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Yang K, Chung BS, Ryu T. Impact of Physical Activity on Overall Survival and Liver Cirrhosis Incidence in Steatotic Liver Disease: Insights from a Large Cohort Study Using Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting. Nutrients 2024; 16:2532. [PMID: 39125411 PMCID: PMC11314037 DOI: 10.3390/nu16152532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle, with benefits in managing chronic diseases. This study investigates the relationship between physical activity and liver-related outcomes with or without steatotic liver diseases, including metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and MASLD and increased alcohol intake (MetALD). The primary outcomes of interest were overall survival in the entire population, individuals without steatotic liver disease, patients with MASLD, and those with MetALD. The secondary outcomes included the incidence of liver cirrhosis. Participants were categorized based on physical activity frequency and Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used for analysis. Higher physical activity was associated with significantly better survival in the overall cohort and MASLD cohort before and after inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW). In participants without steatotic liver disease and the MetALD cohort, higher physical activity showed significant survival improvement after IPTW. For the incidence of liver cirrhosis, higher physical activity showed significant associations before IPTW in the overall cohort and MASLD cohort, but these associations were not significant after IPTW. Marginal significance was observed in the MetALD cohort before and after IPTW. In conclusion. promoting physical activity may be key in improving liver-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keungmo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea;
| | - Beom Sun Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
| | - Tom Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute for Digestive Research, Digestive Disease Center, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
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2
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Brouwer WP, Lammert F, Yilmaz Y. Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease in healthy weight individuals. Hepatol Int 2024:10.1007/s12072-024-10662-w. [PMID: 39052203 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is an increasing public health problem, affecting one third of the global population. Contrary to conventional wisdom, MAFLD is not exclusive to obese or overweight individuals. Epidemiological studies have revealed a remarkable prevalence among healthy weight individuals, leading investigations into the genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors that contribute to the development of MAFLD in this population. This shift in perspective requires reconsideration of preventive strategies, diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches tailored to address the unique characteristics of MAFLD healthy weight individuals. It also underscores the importance of widespread awareness and education, within the medical community and among the general population, to promote a more inclusive understanding of liver metabolic disorders. With this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive exploration of MAFLD in healthy weight individuals, encompassing epidemiological, pathophysiological, and clinical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Willem Pieter Brouwer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Erasmus MC Transplant Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank Lammert
- Health Sciences, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
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3
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Li T, Zhao J, Cao H, Han X, Lu Y, Jiang F, Li X, Sun J, Zhou S, Sun Z, Wang W, Ding Y, Li X. Dietary patterns in the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease to advanced liver disease: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00612-9. [PMID: 39029661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a significant health problem. Dietary intervention plays an important role in patients with MAFLD. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide a reference for dietary patterns in patients with MAFLD. METHODS The presence of MAFLD was determined in the United Kingdom Biobank cohort. Nine dietary pattern scores were derived from the dietary records. Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The contrast test was employed to calculate the heterogeneity across MAFLD statuses. RESULTS We identified 175,300 patients with MAFLD at baseline. Compared with non-MAFLD, MAFLD was significantly associated with chronic liver disease (CLD) (HR: 3.48; 95% CI: 3.15, 3.84), severe liver disease (SLD) (HR: 2.87; 95% CI: 2.63, 3.14), liver cancer (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.67, 2.23), and liver-related death (LRD) (HR: 1.93; 95% CI: 1.67, 2.23). In the overall cohort, the alternate Mediterranean diet (aMED) (HRCLD: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.76; HRSLD: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.72), planetary health diet (PHD) (HRCLD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.81; HRSLD: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.83), plant-based low-carbohydrate diet (pLCD) (HRCLD: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.49, 0.86; HRSLD: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.85), and healthful plant-based diet index (hPDI) (HRCLD: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.84; HRSLD: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.47, 0.78) were associated with a lower risk of CLD and SLD. Additionally, unhealthful plant-based diet index (uPDI) was associated with increased risk of CLD (HR: 1.42; 95% CI: 1.09,1.85), SLD (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.19, 1.90), and LRD (HR: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.28-2.78). The aforementioned associations remained consistently strong within the MAFLD subgroup while exhibiting less pronounced in the non-MAFLD group. However, no significant heterogeneity was observed across different MAFLD statuses. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the detrimental effects of MAFLD on the development of subsequent liver diseases and the importance of dietary patterns in managing MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianhui Zhao
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoze Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangyuan Jiang
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinxuan Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyun Zhou
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongquan Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; National Innovation Center for Fundamental Research on Cancer Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; ZJU-Pujian Research & Development Center of Medical Artificial Intelligence for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Disease, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health and The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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4
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Liang D, Zhang J, Li L, Li Y, Xu L, Wu H. Associations of life's essential 8 with MAFLD and liver fibrosis among US adults: a nationwide cross-section study. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1403720. [PMID: 38933880 PMCID: PMC11199778 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1403720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Life's essential' 8 (LE8) is a newly updated cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics from the American Heart Association, with close relevance to metabolism. Our objective is to explore the association between LE8 scores and incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and advanced liver fibrosis in American adults. Methods This population-based cross-sectional study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2005 and 2018, encompassing adults aged 20 years or older. Validated non-invasive scoring systems were employed to define liver steatosis and advanced liver fibrosis. Multivariable logistic regression and smooth curve fitting techniques were applied to evaluate the associations. All analyses were adjusted for the survey' complex design parameters and accounted for sample weights. Results A total of 11,820 participants were included. A higher LE8 score was found to be inversely associated with the incidence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis, with odds ratios (OR) of 0.64 (95% CI: 0.57-0.71) for MAFLD and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.61-0.92) for advanced liver fibrosis per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in LE8 score. Similar patterns were found in the relationship between health behaviors/factors score and incidence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis. In subgroup analyses, the interaction test showed that age, education level, marital status, CVD, hypertension and diabetes had a significant impact on the association between LE8 score and MAFLD (all P for interaction < 0.05). Among male, elderly, wealthy, other race, CVD, diabetes and depression participants, the correlation between LE8 score and advanced liver fibrosis was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Younger participants exhibited a more pronounced negative association between the CVH metric and both MAFLD and advanced life fibrosis. Conclusion LE8 and its subscales score were inversely associated with the presence of MAFLD and advanced liver fibrosis in non-linear patterns. Optimal LE8 score may significantly reduce the risk of liver steatosis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lidong Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huili Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Provincial Medicine Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment and Research, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Zhou B, Gong N, He Q, Huang X, Zhu J, Zhang L, Huang Y, Tan X, Xia Y, Zheng Y, Shi Q, Qin C. Clustering of lifestyle behaviours and analysis of their associations with MAFLD: a cross-sectional study of 196,515 individuals in China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2303. [PMID: 37990228 PMCID: PMC10664514 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of lifestyle behaviours and their association with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remain unclear. We identified lifestyle patterns and investigated their association with the risk of developing MAFLD in a sample of Chinese adults who underwent annual physical examinations. METHODS Annual physical examination data of Chinese adults from January 2016 to December 2020 were used in this study. We created a scoring system for lifestyle items combining a statistical method (multivariate analysis of variance) and clinical expertise (Delphi method). Subsequently, principal component analysis and two-step cluster analysis were implemented to derive the lifestyle patterns of men and women. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the prevalence risk of MAFLD among lifestyle patterns stratified by sex. RESULTS A total of 196,515 subjects were included in the analysis. Based on the defined lifestyle scoring system, nine and four lifestyle patterns were identified for men and women, respectively, which included "healthy or unhealthy" patterns and mixed patterns containing a combination of healthy and risky lifestyle behaviours. This study showed that subjects with an unhealthy or mixed pattern had a significantly higher risk of developing MAFLD than subjects with a relatively healthy pattern, especially among men. CONCLUSIONS Clusters of unfavourable behaviours are more prominent in men than in women. Lifestyle patterns, as important factors influencing the development of MAFLD, show significant sex differences in the risk of MAFLD. There is a strong need for future research to develop targeted MAFLD interventions based on the identified behavioural clusters by sex stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Ni Gong
- Department of Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Xinjuan Huang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jingchi Zhu
- Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical College Road , Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical College Road , Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xinyun Tan
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yuanqin Xia
- Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, 416000, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qiuling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical College Road , Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Chunxiang Qin
- Department of Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No.138, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, China.
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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6
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Zhou XD, Targher G, Byrne CD, Somers V, Kim SU, Chahal CAA, Wong VWS, Cai J, Shapiro MD, Eslam M, Steg PG, Sung KC, Misra A, Li JJ, Brotons C, Huang Y, Papatheodoridis GV, Sun A, Yilmaz Y, Chan WK, Huang H, Méndez-Sánchez N, Alqahtani SA, Cortez-Pinto H, Lip GYH, de Knegt RJ, Ocama P, Romero-Gomez M, Fudim M, Sebastiani G, Son JW, Ryan JD, Ikonomidis I, Treeprasertsuk S, Pastori D, Lupsor-Platon M, Tilg H, Ghazinyan H, Boursier J, Hamaguchi M, Nguyen MH, Fan JG, Goh GBB, Al Mahtab M, Hamid S, Perera N, George J, Zheng MH. An international multidisciplinary consensus statement on MAFLD and the risk of CVD. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:773-791. [PMID: 37204656 PMCID: PMC10198034 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fatty liver disease in the absence of excessive alcohol consumption is an increasingly common condition with a global prevalence of ~ 25-30% and is also associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Since systemic metabolic dysfunction underlies its pathogenesis, the term metabolic (dysfunction)-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed for this condition. MAFLD is closely intertwined with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherogenic dyslipidemia, which are established cardiovascular risk factors. Unlike CVD, which has received attention in the literature on fatty liver disease, the CVD risk associated with MAFLD is often underestimated, especially among Cardiologists. METHODS AND RESULTS A multidisciplinary panel of fifty-two international experts comprising Hepatologists, Endocrinologists, Diabetologists, Cardiologists and Family Physicians from six continents (Asia, Europe, North America, South America, Africa and Oceania) participated in a formal Delphi survey and developed consensus statements on the association between MAFLD and the risk of CVD. Statements were developed on different aspects of CVD risk, ranging from epidemiology to mechanisms, screening, and management. CONCULSIONS The expert panel identified important clinical associations between MAFLD and the risk of CVD that could serve to increase awareness of the adverse metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes of MAFLD. Finally, the expert panel also suggests potential areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Heart Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Christopher D Byrne
- Southampton National Institute for Health and Care Research Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, and University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Virend Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA
| | - Seung Up Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C Anwar A Chahal
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, USA
- Center for Inherited Cardiovascular Diseases, WellSpan Health, Lancaster, PA, USA
- Barts Heart Centre, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, EC1A 7BE, West Smithfield, UK
| | - Vincent Wai-Sun Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael D Shapiro
- Center for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Section on Cardiovascular Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Mohammed Eslam
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Philippe Gabriel Steg
- Université Paris -Cité, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, FACT (French Alliance for Cardiovascular Trials), INSERM U1148, Paris, France
| | - Ki-Chul Sung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anoop Misra
- Fortis C-DOC Centre of Excellence for Diabetes, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology, Chirag Enclave, National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation and Diabetes Foundation (India), New Delhi, India
| | - Jian-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Carlos Brotons
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Sardenya Primary Health Care Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Jiazi Road, Lunjiao Town, Shunde District, Foshan, China
| | - George V Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens "Laiko", Athens, Greece
| | - Aijun Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yusuf Yilmaz
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Wah Kheong Chan
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 3025 Shennan Middle Road, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation and Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Liver Transplantation Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helena Cortez-Pinto
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Metabolismo, Faculdade de Medicina, Clínica Universitária de Gastrenterologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gregory Y H Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Danish Center for Clinical Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Robert J de Knegt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Gravendijkwal 230, Room Ha 206, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ponsiano Ocama
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Manuel Romero-Gomez
- Department of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Marat Fudim
- Department of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Giada Sebastiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Royal Victoria Hospital, 1001 Blvd. Décarie, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jang Won Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - John D Ryan
- Department of Hepatology, RCSI School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Dublin/Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- Preventive Cardiology Laboratory and Cardiometabolic Clinic, Second Cardiology Department, Attikon Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sombat Treeprasertsuk
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Daniele Pastori
- Department of Clinical, Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Lupsor-Platon
- Department of Medical Imaging, "Prof. Dr. Octavian Fodor" Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepathology, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hasmik Ghazinyan
- Department of Hepatology, Nork Clinical Hospital of Infectious Disease, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Jerome Boursier
- Hepato-Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital, 4 Larrey Street, 49933, Angers Cedex 09, France
- HIFIH Laboratory, UPRES 3859, SFR 4208, LUNAM University, Angers, France
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465, Kajii-Cho, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mindie H Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian-Gao Fan
- Center for Fatty Liver, Department of Gastroenterology, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - George Boon-Bee Goh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mamun Al Mahtab
- Department of Hepatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saeed Hamid
- Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Nilanka Perera
- Department of Medicine, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- MAFLD Research Center, Department of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, No. 2 Fuxue Lane, Wenzhou, 325000, China.
- Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment for the Development of Chronic Liver Disease in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.
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He DH, Zhang YZ, Xu L, Zhang Y, Pei JJ, Yan ZF. Individualized intervention for patients with metabolic fatty liver disease based on Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2023; 31:316-325. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v31.i8.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is widely prevalent. Poor dietary and living habits are closely related to the development of MAFLD. Diet and exercise intervention is one of the important measures for the prevention and treatment of MAFLD, but the intervention strategies are still inconclusive, and further research is still required.
AIM To explore the effect of individualized intervention through limited energy balanced diet and exercise on MAFLD.
METHODS MAFLD patients were divided into either an intervention group or a control group according to whether they received individualized diet and exercise intervention or not. At the time of enrollment (T0), the anthropometric information and laboratory indicators of the patients were collected, and the general information, family history, dietary and living habits, and food frequency of the patients were collected by questionnaire survey. Individualized diet and exercise intervention was executed in the intervention group, while routine health education without individualized intervention was executed in the control group. We collected the above parameters after 6 mo (T1) for the second time, and then compared their differences between T0 and T1.
RESULTS Among 127 MAFLD patients included, those with daily travelling by car accounted for 62.99%, and those preferring sedentary lifestyle (>8 h/d), heavy flavor food, and extra meal accounted for 48.82%, > 50%, and 37.01%, respectively. Five main factors were extracted after factor analysis, including "fungus and vegetable", "grain and milk", "meat and egg", "aquatic", and "snack". The upper quintile (Q5) of the "meat and egg" factor could increase the risk of high triglyceride (odds ratio [OR] = 5.60, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41-22.24) and high cholesterol (OR = 6.45, 95%CI: 1.51-27.63) compared with the lower quintile (Q1); the middle quintile (Q3) of the "aquatic" factor could also increase the risk of high cholesterol (OR = 4.54, 95%CI: 1.10-18.78). The differences in anthropometric information and laboratory test indicators (except glycosylated hemoglobin in the control group) between T0 and T1 were statistically significant (P < 0.05) both in the intervention group and in the control group.
CONCLUSION Individualized dietary and exercise intervention based on the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents can help MAFLD patients reduce body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, visceral fat area, body fat ratio, etc. and improve their glucose and lipid metabolism effectively.
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Shift work and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease incidence among Chinese rail workers: a 4-year longitudinal cohort study. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:179-190. [PMID: 35989361 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01913-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational harmful factors, such as shift work, are attracting increasing attention as a potential cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we aimed to identify the association between shift work and NAFLD incidence in Chinese rail population. METHODS A cohort study was conducted among 14,112 rail workers for 4-year follow-up. Shift work frequency and other potential variables were recorded by questionnaires, including demographic, lifestyle, and occupation information. Besides, body mass index, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured by anthropometric measurement and blood test. Diagnosis of new NAFLD case was based on abdominal ultrasonography. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to determine whether shift work has effect on occurrence of NAFLD. RESULTS The incidence of NAFLD was 30.43% in total subjects. After adjustment for possible confounders, the RRs of NAFLD were 1.069 (95% CI 0.998-1.146) and 1.179 (95% CI 1.059-1.312) in occasionally shift work group and frequently shift work group respectively, compared to the seldom shift work group. In stratified analyses, the RRs of NAFLD incidence linked to shift work exposure seems increase among female and elder. The results of three sensitivity analyses were similar with main analysis. CONCLUSIONS This research provided further evidence of positive harmful effect of shift work on NAFLD incidence in Chinese rail workers, particularly in frequently shift work population. The risk estimate of shift work on NAFLD was higher in female and elder.
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Chen W, Cao L, Wu Z. Association Between Physical Activity and Prevalence/Mortality of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Different Socioeconomic Settings. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605031. [PMID: 37206096 PMCID: PMC10188957 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: We aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity (PA) on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) prevalence and long-term survival, particularly in some specific population such as those with different socioeconomic status (SES). Methods: Multivariate regression and interaction analyses were conducted to deal with confounders and interacting factors. Results: Active PA was associated with lower prevalence of NAFLD in both cohorts. Individuals with active-PA had better long-term survival compared to those with inactive-PA in both cohorts, and the results were only statistically significant in NAFLD defined by US fatty liver index (USFLI). We found clear evidence that the beneficial role of PA was more obvious in individuals with better SES, and the statistical significances were presented in both two hepatic steatosis index (HSI)-NAFLD cohorts from the NHANES III and NHANES 1999-2014. Results were consistent in all sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: We demonstrated the importance of PA in decrease the prevalence and mortality of NAFLD, and highlights the need for improving SES simultaneously to increase the protective effect of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Jiujiang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Lingling Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiujiang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
- *Correspondence: Lingling Cao,
| | - Zhaoping Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Jiujiang No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China
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Fatty Liver Disease-Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic: Similar but Different. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416226. [PMID: 36555867 PMCID: PMC9783455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In alcohol-induced liver disease (ALD) and in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), there are abnormal accumulations of fat in the liver. This phenomenon may be related to excessive alcohol consumption, as well as the combination of alcohol consumption and medications. There is an evolution from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hepatic pathology is very similar regarding non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ALD. Initially, there is lipid accumulation in parenchyma and progression to lobular inflammation. The morphological changes in the liver mitochondria, perivenular and perisinusoidal fibrosis, and hepatocellular ballooning, apoptosis and necrosis and accumulation of fibrosis may lead to the development of cirrhosis and HCC. Medical history of ethanol consumption, laboratory markers of chronic ethanol intake, AST/ALT ratio on the one hand and features of the metabolic syndrome on the other hand, may help in estimating the contribution of alcohol intake and the metabolic syndrome, respectively, to liver steatosis.
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Fan H, Xu C, Li W, Huang Y, Hua R, Xiong Y, Yang Y, Feng X, Wang Z, Yuan Z, Zhou J. Ideal Cardiovascular Health Metrics Are Associated with Reduced Severity of Hepatic Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis Detected by Transient Elastography. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245344. [PMID: 36558503 PMCID: PMC9780817 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Life's Simple 7 (LS7) is the American Heart Association's (AHA) proposal for a healthy lifestyle, also known as cardiovascular health (CVH) metrics. However, the association between CVH metrics and the severity of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis detected by transient elastography is unknown. We performed a cross-sectional study using the data from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cycle. The controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) were used to evaluate the severity of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis and to define NAFLD, advanced liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis. A total of 2679 participants were included. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that per 1-unit increase in the CVH metric, CAP and LSM decreased by 8.565 units and 0.274 units, respectively. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk of NAFLD, advanced liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis were 7, 10, and 6 times higher in the poor CVH group than in the ideal CVH group. Subgroup analysis indicated that CVD patients and non-Hispanic whites could benefit more from ideal CVH. In conclusion, adherence to ideal CVH metrics, as proposed by the AHA, can significantly reduce the risk of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heze Fan
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Chenbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Wenyuan Li
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yuzhi Huang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Rui Hua
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Xueying Feng
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Zhou
- Cardiovascular Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710061, China
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NAFLD: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071747. [PMID: 35885052 PMCID: PMC9313291 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) now represents the most frequent chronic liver disease worldwide [...]
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Wolosowicz M, Prokopiuk S, Kaminski TW. Recent Advances in the Treatment of Insulin Resistance Targeting Molecular and Metabolic Pathways: Fighting a Losing Battle? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:472. [PMID: 35454311 PMCID: PMC9029454 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is amongst the most notable causes of years of life lost worldwide and its prevalence increases perpetually. The disease is characterized as multisystemic dysfunctions attributed to hyperglycemia resulting directly from insulin resistance (IR), inadequate insulin secretion, or enormous glucagon secretion. Insulin is a highly anabolic peptide hormone that regulates blood glucose levels by hastening cellular glucose uptake as well as controlling carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism. In the course of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), which accounts for nearly 90% of all cases of diabetes, the insulin response is inadequate, and this condition is defined as Insulin Resistance. IR sequela include, but are not limited to, hyperglycemia, cardiovascular system impairment, chronic inflammation, disbalance in oxidative stress status, and metabolic syndrome occurrence. Despite the substantial progress in understanding the molecular and metabolic pathways accounting for injurious effects of IR towards multiple body organs, IR still is recognized as a ferocious enigma. The number of widely available therapeutic approaches is growing, however, the demand for precise, safe, and effective therapy is also increasing. A literature search was carried out using the MEDLINE/PubMed, Google Scholar, SCOPUS and Clinical Trials Registry databases with a combination of keywords and MeSH terms, and papers published from February 2021 to March 2022 were selected as recently published papers. This review paper aims to provide critical, concise, but comprehensive insights into the advances in the treatment of IR that were achieved in the last months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Wolosowicz
- Department of Physiology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Slawomir Prokopiuk
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Lomza State University of Applied Sciences, 18-400 Lomza, Poland;
| | - Tomasz W. Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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