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Mohammad N, Talton L, Dalgan S, Hetzler Z, Steksova A, Wei Q. Ratiometric nonfluorescent CRISPR assay utilizing Cas12a-induced plasmid supercoil relaxation. Commun Chem 2024; 7:130. [PMID: 38851849 PMCID: PMC11162422 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Most CRISPR-based biosensors rely on labeled reporter molecules and expensive equipment for signal readout. A recent approach quantifies analyte concentration by sizing λ DNA reporters via gel electrophoresis, providing a simple solution for label-free detection. Here, we report an alternative strategy for label-free CRISPR-Cas12a, which relies on Cas12a trans-nicking induced supercoil relaxation of dsDNA plasmid reporters to generate a robust and ratiometric readout. The ratiometric CRISPR (rCRISPR) measures the relative percentage of supercoiled plasmid DNA to the relaxed circular DNA by gel electrophoresis for more accurate target concentration quantification. This simple method is two orders of magnitude more sensitive than the typical fluorescent reporter. This self-referenced strategy solves the potential application limitations of previously demonstrated DNA sizing-based CRISPR-Dx without compromising the sensitivity. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of rCRISPR for detecting various model DNA targets such as HPV 16 and real AAV samples, highlighting its feasibility for point-of-care CRISPR-Dx applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohammad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Logan Talton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Selen Dalgan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Zach Hetzler
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anastasiia Steksova
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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2
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Verma T, Papadantonakis N, Peker Barclift D, Zhang L. Molecular Genetic Profile of Myelofibrosis: Implications in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment Advancements. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:514. [PMID: 38339265 PMCID: PMC10854658 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis (MF) is an essential element of primary myelofibrosis, whereas secondary MF may develop in the advanced stages of other myeloid neoplasms, especially polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. Over the last two decades, advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, particularly the integration of next-generation sequencing in clinical laboratories, have revolutionized the diagnosis, classification, and clinical decision making of myelofibrosis. Driver mutations involving JAK2, CALR, and MPL induce hyperactivity in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which plays a central role in cell survival and proliferation. Approximately 80% of myelofibrosis cases harbor additional mutations, frequently in the genes responsible for epigenetic regulation and RNA splicing. Detecting these mutations is crucial for diagnosing myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), especially in cases where no mutations are present in the three driver genes (triple-negative MPNs). While fibrosis in the bone marrow results from the disturbance of inflammatory cytokines, it is fundamentally associated with mutation-driven hematopoiesis. The mutation profile and order of acquiring diverse mutations influence the MPN phenotype. Mutation profiling reveals clonal diversity in MF, offering insights into the clonal evolution of neoplastic progression. Prognostic prediction plays a pivotal role in guiding the treatment of myelofibrosis. Mutation profiles and cytogenetic abnormalities have been integrated into advanced prognostic scoring systems and personalized risk stratification for MF. Presently, JAK inhibitors are part of the standard of care for MF, with newer generations developed for enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects. However, only a minority of patients have achieved a significant molecular-level response. Clinical trials exploring innovative approaches, such as combining hypomethylation agents that target epigenetic regulators, drugs proven effective in myelodysplastic syndrome, or immune and inflammatory modulators with JAK inhibitors, have demonstrated promising results. These combinations may be more effective in patients with high-risk mutations and complex mutation profiles. Expanding mutation profiling studies with more sensitive and specific molecular methods, as well as sequencing a broader spectrum of genes in clinical patients, may reveal molecular mechanisms in cases currently lacking detectable driver mutations, provide a better understanding of the association between genetic alterations and clinical phenotypes, and offer valuable information to advance personalized treatment protocols to improve long-term survival and eradicate mutant clones with the hope of curing MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nikolaos Papadantonakis
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Deniz Peker Barclift
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linsheng Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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3
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Escalona-Noguero C, Alarcón-Iniesta H, López-Valls M, Del Carpio LP, Piulats JM, Somoza Á, Sot B. Detection of the Uveal Melanoma-Associated Mutation GNAQ Q209P from Liquid Biopsy Using CRISPR/Cas12a Technology. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16692-16700. [PMID: 37921444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare ocular tumor characterized by high metastasis risk and poor prognosis. The in-depth characterization of UM's molecular profile is critical for better disease classification and prognosis. Furthermore, the development of detection tools to monitor UM evolution upon treatment is of great interest for designing optimal therapeutic strategies. However, commonly used techniques, such as ddPCR or NGS, are costly, and they involve sophisticated equipment and complex experimental design. The development of alternative sensing methods that are fast, simple, and inexpensive would be of great benefit to improve UM's diagnosis and management, especially when combined with liquid biopsy. Samples from liquid biopsy can be obtained with minimal invasiveness, and the detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in UM patients' plasma has proven useful for the diagnosis of metastasis, prognosis prediction, and disease monitoring. In this context, CRISPR/Cas12a-derived molecular sensors, thanks to their high specificity and sensitivity and their potential for point of care diagnosis, are particularly interesting. Here, we developed a CRISPR/Cas12a-based approach for the specific detection of the UM-related mutation GNAQ Q209P that relies on the design of highly specific crRNAs. Coupled with allele-specific PCR, it constitutes a sensitive platform for liquid biopsy detection, capable of sensing GNAQ Q209P in plasma samples with a low ctDNA concentration and fractional abundance. Finally, our method was validated using plasma samples from metastatic UM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María López-Valls
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Luis Paul Del Carpio
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia─ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, IDIBELL, Barcelona 08908, Spain
- Cancer ImmunoTherapy (CIT) Group-iPROCURE, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute IDIBELL-OncoBell, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut Català d'Oncologia─ICO, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, IDIBELL, Barcelona 08908, Spain
- Cancer ImmunoTherapy (CIT) Group-iPROCURE, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute IDIBELL-OncoBell, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain
| | - Álvaro Somoza
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Nanobiotecnología (CNB-CSIC e IMDEA Nanociencia), Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Begoña Sot
- Fundación IMDEA Nanociencia, Campus Universitario de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Unidad de Innovación Biomédica, Complutense 40, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Advanced Therapies Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJ UAM), Madrid 28040, Spain
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4
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Zhou M, Zhang C, Chen M, Hu Z, Li M, Li Z, Wu L, Liang D. A protospacer adjacent motif-free, multiplexed, and quantitative nucleic acid detection platform with barcode-based Cas12a activity. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e310. [PMID: 37405277 PMCID: PMC10315165 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-based biosensors have been developed to facilitate the rapid and sensitive detection of nucleic acids. However, most approaches using CRISPR-based detection have disadvantages associated with the limitations of CRISPR RNA (crRNA), protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) or protospacer flanking sequence restriction, single channel detection, and difficulty in quantitative detection resulting in only some target sites being detected qualitatively. Here, we aimed to develop a barcode-based Cas12a-mediated DNA detection (BCDetection) strategy, which overcomes the aforementioned drawbacks and enables (1) detection with a universal PAM and crRNA without PAM or crRNA restriction, (2) simultaneous detection of multiple targets in a single reaction, and (3) quantitative detection, which can significantly distinguish copy number differences up to as low as a two-fold limit. We could efficiently and simultaneously detect three β-thalassemia mutations in a single reaction using BCDetection. Notably, samples from normal individuals, spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) carriers, and SMA patients were significantly and accurately distinguished using the quantitative detection ability of BCDetection, indicating its potential application in β-thalassemia and SMA carrier screening. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that BCDetection provides a new platform for accurate and efficient quantitative detection using CRISPR/Cas12a, highlighting its bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojin Zhou
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
- Department of Medical GeneticsYunnan Maternal and Child Health Care HospitalKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhiqing Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Menglin Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Zhuo Li
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Lingqian Wu
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Desheng Liang
- Center for Medical Genetics & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical GeneticsSchool of Life SciencesCentral South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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5
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Wang H, Liu R, Dong K, Zhang L, Zhang J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Xiao X, Zhang W, Wang X. A universal and sensitive gene mutation detection method based on CRISPR-Cas12a. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1246:340886. [PMID: 36764772 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide mutations are highly related to the occurrence and development of cancer. The development of simple single nucleotide mutation detection methods with high sensitivity and specificity has great clinical significance for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis evaluation of cancer. In recent years, CRISPR/Cas12a has been developed as a highly sensitive, simple and fast tool for nucleic acid detection. However, the specificity and universality of current detection methods based on it are still insufficient, so their clinical applications are limited. Herein, we developed a simple and rapid single nucleotide mutation detection method based on CRISPR/Cas12a system. This method not only solves the problem of PAM sequence restriction of CRISPR/Cas12a, but also significantly improves the specificity of CRISPR/Cas12a for single nucleotide mutation and greatly improves the sensitivity. We detected three clinically significant mutations, PTEN R130Q, BRAF V600E, and TP53 R248W, with a detection limit of 0.1%. Finally, we further verified the clinical practicability of this method. We selected TP53 R248W mutation site for testing. The accuracy of testing results for 10 clinical samples was as high as 100%. In conclusion, the detection method of specific PCR combined with CRISPR/Cas12a is simple, rapid, universal and highly sensitive. We believe that this method has promising application prospects in clinical diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China; Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruijie Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Kejun Dong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jingxi Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Jiarui Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xianjin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China; NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies), Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Second Hospital of Jilin University, No.218 Ziqiang Street, Nanguan District, Changchun, 130041, China.
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6
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Mohammad N, Katkam SS, Wei Q. A Sensitive and Nonoptical CRISPR Detection Mechanism by Sizing Double-Stranded λ DNA Reporter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202213920. [PMID: 36239984 PMCID: PMC10100359 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-based biosensors often rely on colorimetric, fluorescent, or electrochemical signaling mechanism, which involves expensive reporters and/or sophisticated equipment. Here, we demonstrated a simple, inexpensive, nonoptical, and sensitive CRISPR-Cas12a-based sensing platform to detect ssDNA targets by sizing double-stranded λ DNA as novel report molecules. In this platform, the size reduction of λ DNA was quantified by gel electrophoresis analysis. We hypothesize that the massive trans-nuclease activity of Cas12a toward λ DNA is due to the presence of single-stranded looped structures along the λ DNA sequence. In addition, we observed a strong binding affinity between Cas12a and λ DNA, which further promotes the trans-cleavage activity and helps achieve sub-picomolar detection sensitivity, ≈100 times more sensitive than the fluorescent counterpart. The concept of utilizing the physical size change of λ DNA unlocks the possibility of using a variety of dsDNA as CRISPR reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Mohammad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA
- Department of Chemical EngineeringBangladesh University of Engineering and Technology1000DhakaBangladesh
| | - Shrinivas S. Katkam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC 27695USA
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7
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Ivanov AV, Safenkova IV, Zherdev AV, Dzantiev BB. DIRECT 2: A novel platform for a CRISPR-Cas12-based assay comprising universal DNA-IgG probe and a direct lateral flow test. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 208:114227. [PMID: 35390717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas12-based biosensors are a promising tool for the detection of nucleic acids. After dsDNA-target-activated Cas12 cleaves the ssDNA probe, a lateral flow test (LFT) is applied for rapid, simple, and out-of-laboratory detection of the cleaved probe. However, most of the existing approaches of LFT detection have disadvantages related to inverted test/control zones in which the assay result depends not only on the cleavage of the probe but also on the second factor: the binding of the non-cleaved probe in the control zone. We proposed a novel platform for the detection of trans-cleaved DNA using a universal DNA-IgG probe and LFT with the sequential direct location of test and control zones. The advantage of the platform consists of the assay result depending only on the cleaved probe. For this, we designed a composite probe that comprise two parts: the DNA part (biotinylated dsDNA connected to ssDNA with fluorescein) (FAM), and the antibody part (mouse anti-FAM IgG). The Cas12, with guide RNA, was activated by the dsDNA-target. The activated Cas12 cleaved the probe, releasing the ssDNA-FAM-IgG reporter that was detected by the LFT. The sandwich LFT was proposed with anti-mouse IgG adsorbed in the test zone and on the surface of gold nanoparticles. We called the platform with direct location zones and direct analyte-signal dependence the DNA-Immunoglobulin Reporter Endonuclease Cleavage Test (DIRECT2). Therefore, this proof-of-concept study demonstrated that the combination of the proposed DNA-IgG probe and direct LFT opens new opportunities for CRISPR-Cas12 activity detection and its bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr V Ivanov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Safenkova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Zherdev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris B Dzantiev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Centre of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 33, 119071, Moscow, Russia.
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8
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Yi Z, de Dieu Habimana J, Mukama O, Li Z, Odiwuor N, Jing H, Nie C, Hu M, Lin Z, Wei H, Zeng L. Rational Programming of Cas12a for Early-Stage Detection of COVID-19 by Lateral Flow Assay and Portable Real-Time Fluorescence Readout Facilities. BIOSENSORS 2021; 12:bios12010011. [PMID: 35049639 PMCID: PMC8773725 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a global pandemic with a high spread rate and pathogenicity. Thus, with limited testing solutions, it is imperative to develop early-stage diagnostics for rapid and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 to contain the rapid transmission of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, there remains little knowledge about the integration of the CRISPR collateral cleavage mechanism in the lateral flow assay and fluorophotometer. In the current study, we demonstrate a CRISPR/Cas12a-based collateral cleavage method for COVID-19 diagnosis using the Cas12a/crRNA complex for target recognition, reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) for sensitivity enhancement, and a novel DNA capture probe-based lateral flow strip (LFS) or real-time fluorescence detector as the parallel system readout facility, termed CRICOLAP. Our novel approach uses a customized reporter that hybridizes an optimized complementary capture probe fixed at the test line for naked-eye result readout. The CRICOLAP system achieved ultra-sensitivity of 1 copy/µL in ~32 min by portable real-time fluorescence detection and ~60 min by LFS. Furthermore, CRICOLAP validation using 60 clinical nasopharyngeal samples previously verified with a commercial RT-PCR kit showed 97.5% and 100% sensitivity for S and N genes, respectively, and 100% specificity for both genes of SARS-CoV-2. CRICOLAP advances the CRISPR/Cas12a collateral cleavage result readout in the lateral flow assay and fluorophotometer, and it can be an alternative method for the decentralized field-deployable diagnosis of COVID-19 in remote and limited-resource locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Yi
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Z.Y.); (C.N.)
| | - Jean de Dieu Habimana
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.d.D.H.); (O.M.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Omar Mukama
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.d.D.H.); (O.M.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, Avenue de l’armée, Kigali P.O. Box 3900, Rwanda
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.d.D.H.); (O.M.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Nelson Odiwuor
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Nairobi 62000, Kenya
| | - Hanzhi Jing
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Chengrong Nie
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Z.Y.); (C.N.)
| | - Mei Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, 63 Nongye Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Zuoxian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.d.D.H.); (O.M.); (Z.L.); (Z.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
| | - Hongping Wei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Centre for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- Sino-Africa Joint Research Centre, Nairobi 62000, Kenya
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lingwen Zeng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China; (Z.Y.); (C.N.)
- Langyuan Biotechnology LLC, Foshan 528313, China
- Correspondence: (H.W.); (L.Z.)
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