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Chimene D, Queener KMK, Ko BS, McShane M, Daniele M. Insertable Biosensors: Combining Implanted Sensing Materials with Wearable Monitors. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:197-221. [PMID: 38346276 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Insertable biosensor systems are medical diagnostic devices with two primary components: an implantable biosensor within the body and a wearable monitor that can remotely interrogate the biosensor from outside the body. Because the biosensor does not require a physical connection to the electronic monitor, insertable biosensor systems promise improved patient comfort, reduced inflammation and infection risk, and extended operational lifetimes relative to established percutaneous biosensor systems. However, the lack of physical connection also presents technical challenges that have necessitated new innovations in developing sensing chemistries, transduction methods, and communication modalities. In this review, we discuss the key developments that have made insertables a promising option for longitudinal biometric monitoring and highlight the essential needs and existing development challenges to realizing the next generation of insertables for extended-use diagnostic and prognostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chimene
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Kirstie M K Queener
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian S Ko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Mike McShane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA;
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2
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Chimene D, Saleem W, Longbottom N, Ko B, Jeevarathinam AS, Horn S, McShane MJ. Long-Term Evaluation of Inserted Nanocomposite Hydrogel-Based Phosphorescent Oxygen Biosensors: Evolution of Local Tissue Oxygen Levels and Foreign Body Response. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3964-3980. [PMID: 38809780 PMCID: PMC11190996 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorescence-based oxygen-sensing hydrogels are a promising platform technology for an upcoming generation of insertable biosensors that are smaller, softer, and potentially more biocompatible than earlier designs. However, much remains unknown about their long-term performance and biocompatibility in vivo. In this paper, we design and evaluate a range of hydrogel sensors that contain oxygen-sensitive phosphors stabilized by micro- and nanocarrier systems. These devices demonstrated consistently good performance and biocompatibility in young adult rats for over three months. This study thoroughly establishes the biocompatibility and long-term suitability of phosphorescence lifetime sensors in vivo, providing the groundwork for expansion of this platform technology into a family of small, unobtrusive biosensors for a range of clinically relevant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chimene
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Waqas Saleem
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nichole Longbottom
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Brian Ko
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | | | - Staci Horn
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Veterinary Anatomy and Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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3
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Zhang Y, Tang Q, Zhou J, Zhao C, Li J, Wang H. Conductive and Eco-friendly Biomaterials-based Hydrogels for Noninvasive Epidermal Sensors: A Review. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:191-218. [PMID: 38052003 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
As noninvasive wearable electronic devices, epidermal sensors enable continuous, real-time, and remote monitoring of various human physiological parameters. Conductive biomaterials-based hydrogels as sensor matrix materials have good biocompatibility, biodegradability, and efficient stimulus response capabilities and are widely applied in motion monitoring, healthcare, and human-machine interaction. However, biomass hydrogel-based epidermal sensing devices still need excellent mechanical properties, prolonged stability, multifunctionality, and extensive practicality. Therefore, this paper reviews the common biomass hydrogel materials for epidermal sensing (proteins, polysaccharides, polyphenols, etc.) and the various types of noninvasive sensing devices (strain/pressure sensors, temperature sensors, glucose sensors, electrocardiograms, etc.). Moreover, this review focuses on the strategies of scholars to enhance sensor properties, such as strength, conductivity, stability, adhesion, and self-healing ability. This work will guide the preparation and optimization of high-performance biomaterials-based hydrogel epidermal sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qianhui Tang
- School of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China
| | - Junyang Zhou
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingpeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Haiting Wang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China
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4
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Borvinskaya E, Matrosova S, Sukhovskaya I, Drozdova P, Titov E, Anikienko I, Lubyaga Y, Gurkov A, Timofeyev M. Tissue Reaction to Low-Density Polyacrylamide Gel as a Carrier for Microimplants in the Adipose Fin of Rainbow Trout. Gels 2023; 9:629. [PMID: 37623084 PMCID: PMC10453643 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The implantation of optical sensors is a promising method for monitoring physiological parameters of organisms in vivo. For this, suitable hydrogels are required that can provide a biocompatible interface with the organism's tissues. Amorphous hydrogel is advantageous for administration in animal organs due to its ease of injection compared to resilient analogs. In this study, we investigated the applicability of a semi-liquid 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAH) as a scaffold for fluorescent polyelectrolyte microcapsules (PMs) in rainbow trout. The hydrogel was injected subcutaneously into the adipose fin, which is a small, highly translucent fold of skin in salmonids that is convenient for implanting optical sensors. Using histological methods, we compared tissue organization and in vivo stability of the applied hydrogel at the injection site after administration of uncoated PMs or PMs coated with 2.5% PAAH (PMs-PAAH) for a period of 3 to 14 days. Our results showed that the introduction of PMs into the gel did not have a masking effect, as they were recognized, engulfed, and carried away by phagocytes from the injection site. However, both PMs and PMs-PAAH were found to provoke chronic inflammation at the injection site, although according to cytokine expression in the fish spleen, the irritating effect was local and did not affect the systemic immunity of the fish. Therefore, our study suggests low applicability of 2.5% polyacrylamide as a scaffold for injectable sensors within a timeframe of days.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana Matrosova
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University, 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Irina Sukhovskaya
- Institute of Biology, Ecology and Agricultural Technologies of the Petrozavodsk State University, 185640 Petrozavodsk, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, 185000 Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Polina Drozdova
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Evgeniy Titov
- East Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research, 665827 Angarsk, Russia
| | - Inna Anikienko
- Department of Animal Morphology and Veterinary Sanitation, Irkutsk State Agrarian University n.a. A.A. Ezhevsky, 664038 Molodezhniy, Russia
| | - Yulia Lubyaga
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
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5
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Williams TJ, Jeevarathinam AS, Jivan F, Baldock V, Kim P, McShane MJ, Alge DL. Glucose biosensors based on Michael addition crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with chemo-optical sensing microdomains. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:1749-1759. [PMID: 36723375 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02339c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have the potential to lead to better disease management and improved outcomes in patients with diabetes. Chemo-optical glucose sensors offer a promising, accurate, long-term alternative to the current CGMs that require frequent calibration and replacement. Recently, we have proposed glucose sensor designs using phosphorescence lifetime-based measurement of chemo-optical glucose sensing microdomains embedded within alginate hydrogels. Due to the poor long-term stability of calcium-crosslinked alginate, we propose poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels synthesized via thiol-Michael addition chemistry as an alternative hydrogel carrier. The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of Michael addition crosslinked PEG hydrogels compared to calcium crosslinked alginate hydrogels for encapsulating glucose-sensing microdomains. PEG hydrogels crosslinked via thiol-vinyl sulfone addition achieved gelation in under 5 minutes, resulting in an even distribution of sensing microdomains. The shear storage modulus of the PEG hydrogels was tunable from 2.2 ± 0.1 kPa to 9.5 ± 1.8 kPa, which was comparable to the alginate hydrogels (10.5 ± 0.8 kPa), and the inclusion of microdomains did not significantly impact stiffness. The high water content of PEG hydrogels resulted in high glucose permeability that closely corresponded to the glucose permeability of alginate (D = 0.09 and 0.12 cm2 s-1, respectively; p = 0.47), but the PEG hydrogels exhibited superior stability. Both PEG and alginate-embedded sensors exhibited a sensing range up to ∼200 mg dL-1 glucose. The lower limits of detection (LOD) for PEG and alginate-based glucose sensors were 19.8 and 20.6 mg dL-1 with a difference of just 4.2% variation. The small difference between PEG and alginate embedded sensors indicates that their sensing properties are primarily determined by the glucose sensing microdomains rather than the hydrogel matrix. Overall, the results of this study indicate that Michael addition-crosslinked PEG hydrogels are a promising platform for encapsulation of chemo-optical glucose sensing microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrell J Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | | | - Faraz Jivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Victoria Baldock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Paul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
| | - Michael J McShane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel L Alge
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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6
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Soundaram Jeevarathinam A, Saleem W, Martin N, Hu C, McShane MJ. NIR Luminescent Oxygen-Sensing Nanoparticles for Continuous Glucose and Lactate Monitoring. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13010141. [PMID: 36671976 PMCID: PMC9855917 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A highly sensitive, biocompatible, and scalable phosphorescent oxygen sensor formulation is designed and evaluated for use in continuous metabolite sensors for biological systems. Ethyl cellulose (EC) and polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized with Pluronic F68 (PF 68), Polydimethylsiloxane-b-polyethyleneglycol methyl ether (PDMS-PEG), sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and cetyltimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) were prepared and studied. The resulting NPs with eight different surfactant−polymer matrix combinations were evaluated for physical properties, oxygen sensitivity, effect of changes in dispersion matrix, and cytotoxicity. The EC NPs exhibited a narrower size distribution and 40% higher sensitivity than PS, with Stern−Volmer constants (Ksv) 0.041−0.052 µM−1 for EC, compared to 0.029−0.034 µM−1 for PS. Notably, ethyl cellulose NPs protected with PF68 were selected as the preferred formulation, as they were not cytotoxic towards 3T3 fibroblasts and exhibited a wide phosphorescence lifetime response of >211.1 µs over 258−0 µM and ~100 µs over 2.58−0 µM oxygen, with a limit of detection (LoD) of oxygen in aqueous phase of 0.0016 µM. The EC-PF68 NPs were then efficiently encapsulated in alginate microparticles along with glucose oxidase (GOx) and catalase (CAT) to form phosphorescent nanoparticles-in-microparticle (NIMs) glucose sensing microdomains. The fabricated glucose sensors showed a sensitivity of 0.40 µs dL mg−1 with a dynamic phosphorescence lifetime range of 46.6−197.1 µs over 0−150 mg dL−1 glucose, with a glucose LoD of 18.3 mg dL−1 and maximum distinguishable concentration of 111.1 mg dL−1. Similarly, lactate sensors were prepared with NIMs microdomains containing lactate oxidase (LOx) and found to have a detection range of 0−14 mg dL−1 with LoD of 1.8 mg dL−1 and maximum concentration of 13.7 mg dL−1 with lactate sensitivity of 10.7 µs dL mg−1. Owing to its versatility, the proposed NIMs-based design can be extended to a wide range of metabolites and different oxygen-sensing dyes with different excitation wavelengths based on specific application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Waqas Saleem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Nya Martin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Connie Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence: (M.J.M.)
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7
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Rzhechitskiy Y, Gurkov A, Bolbat N, Shchapova E, Nazarova A, Timofeyev M, Borvinskaya E. Adipose Fin as a Natural “Optical Window” for Implantation of Fluorescent Sensors into Salmonid Fish. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213042. [PMID: 36359166 PMCID: PMC9654777 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Novel optical sensors require implantation into the most transparent organs in order to ensure the most reliable and rapid monitoring of animal health. Widely farmed salmonid fish, such as rainbow trout, have highly translucent adipose fin, which we tested here and showed its high potential as the implantation site for the fluorescent sensors. The filamentous sensors were convenient to inject into the fin, and their optical signal was easily detectable using a simple hand-held device even without immobilization of the fish. Responsiveness of the sensors inside the adipose fin to bodily changes was shown under induced acidosis of fish fluids. The obtained results characterize adipose fin as the favorable site for implantation of optical sensors into salmonids for real-time tracking animal physiological status in basic research and aquaculture. Abstract Implantable optical sensors are emerging tools that have the potential to enable constant real-time monitoring of various internal physiological parameters. Such a possibility will open new horizons for health control not only in medicine, but also in animal husbandry, including aquaculture. In this study, we analyze different organs of commonly farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as implantation sites for fluorescent sensors and propose the adipose fin, lacking an endoskeleton, as the optimal choice. The fin is highly translucent due to significantly thinner dermis, which makes the detectable fluorescence of an implanted sensor operating at the visible light range by more than an order of magnitude higher relative to the skin. Compared to the proximal parts of ray fins, the adipose fin provides easy implantation and visualization of the sensor. Finally, we tested fluorescent pH sensors inside the adipose fin and demonstrated the possibility of acquiring their signal with a simple hand-held device and without fish anesthesia. All these features will most likely make the adipose fin the main “window” into the internal physiological processes of salmonid fish with the help of implantable optical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Gurkov
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Bolbat
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Shchapova
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Baikal Research Centre, 664003 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Anna Nazarova
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Maxim Timofeyev
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Borvinskaya
- Institute of Biology, Irkutsk State University, 664025 Irkutsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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8
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Fine J, Coté GL, McShane MJ. Geometry design for a fully insertable glucose biosensor with multimodal optical readout. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-220128GR. [PMID: 36401344 PMCID: PMC9673816 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.11.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance Insertable optical continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) with wearable readers are a strong option for monitoring individuals with diabetes. However, a fully insertable CGM requires a small form factor while still delivering sufficient signal to be read through tissue by an external device. Previous work has suggested that a multimodal repeating unit (barcode) approach may meet these requirements, but the biosensor geometry must be optimized to meet performance criteria. Aim This work details in silico trials conducted to evaluate the geometry of a fully insertable multimodal optical biosensor with respect to both optical output and species diffusion in vivo. Approach Monte Carlo modeling is used to evaluate the luminescent output of three presupposed biosensor designs based on size constraints for an injectable and logical placement of the bar code compartments. Specifically, the sensitivity of the luminescent output to displacement of the biosensor in the X and Y directions, overall size of the selected design, and size of an individual repeating unit are analyzed. Further, an experimentally validated multiphysics model is used to evaluate the diffusion and reaction of glucose and oxygen within the biosensor to estimate the occurrence of chemical crosstalk between the assay components. Results A stacked cylinder multimodal biosensor 4.4 mm in length with repeating units 0.36 mm in length was found to yield a greater luminescent output than the current "barcode" biosensor design. In addition, it was found that a biosensor with enzymatic elements does not significantly deplete glucose locally and thus does not impact the diffusion profile of glucose in adjacent compartments containing nonenzymatic assays. Conclusions Computational modeling was used to design the geometry of a multimodal, insertable, and optical CGM to ensure that the optical output and chemical diffusion profile are sufficient for this device to function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fine
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Gerard L. Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
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Fine J, McShane MJ, Coté GL. Monte Carlo method for assessment of a multimodal insertable biosensor. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2022; 27:JBO-210299SSRR. [PMID: 35505461 PMCID: PMC9064117 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.27.8.083017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) are increasingly utilized as a way to provide healthcare to the over 10% of Americans that have diabetes. Fully insertable and optically transduced biosensors are poised to further improve CGMs by extending the device lifetime and reducing cost. However, optical modeling of light propagation in tissue is necessary to ascertain device performance. AIM Monte Carlo modeling of photon transport through tissue was used to assess the luminescent output of a fully insertable glucose biosensor that uses a multimodal Förster resonance energy transfer competitive binding assay and a phosphorescence lifetime decay enzymatic assay. APPROACH A Monte Carlo simulation framework of biosensor luminescence and tissue autofluorescence was built using MCmatlab. Simulations were first validated against previous research and then applied to predict the response of a biosensor in development. RESULTS Our results suggest that a diode within the safety standards for light illumination on the skin, with far-red excitation, allows the luminescent biosensor to yield emission strong enough to be detectable by a common photodiode. CONCLUSIONS The computational model showed that the expected fluorescent power output of a near-infrared light actuated barcode was five orders of magnitude greater than a visible spectrum excited counterpart biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Fine
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Gerard L. Coté
- Texas A&M University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College Station, Texas, United States
- Texas A&M University, Center for Remote Health Technologies and Systems, Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, Texas, United States
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10
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Unruh RM, Bornhoeft LR, Nichols SP, Wisniewski NA, McShane MJ. Inorganic-Organic Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels as Tissue-Integrating Luminescent Implants: Physicochemical Characterization and Preclinical Evaluation. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2100380. [PMID: 34847287 PMCID: PMC8930476 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sensors capable of accurate, continuous monitoring of biochemistry are crucial to the realization of personalized medicine on a large scale. Great strides have been made to enhance tissue compatibility of long-term in vivo biosensors using biomaterials strategies such as tissue-integrating hydrogels. However, the low level of oxygen in tissue presents a challenge for implanted devices, especially when the biosensing function relies on oxygen as a measure-either as a primary analyte or as an indirect marker to transduce levels of other biomolecules. This work presents a method of fabricating inorganic-organic interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogels to optimize the oxygen transport through injectable biosensors. Capitalizing on the synergy between the two networks, various physicochemical properties (e.g., swelling, glass transition temperature, and mechanical properties) are shown to be independently adjustable while maintaining a 250% increase in oxygen permeability relative to poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) controls. Finally, these gels, when functionalized with a Pd(II) benzoporphyrin phosphor, track tissue oxygen in real time for 76 days as subcutaneous implants in a porcine model while promoting tissue ingrowth and minimizing fibrosis around the implant. These findings support IPN networks for fine-tuned design of implantable biomaterials in personalized medicine and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M. Unruh
- 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael J. McShane
- 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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11
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Nguyen D, Lawrence MM, Berg H, Lyons MA, Shreim S, Keating MT, Weidling J, Botvinick EL. Transcutaneous Flexible Sensor for In Vivo Photonic Detection of pH and Lactate. ACS Sens 2022; 7:441-452. [PMID: 35175733 PMCID: PMC8886565 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Clinical research
shows that frequent measurements of both pH and
lactate can help guide therapy and improve patient outcome. However,
current methods of sampling blood pH and lactate make it impractical
to take readings frequently (due to the heightened risk of blood infection
and anemia). As a solution, we have engineered a subcutaneous pH and
lactate sensor (PALS) that can provide continuous, physiologically
relevant measurements. To measure pH, a sheet containing a pH-sensitive
fluorescent dye is placed over 400 and 465 nm light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) and a filter-coated photodetector. The filter-coated photodetector
collects an emitted signal from the dye for each LED excitation, and
the ratio of the emitted signals is used to monitor pH. To measure
lactate, two sensing sheets comprising an oxygen-sensitive phosphorescent
dye are each mounted to a 625 nm LED. One sheet additionally comprises
the enzyme lactate oxidase. The LEDs are sequentially modulated to
excite the sensing sheets, and their phase shift at the LED drive
frequency is used to monitor lactate. In vitro results
indicate that PALS successfully records pH changes from 6.92 to 7.70,
allowing for discrimination between acidosis and alkalosis, and can
track lactate levels up to 9 mM. Both sensing strategies exhibit fast
rise times (< 5 min) and stable measurements. Multianalyte in vitro models of physiological disorders show that the
sensor measurements consistently quantify the expected pathophysiological
trends without cross talk; in vivo rabbit testing
further indicates usefulness in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Nguyen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2730, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Micah M. Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2730, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Haley Berg
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Monika Aya Lyons
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2730, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Samir Shreim
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Mark T. Keating
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - John Weidling
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Elliot L. Botvinick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2730, United States
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92612, United States
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2730, United States
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12
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Employment of 1-Methoxy-5-Ethyl Phenazinium Ethyl Sulfate as a Stable Electron Mediator in Flavin Oxidoreductases-Based Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102825. [PMID: 32429321 PMCID: PMC7284575 DOI: 10.3390/s20102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a novel electron mediator, 1-methoxy-5-ethyl phenazinium ethyl sulfate (mPES), was introduced as a versatile mediator for disposable enzyme sensor strips, employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, lactate oxidase (LOx), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOx). A disposable lactate enzyme sensor with oxygen insensitive Aerococcus viridans-derived engineered LOx (AvLOx), with A96L mutant as the enzyme, was constructed. The constructed lactate sensor exhibited a high sensitivity (0.73 ± 0.12 μA/mM) and wide linear range (0–50 mM lactate), showings that mPES functions as an effective mediator for AvLOx. Employing mPES as mediator allowed this amperometric lactate sensor to be operated at a relatively low potential of +0.2 V to 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl, thus avoiding interference from uric acid and acetaminophen. The lactate sensors were adequately stable for at least 48 days of storage at 25 °C. These results indicated that mPES can be replaced with 1-methoxy-5-methyl phenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS), which we previously reported as the best mediator for AvLOx-based lactate sensors. Furthermore, this study revealed that mPES can be used as an effective electron mediator for the enzyme sensors employing representative flavin oxidoreductases, GDH-based glucose sensors, and FPOx-based hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) sensors.
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13
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Le LV, Chendke GS, Gamsey S, Wisniewski N, Desai TA. Near-Infrared Optical Nanosensors for Continuous Detection of Glucose. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2020; 14:204-211. [PMID: 31709808 PMCID: PMC7196875 DOI: 10.1177/1932296819886928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitors (CGMs) enable people with diabetes to proactively manage their blood glucose and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. Commercially available CGMs utilize percutaneous electrodes that, after days to weeks of implantation, are subjected to the foreign body response that severely reduces sensor accuracy. The previous work demonstrated the use of hydrogels containing a glucose-responsive viologen that quenches a nearby fluorophore. Here, we investigate the immobilization of this sensing motif onto a nanoparticle surface and optimize local surface concentrations for optical glucose sensing. METHODS A viologen quencher-fluorescent dye system was incorporated into poly(2-hydroethyl methacrylate) hydrogels in varying quantities to assess the effect of quencher-fluorophore concentration on glucose responsiveness. The sensing motif was then immobilized onto silica nanoparticles by carbodiimide chemistry. Nanosensors with a range of dye and quencher concentrations were challenged for glucose responsiveness to determine the optimal sensor formulation. RESULTS When incorporated into a hydrogel, high concentrations of viologen quencher and fluorophore were required to permit electron transfer between the two components and yield a detectable glucose response. Immobilization of this glucose-responsive system onto a silica nanoparticle facilitated this electron transfer to yield detectable responses at even low concentrations. Increasing quencher concentration on the nanoparticle, relative to the fluorophore, resulted in the greatest apparent glucose response. CONCLUSION The nanoparticle sensors demonstrated excellent glucose response in the physiological range and are a promising tool for real-time glucose tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long V. Le
- Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gauree S. Chendke
- Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tejal A. Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and
Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Tejal A. Desai, PhD, Department of
Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, 1700 4th
Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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14
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Falohun T, McShane MJ. An Optical Urate Biosensor Based on Urate Oxidase and Long-Lifetime Metalloporphyrins. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E959. [PMID: 32053932 PMCID: PMC7070708 DOI: 10.3390/s20040959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Gout is a condition that affects over 8 million Americans. This condition is characterized by severe pain, and in more advanced cases, bone erosion and joint destruction. This study explores the fabrication and characterization of an optical, enzymatic urate biosensor for gout management, and the optimization of the biosensor response through the tuning of hydrogel matrix properties. Sensors were fabricated through the co-immobilization of oxygen-quenched phosphorescent probes with an oxidoreductase within a biocompatible copolymer hydrogel matrix. Characterization of the spectral properties and hydrogel swelling was conducted, as well as evaluation of the response sensitivity and long-term stability of the urate biosensor. The findings indicate that increased acrylamide concentration improved the biosensor response by yielding an increased sensitivity and reduced lower limit of detection. However, the repeatability and stability tests highlighted some possible areas of improvement, with a consistent response drift observed during repeatability testing and a reduction in response seen after long-term storage tests. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of an on-demand, patient-friendly gout management tool, while paving the way for a future multi-analyte biosensor based on this sensing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokunbo Falohun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
| | - Michael J. McShane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 5045 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 3003 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Nguyen HH, Lee SH, Lee UJ, Fermin CD, Kim M. Immobilized Enzymes in Biosensor Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E121. [PMID: 30609693 PMCID: PMC6337536 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-based biosensing devices have been extensively developed over the last few decades, and have proven to be innovative techniques in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of a variety of target substrates over a wide range of applications. Distinct advantages that enzyme-based biosensors provide, such as high sensitivity and specificity, portability, cost-effectiveness, and the possibilities for miniaturization and point-of-care diagnostic testing make them more and more attractive for research focused on clinical analysis, food safety control, or disease monitoring purposes. Therefore, this review article investigates the operating principle of enzymatic biosensors utilizing electrochemical, optical, thermistor, and piezoelectric measurement techniques and their applications in the literature, as well as approaches in improving the use of enzymes for biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Hiep Nguyen
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Sun Hyeok Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Ui Jin Lee
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Cesar D Fermin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36830, USA.
| | - Moonil Kim
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahangno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea.
- Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36830, USA.
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16
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Promphet N, Rattanawaleedirojn P, Siralertmukul K, Soatthiyanon N, Potiyaraj P, Thanawattano C, Hinestroza JP, Rodthongkum N. Non-invasive textile based colorimetric sensor for the simultaneous detection of sweat pH and lactate. Talanta 2019; 192:424-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.09.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Cummins G, Kremer J, Bernassau A, Brown A, Bridle HL, Schulze H, Bachmann TT, Crichton M, Denison FC, Desmulliez MPY. Sensors for Fetal Hypoxia and Metabolic Acidosis: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2648. [PMID: 30104478 PMCID: PMC6111374 DOI: 10.3390/s18082648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews existing clinical practices and sensor research undertaken to monitor fetal well-being during labour. Current clinical practices that include fetal heart rate monitoring and fetal scalp blood sampling are shown to be either inadequate or time-consuming. Monitoring of lactate in blood is identified as a potential alternative for intrapartum fetal monitoring due to its ability to distinguish between different types of acidosis. A literature review from a medical and technical perspective is presented to identify the current advancements in the field of lactate sensors for this application. It is concluded that a less invasive and a more continuous monitoring device is required to fulfill the clinical needs of intrapartum fetal monitoring. Potential specifications for such a system are also presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Cummins
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Jessica Kremer
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Anne Bernassau
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andrew Brown
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Helen L Bridle
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Holger Schulze
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK.
| | - Till T Bachmann
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, Edinburgh Medical School, The Chancellor's Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, Scotland, UK.
| | - Michael Crichton
- Institute of Mechanical, Processing and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
| | - Fiona C Denison
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| | - Marc P Y Desmulliez
- Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK.
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18
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Xia T, Liu W, Yang L. A review of gradient stiffness hydrogels used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1799-1812. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Wanqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
| | - Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College; Chongqing University; Chongqing 400044 China
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19
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Composite Hydrogels with Engineered Microdomains for Optical Glucose Sensing at Low Oxygen Conditions. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2017; 7:bios7010008. [PMID: 28117762 PMCID: PMC5371781 DOI: 10.3390/bios7010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need for advanced tools that enable frequent monitoring of biomarkers for precision medicine. In this work, we present a composite hydrogel-based system providing real-time optical bioanalyte monitoring. The responsive material, alginate-in-alginate (AnA), is comprised of an alginate hydrogel with embedded bioactive, nanofilm-coated phosphorescent microdomains; palladium tetracarboxyphenylporphyrin serves as an optical indicator, glucose oxidase as a model enzyme, and layer-by-layer deposited polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) as the diffusion barrier. Glutaraldehyde crosslinking of the nanofilms resulted in a dramatic reduction in glucose diffusion (179%) while oxygen transport was not significantly affected. The responses of the AnA hydrogels to step changes of glucose at both ambient and physiological oxygen levels were evaluated, revealing controlled tuning of sensitivity and dynamic range. Stability, assessed by alternately exposing the responsive AnA hydrogels to extremely high and zero glucose concentrations, resulted in no significant difference in the response over 20 cycles. These AnA hydrogels represent an attractive approach to biosensing based on biocompatible materials that may be used as minimally-invasive, implantable devices capable of optical interrogation. The model glucose-responsive composite material studied in this work will serve as a template that can be translated for sensing additional analytes (e.g., lactate, urea, pyruvate, cholesterol) and can be used for monitoring other chronic conditions.
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20
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Sheila Holmes-Smith A. Introduction to Special Issue on “Fluorescence-Based Sensing Technologies”. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 5:616-7. [PMID: 26761964 PMCID: PMC4697136 DOI: 10.3390/bios5040616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Rocchitta G, Spanu A, Babudieri S, Latte G, Madeddu G, Galleri G, Nuvoli S, Bagella P, Demartis MI, Fiore V, Manetti R, Serra PA. Enzyme Biosensors for Biomedical Applications: Strategies for Safeguarding Analytical Performances in Biological Fluids. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16060780. [PMID: 27249001 PMCID: PMC4934206 DOI: 10.3390/s16060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-based chemical biosensors are based on biological recognition. In order to operate, the enzymes must be available to catalyze a specific biochemical reaction and be stable under the normal operating conditions of the biosensor. Design of biosensors is based on knowledge about the target analyte, as well as the complexity of the matrix in which the analyte has to be quantified. This article reviews the problems resulting from the interaction of enzyme-based amperometric biosensors with complex biological matrices containing the target analyte(s). One of the most challenging disadvantages of amperometric enzyme-based biosensor detection is signal reduction from fouling agents and interference from chemicals present in the sample matrix. This article, therefore, investigates the principles of functioning of enzymatic biosensors, their analytical performance over time and the strategies used to optimize their performance. Moreover, the composition of biological fluids as a function of their interaction with biosensing will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Rocchitta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Angela Spanu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Gavinella Latte
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Giordano Madeddu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Grazia Galleri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Susanna Nuvoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Paola Bagella
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Maria Ilaria Demartis
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Vito Fiore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Roberto Manetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Medical School, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 43/b, Sassari 07100, Italy.
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22
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Dai H, Huang H. Modified pineapple peel cellulose hydrogels embedded with sepia ink for effective removal of methylene blue. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 148:1-10. [PMID: 27185109 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Novel composite hydrogels based on pineapple peel cellulose and sepia ink were synthesized by homogeneous acetylation of cellulose in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The structure and morphology of the prepared hydrogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The effects of acetylation time, acetylation temperature, molar ratio of acetic anhydride/anhydroglucose unit and the additive amount of sepia ink on methylene blue adsorption capacity of the hydrogels embedded with sepia ink were also investigated. Methylene blue adsorption of the hydrogels followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model and sepia ink improved adsorption capacity significantly. The adsorption capacity at equilibrium was increased from 53.72 to 138.25mg/g when the additive amount of sepia ink of the hydrogels was 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Dai
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huihua Huang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.
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