibiting oxidative stress and modulating macrophage polarization. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1849-1861. [PMID: 38222782 PMCID: PMC10784803 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i12.1849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diabetes mellitus (DM) suffer from multiple chronic complications due to sustained hyperglycemia, especially diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Oxidative stress and inflammatory cells play crucial roles in the occurrence and progression of myocardial remodeling. Macrophages polarize to two distinct phenotypes: M1 and M2, and such plasticity in phenotypes provide macrophages various biological functions. AIM To investigate the effect of atorvastatin on cardiac function of DCM in db/db mice and its underlying mechanisms. METHODS DCM mouse models were established and randomly divided into DM, atorvastatin, and metformin groups. C57BL/6 mice were used as the control. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson staining was used to examine the morphology and collagen fibers in myocardial tissues. The expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1β),M1 macrophages (iNOS+), and M2 macrophages (CD206+) were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. The levels of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and TNF-α were detected by ELISA and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) ac-tivities were also measured. RESULTS Treatment with atorvastatin alleviated cardiac dysfunction and decreased db/db mice. The broken myocardial fibers and deposition of collagen in the myocardial interstitium were relieved especially by atorvastatin treatment. Atorvastatin also reduced the levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase isoenzyme, and troponin; lowered the levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β in serum and myocardium; decreased the concentration of MDA and increased SOD activity in myocardium of db/db mice; inhibited M1 macrophages; and promoted M2 macrophages. CONCLUSION Administration of atorvastatin attenuates myocardial fibrosis in db/db mice, which may be associated with the antioxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin on diabetic myocardium through modulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Min Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Handan Central Hospital, Handan 056001, Hebei Province, China
| | - Meng-Nan Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Gui-Zhi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
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Cai L, Pessoa MT, Gao Y, Strause S, Banerjee M, Tian J, Xie Z, Pierre SV. The Na/K-ATPase α1/Src Signaling Axis Regulates Mitochondrial Metabolic Function and Redox Signaling in Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3207. [PMID: 38137428 PMCID: PMC10740578 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Na/K-ATPase (NKA)-mediated regulation of Src kinase, which involves defined amino acid sequences of the NKA α1 polypeptide, has emerged as a novel regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial function in metazoans. Mitochondrial metabolism ensures adequate myocardial performance and adaptation to physiological demand. It is also a critical cellular determinant of cardiac repair and remodeling. To assess the impact of the proposed NKA/Src regulatory axis on cardiac mitochondrial metabolic function, we used a gene targeting approach in human cardiac myocytes. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) expressing an Src-signaling null mutant (A420P) form of the NKA α1 polypeptide were generated using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. Total cellular Na/K-ATPase activity remained unchanged in A420P compared to the wild type (WT) hiPSC, but baseline phosphorylation levels of Src and ERK1/2 were drastically reduced. Both WT and A420P mutant hiPSC readily differentiated into cardiac myocytes (iCM), as evidenced by marker gene expression, spontaneous cell contraction, and subcellular striations. Total NKA α1-3 protein expression was comparable in WT and A420P iCM. However, live cell metabolism assessed functionally by Seahorse extracellular flux analysis revealed significant reductions in both basal and maximal rates of mitochondrial respiration, spare respiratory capacity, ATP production, and coupling efficiency. A significant reduction in ROS production was detected by fluorescence imaging in live cells, and confirmed by decreased cellular protein carbonylation levels in A420P iCM. Taken together, these data provide genetic evidence for a role of NKA α1/Src in the tonic stimulation of basal mitochondrial metabolism and ROS production in human cardiac myocytes. This signaling axis in cardiac myocytes may provide a new approach to counteract mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Cai
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
| | - Marco T. Pessoa
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yingnyu Gao
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sidney Strause
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
| | - Moumita Banerjee
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jiang Tian
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
| | - Zijian Xie
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sandrine V. Pierre
- Marshall Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25703, USA; (L.C.); (M.T.P.); (Y.G.); (S.S.); (M.B.); (J.T.); (Z.X.)
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA
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Jouenne A, Hamici K, Varlet I, Sourdon J, Daudé P, Lan C, Kober F, Landrier JF, Bernard M, Desrois M. Relationship of cardiac remodeling and perfusion alteration with hepatic lipid metabolism in a prediabetic high fat high sucrose diet female rat model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:207-215. [PMID: 37826944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is known to be linked with metabolic associated fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes, but few studies assessed this relationship in prediabetes, especially among women, who are at greater risk of CVD. We aimed to evaluate cardiac alterations and its relationship with hepatic lipid metabolism in prediabetic female rats submitted to high-fat-high-sucrose diet (HFS). METHODS AND RESULTS Wistar female rats were divided into 2 groups fed for 5 months with standard or HFS diet. We analyzed cardiac morphology, function, perfusion and fibrosis by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Hepatic lipid contents along with inflammation and lipid metabolism gene expression were assessed. Five months of HFS diet induced glucose intolerance (p < 0.05), cardiac remodeling characterized by increased left-ventricular volume, wall thickness and mass (p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in left-ventricular ejection fraction and cardiac fibrosis but increased myocardial perfusion (p < 0.01) and reduced cardiac index (p < 0.05) were shown. HFS diet induced hepatic lipid accumulation with increased total lipid mass (p < 0.001) and triglyceride contents (p < 0.05), but also increased mitochondrial (CPT1a, MCAD; (p < 0.001; p < 0.05) and peroxisomal (ACO, LCAD; (p < 0.05; p < 0.001) β-oxidation gene expression. Myocardial wall thickness and perfusion were correlated with hepatic β-oxidation genes expression. Furthermore, myocardial perfusion was also correlated with hepatic lipid content and glucose intolerance. CONCLUSION This study brings new insights on the relationship between cardiac sub-clinical alterations and hepatic metabolism in female prediabetic rats. Further studies are warranted to explore its involvement in the higher CVD risk observed among prediabetic women.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jouenne
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - K Hamici
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - I Varlet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - J Sourdon
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - P Daudé
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - C Lan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - F Kober
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - J F Landrier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France.
| | - M Bernard
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
| | - M Desrois
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.
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Role of c-Src and reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:315-328. [PMID: 36700976 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-01992-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, caused by the over production of oxidants or inactivity of antioxidants, can modulate the redox state of several target proteins such as tyrosine kinases, mitogen-activated protein kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. c-Src is one such non-receptor tyrosine kinase which activates NADPH oxidases (Noxs) in response to various growth factors and shear stress. Interaction between c-Src and Noxs is influenced by cell type and primary messengers such as angiotensin II, which binds to G-protein coupled receptor and activates the intracellular signaling cascade. c-Src stimulated activation of Noxs results in elevated release of intracellular and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS species disturb vascular homeostasis and cause cardiac hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis and hypertension. Interaction between c-Src and ROS in the pathobiology of cardiac fibrosis is hypothesized to be influenced by cell type and stimuli. c-Src and ROS have a bidirectional relationship, thus increased ROS levels due to c-Src mediated activation of Noxs can further activate c-Src by promoting the oxidation and sulfenylation of critical cysteine residues. This review highlights the role of c-Src and ROS in mediating downstream signaling pathways underlying cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, due to the central role of c-Src in activation of various signaling proteins involved in differentiation, migration, proliferation, and cytoskeletal reorganization of vascular cells, it is presented as therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular diseases except cardiac fibrosis.
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Berberine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury and Fibrosis by Eliminating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via Promoting Nrf-2 Pathway Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043257. [PMID: 36834687 PMCID: PMC9966753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX)-related cardiotoxicity has been recognized as a serious complication of cancer chemotherapy. Effective targeted strategies for myocardial protection in addition to DOX treatment are urgently needed. The purpose of this paper was to determine the therapeutic effect of berberine (Ber) on DOX-triggered cardiomyopathy and explore the underlying mechanism. Our data showed that Ber markedly prevented cardiac diastolic dysfunction and fibrosis, reduced cardiac malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in DOX-treated rats. Moreover, Ber effectively rescued the DOX-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA, mitochondrial morphological damage and membrane potential loss in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts. This effect was mediated by increases in the nuclear accumulation of nuclear erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM). We also found that Ber suppressed the differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) into myofibroblasts, as indicated by decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen I and collagen III in DOX-treated CFs. Pretreatment with Ber inhibited ROS and MDA production and increased SOD activity and the mitochondrial membrane potential in DOX-challenged CFs. Further investigation indicated that the Nrf2 inhibitor trigonelline reversed the protective effect of Ber on both cardiomyocytes and CFs after DOX stimulation. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that Ber effectively alleviated DOX-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage by activating the Nrf2-mediated pathway, thereby leading to the prevention of myocardial injury and fibrosis. The current study suggests that Ber is a potential therapeutic agent for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity that exerts its effects by activating Nrf2.
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Jiang Q, Chen X, Tian X, Zhang J, Xue S, Jiang Y, Liu T, Wang X, Sun Q, Hong Y, Li C, Guo D, Wang Y, Wang Q. Tanshinone I inhibits doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating Nrf2 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 106:154439. [PMID: 36108374 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin (DOX) is a powerful anti-tumor anthracycline drug. However, its clinical use is limited due to the side effect of cardiotoxicity. Tanshinone I (Tan I) is one of the major tanshinones isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. Studies have shown that Tan I is effective in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, the potential effects of Tan I against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) have yet to be explored. PURPOSE This study aimed to explore whether Tan I can protect against DIC and to reveal whether Tan I can exert anti-oxidative effect by regulating nuclear erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. METHODS DIC models were established in vivo by intravenous injection of DOX. Echocardiography was used to monitor the cardiac function of mice. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess mitochondrial damage. Oxidative stress was measured by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining and western blotting. The accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 was detected by immunofluorescence. H9C2 cellular DIC model was established in vitro to explore the pharmacological mechanism. Nrf2 small interfering (si)-RNA was applied to H9C2 cells to explore whether Tan I exerted protective effect against DIC through Nrf2 signaling pathway. The protective effects of Tan I on mitochondrial function and mitochondrial membrane permeability were measured by MitoSOX™ Red and JC-1 staining assays, respectively. RESULTS In vivo experiments revealed that Tan I could improve cardiac function and protect against DOX-induced myocardial structural damages in mice models. The oxidative stress induced by DOX was suppressed and apoptosis was mitigated by Tan I treatment. Tan I protected against DOX-induced mitochondrial structural damage. Meanwhile, key proteins in Nrf2 pathways were upregulated by Tan I treatment. In vitro studies showed that Tan I attenuated DOX-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cultured H9C2 cells, reduced apoptotic rates, protected mitochondrial functions and up-regulated Nrf2 signaling pathway. Tan I promoted accumulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 protein. In addition, interference of Nrf2 abrogated the anti-oxidative effects of Tan I and reversed the expressions of key proteins in Nrf2 pathway. The protective effects of Tan I on mitochondrial integrity was also mitigated by Nrf2 interference. CONCLUSION Tan I could reduce oxidative stress and protect against DIC through regulating Nrf2 signaling pathway. Nrf2 is a potential target and Tan I is a novel candidate agent for the treatment of DIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xue Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingmei Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Siming Xue
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qianbin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yiqin Hong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medical, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome And Formula, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongqing Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome And Formula, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome And Formula, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiyan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome and Formula (Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Syndrome And Formula, Beijing 100029, China.
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Wang S, Tian C, Gao Z, Zhang B, Zhao L. Research status and trends of the diabetic cardiomyopathy in the past 10 years (2012–2021): A bibliometric analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1018841. [PMID: 36337893 PMCID: PMC9630656 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1018841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the most life-threatening diabetic complications. However, the previous studies only discuss a particular aspect or characteristic of DCM, the current state and trends were explored by limited research. We aimed to perform a systemically bibliometric study of DCM research progress status in the past decade, visualize the internal conceptual structure and potential associations, and further explore the prospective study trends. Methods Articles related to DCM published from January 2012 to December 2021 were collected in the Web of Science core collection (WoSCC) database on June 24, 2022. We exported all bibliographic records, including titles, abstracts, keywords, authorship, institutions, addresses, publishing sources, references, citation times, and year of publication. In addition, the journal Impact Factor and Hirsch index were obtained from the Journal Citation Report. We conducted the data screening, statistical analysis, and visualization via the Bibliometrix R package. VOS viewer software was employed to generate the collaboration network map among countries and institutions for better performance in visualization. Results In total, 1,887 original research articles from 2012 to 2021 were identified. The number of annual publications rapidly increased from 107 to 278, and a drastic increase in citation times was observed in 2017–2019. As for global contributions, the United States was the most influential country with the highest international collaboration, while China was the most productive country. Professor Cai Lu was the most prolific author. Shandong University published the most articles. Cardiovascular Diabetology journal released the most DCM-related articles. “Metabolic Stress-induced Activation of FoxO1 Triggers Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Mice” Battiprolu PK et al., J Clin Invest, 2012. was the most top-cited article regarding local citations. The top three keywords in terms of frequency were apoptosis, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. The analysis of future topic trends indicated that “Forkhead box protein O1,” “Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction,” “Dapagliflozin,” “Thioredoxin,” “Mitochondria dysfunction,” “Glucose,” “Pyroptosis,” “Cardiac fibroblast” and “Long non-coding RNA” could be promising hotspots. Conclusion This study provides meaningful insights into DCM, which is expected to assist cardiologists and endocrinologists in exploring frontiers and future research directions in the domain through a refined and concise summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Wang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanxi Tian
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zezheng Gao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Boxun Zhang
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Boxun Zhang,
| | - Linhua Zhao
- Institute of Metabolic Diseases, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Linhua Zhao,
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10
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Muthuramu I, Mishra M, De Geest B. Increased Remnant Lipoproteins in Apo E Deficient Mice Induce Coronary Atherosclerosis following Transverse Aortic Constriction and Aggravate the Development of Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071592. [PMID: 35884897 PMCID: PMC9312863 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine coronary arteries are very resistant to the development of atherosclerosis, which may be related to their intramyocardial course. Blood pressure promotes atherosclerotic plaque formation by acting as a physical force that potentiates the migration of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins across the endothelium. C57BL/6N apolipoprotein (apo) E deficient mice have increased remnant lipoproteins that are a risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. In this study, our aim was to quantify coronary atherosclerosis and artery remodeling following transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in C57BL/6N apo E−/− mice and to evaluate the impact of increased remnant lipoproteins on the development of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Advanced atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the left coronary artery of C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice but not in C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pressure overload resulted in markedly increased cardiac hypertrophy and more pronounced heart failure in C57BL/6N apo E−/− TAC mice in comparison to C57BL/6N TAC mice. Pathological hypertrophy, as evidenced by increased myocardial fibrosis and capillary rarefaction, was more prominent in C57BL/6N TAC apo E−/− than in C57BL/6N TAC mice and led to more marked cardiac dysfunction. In conclusion, TAC in apo E deficient mice induces coronary atherosclerosis and aggravates the development of pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (I.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-16-372059; Fax: +32-16-345990
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11
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Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040784. [PMID: 35453469 PMCID: PMC9030255 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a redox disease. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation induce a switch of metabolic homeostatic set points, leading to glucose intolerance. Several diabetes-specific mechanisms contribute to prominent oxidative distress in the heart, resulting in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mitochondrial overproduction of reactive oxygen species in diabetic subjects is not only caused by intracellular hyperglycemia in the microvasculature but is also the result of increased fatty oxidation and lipotoxicity in cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrial overproduction of superoxide anion radicals induces, via inhibition of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an increased polyol pathway flux, increased formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) and activation of the receptor for AGE (RAGE), activation of protein kinase C isoforms, and an increased hexosamine pathway flux. These pathways not only directly contribute to diabetic cardiomyopathy but are themselves a source of additional reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species and oxidative distress lead to cell dysfunction and cellular injury not only via protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and oxidative changes in microRNAs but also via activation of stress-sensitive pathways and redox regulation. Investigations in animal models of diabetic cardiomyopathy have consistently demonstrated that increased expression of the primary antioxidant enzymes attenuates myocardial pathology and improves cardiac function.
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12
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Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid on Rat Ventricles and Atria under LPS-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040734. [PMID: 35453419 PMCID: PMC9024801 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (α-LA) is a disulfide compound and one of the most effective antioxidants. Many studies have indicated positive effects of α-LA in the prevention of pathologic conditions mediated by oxidative stress, such as cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic potential of α-LA for the heart has not been explored with regards to the ventricles and atria. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of α-LA on oxidative stress parameters and inflammation in the ventricles and atria of the heart in rats under LPS-induced oxidative stress. Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: I—control (received 2 doses of 0.2 mL of 0.9% NaCl i.v., 0.5 h apart); II—α-LA (received 0.2 mL of 0.9% NaCl and 0.5 h later received α-LA 60 mg/kg b.w. i.v.); III—lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (received 0.2 mL of 0.9% NaCl and 0.5 h later received LPS 30 mg/kg b.w. i.v.); and IV—LPS + LA (received LPS 30 mg/kg b.w. i.v. and 0.5 h later received α-LA 60 mg/kg b.w. i.v.). Five hours later, the rats were euthanized. The hearts were surgically removed and weighed to estimate heart edema. The ventricular and atrium tissue was isolated to measure levels of TNF-α, IL-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total sulfhydryl groups (-SH), total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and the GSH/GSSG ratio. LPS significantly increased TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, and H2O2 levels and decreased SOD, -SH groups, tGSH, the GSH/GSSG ratio, and GSH levels in rat ventricles and atria while α-LA administered after the injection of LPS significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, TBARS, and H2O2 levels. α-LA also increased SOD and -SH group levels and ameliorated the glutathione redox status when compared to the LPS group. Our data suggest that α-LA administration 30 min after LPS infusion may effectively prevent inflammation and oxidative stress in the ventricles and atria.
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Sfikakis PP, Vlachogiannis NI, Ntouros PA, Mavrogeni S, Maris TG, Karantanas AH, Souliotis VL. Microvasculopathy-Related Hemorrhagic Tissue Deposition of Iron May Contribute to Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Hypothesis-Generating Insights from the Literature and Preliminary Findings. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030430. [PMID: 35330181 PMCID: PMC8955192 DOI: 10.3390/life12030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular wall abnormalities demonstrated by nailfold capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis (SSc) may result in microhemorrhagic deposition of erythrocyte-derived iron. Such abnormalities precede fibrosis, which is orchestrated by myofibroblasts. Iron induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in vitro, which is reversed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. The conversion of quiescent fibroblasts into profibrotic myofibroblasts has also been associated with ROS-mediated activation of TGF-β1. Given that iron overload predisposes to ROS formation, we hypothesized that the uptake of erythrocyte-derived iron by resident cells promotes fibrosis. Firstly, we show that iron induces oxidative stress in skin-derived and synovial fibroblasts in vitro, as well as in blood mononuclear cells ex vivo. The biological relevance of increased oxidative stress was confirmed by showing the concomitant induction of DNA damage in these cell types. Similar results were obtained in vivo, following intravenous iron administration. Secondly, using magnetic resonance imaging we show an increased iron deposition in the fingers of a patient with early SSc and nailfold microhemorrhages. While a systematic magnetic resonance study to examine tissue iron levels in SSc, including internal organs, is underway, herein we propose that iron may be a pathogenetic link between microvasculopathy and fibrosis and an additional mechanism responsible for increased oxidative stress in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros P. Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.I.V.); (P.A.N.); (V.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikolaos I. Vlachogiannis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.I.V.); (P.A.N.); (V.L.S.)
| | - Panagiotis A. Ntouros
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.I.V.); (P.A.N.); (V.L.S.)
| | | | - Thomas G. Maris
- Department of Radiology, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (T.G.M.); (A.H.K.)
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos H. Karantanas
- Department of Radiology, University of Crete Medical School, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; (T.G.M.); (A.H.K.)
- Computational BioMedicine Laboratory, Institute of Computer Science, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (FORTH), 70013 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis L. Souliotis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine and Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece; (N.I.V.); (P.A.N.); (V.L.S.)
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
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14
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Pahimi N, Rasool AHG, Sanip Z, Bokti NA, Yusof Z, W. Isa WYH. An Evaluation of the Role of Oxidative Stress in Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:jcdd9020051. [PMID: 35200704 PMCID: PMC8878238 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately half of all women presenting to the emergency department with angina chest pain do not have obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary angiography. This condition is termed non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD), and includes ischemia with no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA) and myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). Oxidative stress has been reported to be involved in the development and progression of CAD. However, a scarcity of studies has assessed a correlation between oxidative stress and NOCAD. Thus, a literature review was performed of available reports on the role of oxidative stress in NOCAD. Possible mechanisms involved in oxidative stress that may contribute to NOCAD were identified and evaluated. A key finding of this literature review was that oxidative stress caused vasoconstriction and endothelial damage, and this results in coronary microvascular dysfunction and vasospasm, which, in turn, lead to the pathogenesis of NOCAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurnajwa Pahimi
- Pharmacology Vascular Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia; (N.P.); (A.H.G.R.)
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (N.A.B.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Pharmacology Vascular Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 16150, Malaysia; (N.P.); (A.H.G.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zulkefli Sanip
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Adilah Bokti
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (N.A.B.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Zurkurnai Yusof
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (N.A.B.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - W. Yus Haniff W. Isa
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia; (N.A.B.); (Z.Y.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-9767-3987
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