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Greenhalgh T, MacIntyre CR, Baker MG, Bhattacharjee S, Chughtai AA, Fisman D, Kunasekaran M, Kvalsvig A, Lupton D, Oliver M, Tawfiq E, Ungrin M, Vipond J. Masks and respirators for prevention of respiratory infections: a state of the science review. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0012423. [PMID: 38775460 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00124-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis narrative review and meta-analysis summarizes a broad evidence base on the benefits-and also the practicalities, disbenefits, harms and personal, sociocultural and environmental impacts-of masks and masking. Our synthesis of evidence from over 100 published reviews and selected primary studies, including re-analyzing contested meta-analyses of key clinical trials, produced seven key findings. First, there is strong and consistent evidence for airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other respiratory pathogens. Second, masks are, if correctly and consistently worn, effective in reducing transmission of respiratory diseases and show a dose-response effect. Third, respirators are significantly more effective than medical or cloth masks. Fourth, mask mandates are, overall, effective in reducing community transmission of respiratory pathogens. Fifth, masks are important sociocultural symbols; non-adherence to masking is sometimes linked to political and ideological beliefs and to widely circulated mis- or disinformation. Sixth, while there is much evidence that masks are not generally harmful to the general population, masking may be relatively contraindicated in individuals with certain medical conditions, who may require exemption. Furthermore, certain groups (notably D/deaf people) are disadvantaged when others are masked. Finally, there are risks to the environment from single-use masks and respirators. We propose an agenda for future research, including improved characterization of the situations in which masking should be recommended or mandated; attention to comfort and acceptability; generalized and disability-focused communication support in settings where masks are worn; and development and testing of novel materials and designs for improved filtration, breathability, and environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha Greenhalgh
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - C Raina MacIntyre
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael G Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Shovon Bhattacharjee
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abrar A Chughtai
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Fisman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohana Kunasekaran
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amanda Kvalsvig
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Deborah Lupton
- Centre for Social Research in Health and Social Policy Research Centre, Faculty of Arts, Design and Architecture, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matt Oliver
- Professional Standards Advocate, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Essa Tawfiq
- Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joe Vipond
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Kuglics L, Géczy A, Dusek K, Busek D, Illés B. Personal Air-Quality Monitoring with Sensor-Based Wireless Internet-of-Things Electronics Embedded in Protective Face Masks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2601. [PMID: 38676218 PMCID: PMC11054044 DOI: 10.3390/s24082601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, the design and research of a sensor-based personal air-quality monitoring device are presented, which is retrofitted into different personal protective face masks. Due to its small size and low power consumption, the device can be integrated into and applied in practical urban usage. We present our research and the development of the sensor node based on a BME680-type environmental sensor cluster with a wireless IoT (Internet of Things)-capable central unit and overall low power consumption. The integration of the sensor node was investigated with traditional medical masks and a professional FFP2-type mask. The filtering efficiency after embedding was validated with a head model and a particle counter. We found that the professional mask withstood the embedding without losing the protective filtering aspect. We compared the inner and outer sensor data and investigated the temperature, pressure, humidity, and AQI (Air Quality Index) relations with possible sensor data-fusion options. The novelty is increased with the dual-sensor layout (inward and outward). It was found that efficient respiration monitoring is achievable with the device. With the analysis of the recorded data, characteristic signals were identified in an urban environment, enabling urban altimetry and urban zone detection. The results promote smart city concepts and help in endeavors related to SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) 3 and 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Kuglics
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Géczy
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Dusek
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Busek
- Department of Electrotechnology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Balázs Illés
- Department of Electronics Technology, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, LTCC Research Group, 02-255 Kraków, Poland
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Nicolò A, Gruet M, Sacchetti M. Editorial: Breathing in sport and exercise: physiology, pathophysiology and applications. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1347806. [PMID: 38192742 PMCID: PMC10773579 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1347806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolò
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sacchetti
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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Li J, Yin J, Wee MGV, Chinnappan A, Ramakrishna S. A Self-Powered Piezoelectric Nanofibrous Membrane as Wearable Tactile Sensor for Human Body Motion Monitoring and Recognition. ADVANCED FIBER MATERIALS 2023; 5:1-14. [PMID: 37361108 PMCID: PMC10088646 DOI: 10.1007/s42765-023-00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have drawn vast interest for their convenience to be worn on body to monitor and track body movements or exercise activities in real time. However, wearable electronics rely on powering systems to function. Herein, a self-powered, porous, flexible, hydrophobic and breathable nanofibrous membrane based on electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber has been developed as a tactile sensor with low-cost and simple fabrication for human body motion detection and recognition. Specifically, effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and barium titanate (BTO) as additives to the fiber morphology as well as mechanical and dielectric properties of the piezoelectric nanofiber membrane were investigated. The fabricated BTO@PVDF piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) exhibits the high β-phase content and best overall electrical performances, thus selected for the flexible sensing device assembly. Meanwhile, the nanofibrous membrane demonstrated robust tactile sensing performance that the device exhibits durability over 12,000 loading test cycles, holds a fast response time of 82.7 ms, responds to a wide pressure range of 0-5 bar and shows a high relative sensitivity, especially in the small force range of 11.6 V/bar upon pressure applied perpendicular to the surface. Furthermore, when attached on human body, its unique fibrous and flexible structure offers the tactile sensor to present as a health care monitor in a self-powered manner by translating motions of different movements to electrical signals with various patterns or sequences. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42765-023-00282-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Li
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117081 Singapore
| | - Jing Yin
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117081 Singapore
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Mei Gui Vanessa Wee
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117081 Singapore
- Integrative Sciences and Engineering Program, NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077 Singapore
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117081 Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanotechnology and Sustainability, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117081 Singapore
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